Water supply

& Distribution System

AP-227
Water Supply System
Water Supply System
 Water Distribution System
For efficient distribution system adequate water pressure required
at various points.

Depending upon the level of source, topography of thearea and

other local conditions, the water may be forced into distribution
system by following ways–

 1. Gravity system
 2. Pumping system
 3. Combined Gravity and Pumping
1. Gravity based supply system

 Suitable when source of

supply is at sufficient height.

 The water in the distribution

pipeline flow due to gravity
and no pumping is required.

 Such system is highly reliable

and economical.
2. Pumping System
 In such system, water is supplied by continuous pumping.
 Treated water is directly pumped into the distribution main with
Constant pressure without
intermediate storing.
 Supply can be affected
during power failure and
breakdown of pumps.
 Such system works only in
condition where there is
continuous power supply,
reliable water source and
where intermediate storage
system cannot be installed.
 High lifts pumps are required.
Thismethod is not generalused.
3. Combined Gravity and Pumping
 Most commonsystem. In such system, both gravity as well pumping
systems are used. Treated water is pumped and stored in an elevated
distribution reservoir. Then supplies to consumer by action ofgravity
 The excess water during low demand periods get stored in reservoir and
get supplied during highdemand period.
 Such systems are used where two sources water are available to
supply. Economical, efficient and reliablesystem.
Combined Gravity and Pumping
 Water Distribution Network
 Water is collected from different sources and taken to treatment
plants for treatment.
 The treated water is then transmitted to the service reservoirs, serving
the town or city.
 The distribution network can be divided into two levels:
i. At municipal level.
ii. At Individual level.

AT MUNICIPAL LEVEL
 This includes the network of trunk
mains and street mains.
 Municipality is responsible for the
distribution of water from the service
reservoir till it reaches the street mains.

AT INDIVIDUAL LEVEL will be discussed in next slides

 WATER SUPPLY AT DOMESTIC LEVEL

 At this level, water is conveyed from the

street mains to individual building, and
then to the taps and other fixtures.
 To prevent damage by traffic
communication pipe must be placed
0.76m below ground level.
 Systems of supply of water
There are two systems of supply from the mains to the service pipes
depending on the availability of water:
1. Continuous system
2. Intermittent system
1. Continuous system
 In this system, there is continuous water supply (for 24 hours).
 This is possible where adequate quantity of water is available.
 The major advantage of such system is that due to continuous water
supply, water remains fresh and rusting of pipes will be low.
 However, losses of water will be more in case of any leakage.
2. Intermittent system
 Supply of water is either done in whole village/town for fixed hours or
supply of water is divided into zones and each zone is supplied with water
for fixed hours in a day or as per specified day.
 Such system is followed when there is low water availability
 In such system, pipelines are likely to rust faster due
to wetting and drying.
 Pipeline Distribution Networks
Pipeline distribution networks are aimed at design of suitable routes for piping. It
is very important for proper water pressure, capital cost and operation and
maintenance cost.

❖The distribution pipes are generally laid below the road pavements, and as
suchtheir layouts generally follow the layouts of roads.

❖There are general, four different types of pipenetworks; any one of which
either single or in combinations, can be used for a particular place.

The methods adopted for laying distribution pipes at town planning level are:
➢ Dead End System

➢ Radial System

➢ Grid Iron System

➢ RIng System
 1. Dead end distribution system
It is suitable for old towns and cities having no different
pattern of roads

 The pipes are laid at random

without following any grid
pattern.
 Also known as tree system
layout.
 Has many dead ends and
thus does not permit free
circulation of water.

 Limitations in case of repairs

and fire.
 Chances of contamination due to many dead ends.
Dead end distribution system

 Advantage
➢ Relatively cheap
➢ Determination of discharge and pressure easier due
toless number of valves.

 Disadvantage

➢ Due to many dead ends, stagnation ofwater occurs in

pipes.
 Grid Iron System
 Sub‐mains are laid from the main distribution line,
which further intercept into branches.
 The whole layout is in the form of grid.
 This layout is suitable for well planned towns and cities.
 The cut‐off valves are used in case of incidents of fire,
and in case of repairs.
 It is suitable for cities with rectangular layouts, where
the water mains and branches laid in rectangles.
Grid Iron System

 Advantage
❖ Water is kept in good circulation due to absence of
dead ends

❖ In the case of break down in some section,

wateris available from some other direction.

 Disadvantage:-

❖ Exact calculation of sizes of pipes are not possible due

to provisions of valves on allbranches.
 Radial System
❖The area is divided into different zones.

❖The water is pumped into the distribution reservoir kept in the

middle of each zone.

❖Thesupply pipes are laid rapidly ending towards the periphery.

 Pumped into reservoirs

which are situated at the
center of different zones.
 From these reservoirs water is
supplied radially through
pipes.
 Suitable for towns having
radial roads.
Radial System

Advantages

❖ It gives quickservice

❖ Calculation of pipe size iseasy

 Ring System or Circular
System
❖ The supply main is laid all along the peripheral
roads and sub mains branch out from themain.

❖ This system also follows the grid iron

system with the flowpatter similar in
character to that of dead end
system.

❖ So determination of the size of

pipes is easy.
 Ring System or
Circular System
 This method is reverse of radial
method.
 Here a ring of mains is formed
around the distribution area
which can be either in rectangular or circular.
 The entire distribution area is further sub‐divided into
rectangular or circular blocks.
 On the periphery of these blocks, the sub‐mains are
laid further, through which service connections are
given to customers.

Advantages
➢Water can be supplied to any point from
atleast two directions.
 DISTRIBUTION RESERVOIRS
 Distribution reservoirs, also called service reservoirs, are
the storage reservoirs, which store the treated water for
supplying water during emergencies ( such as during
fires, repairs, etc.) and also to help in absorbing the
hourly fluctuations in the normal water demand.
Function of distributionreservoirs-

❖ Toabsorb the hourly variations in demand.

❖ To maintain constant pressure in the distribution
main.
❖ Water stored can be supplied during emergencies
 Location & height of distribution
reservoirs
❖ Should be located ascloseas possible to the centre of
demand.

❖ Water level in the reservoir must be at sufficient elevation to

permit gravity flow at an adequate pressure.
TYPESof RESERVOIRS
 Depending upon the elevation with respect to
ground,

 It may be classifiedinto...

➢ Surfacereservoirs
➢ Elevated reservoirs
Surface reservoirs

❖ These also called ground reservoir.

❖ Mostly circular or rectangulartanks.

❖ Underground reservoir are preferred especially when the size

islarge.

❖ These reservoirs are constructed high natural grounds and are

usually
made of stones, brick, plain or reinforcedconcrete cement.

❖ The side walls are designed to take up the pressure

of the water, when the reservoir is full and the earth pressure,
when it is empty.
 Elevated reservoir
❖It is also referred to as overhead tanks are required at
distribution areas which are not governed and controlled by the
gravity system of distribution.

❖These are rectangular, circular or elliptical inshape.

❖If the topography of the town not suitable for under

gravity, the elevated tank or reservoir areused.

❖ They are constructed where combine gravity and

pumping systemof water distribution isadopted.

❖These tanks may be steel or RCC.

TYPESof TANKS

➢ R.C.C.Tanks
➢ G.I. Tanks
➢ H.D.P.ETanks

 R.C.C.TANKS:-
❖ It is of reinforced concrete cement.
❖ They have long life.
❖ Very little maintenance.
❖ Decent appearance.
 G.I. TANKS
❖ It is if galvanized iron.

❖ Generally square or rectangular inshape

❖ Life of tank isshort

❖ Corrosion of metaloccurs

❖ Maintenance cost is high

H.D.P.E TANK(high density polyethylene)
❖ It is very popular for storing less quantity of water and
hence useful for residentialpurpose.

❖ Handling is easy because of light weight.

❖ Cheap in cost

❖ Maintenance cost is low.

❖ Cleaning of tanks areeasy.

 Classification of plumbing pipes based on
materials
Various types of pipes are used for water supply system including
metallic and non-metallic pipes. Most common types of pipes used for
water supply system are:

1. Galvanized Iron Pipes – metal pipe

 Cheap in cost and light in weight.
 Light in weight and easy to join.
 Affected by acidic or alkaline water.
 GI pipes are highly suitable for distribution system. Normally, 15-150 mm size
pipes (nominal internal diameter) are used for distribution system. They are
available in length of 3 m.
 GI pipes can be used in non-corrosive water with pH value greater than 6.5.
 GI pipes can be used for rising main as well as distribution.
 GI pipes are normally joined with lead putty on threaded end.
 Classification of plumbing pipes based on
materials
Various types of pipes are used for water supply system including
metallic and non-metallic pipes. Most common types of pipes used for
water supply system are:
1. Supply Pipes or Service Pipes
2. Drainage Pipes
a. Galvanized Iron Pipes – metal pipe
 Cheap in cost and light in weight.
 Light in weight and easy to join.
 Affected by acidic or alkaline water.
 GI pipes are highly suitable for distribution system. Normally, 15-150 mm size
pipes (nominal internal diameter) are used for distribution system. They are
available in length of 3 m.
 GI pipes can be used in non-corrosive water with pH value greater than 6.5.
 GI pipes can be used for rising main as well as distribution.
 GI pipes are normally joined with lead putty on
threaded end.
 b. Mild Steel Pipes

 Number of joints are less as they are available in longer

length.
 Pipes are durable and can resist high internal water pressure
and highly suitable for long distance high pressure piping.

 Flexible to lay in certain curves.

 Light weight and easy to transport.
Damage in transportation is minimal.
 Pipes are prone to rust and require higher
maintenance.
 Require more time for repairs and not very
suitable for distribution piping.
 Available in diameter of 150-250 mm for
water supply and cut lengths of 4 - 7 m
(2.6-4.5 mm wall thickness).
 Steel Pipes are joined with flanged joints or
welding.
 c. Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC unplasticised) Pipes

 Cheap in cost and light in weight.

 Economical in laying and jointing.
 They are rigid pipes.
 Free from corrosion and tough against chemical attack.
 Good electric insulation.
 Highly suitable for distribution piping and branch pipes.
 Less resistance to heat and direct exposure to sun. Hence, not very
suitable for piping above the ground.

d. HDPE (High-density polyethylene)

 Light in weight.
 Flexible than PVC pipes.
 HDPE pipes are black in color.
 Suitable for underground piping and can
withstand movement of heavy traffic.
 e. Copper Pipes
 When ground water is highly corrosive to metals
then copper pipes are used.
 Copper have high corrosive resistance when
compared to other pipe metals
 They also have considerable strength, reasonable
ductility.

f. Lead Pipes

 Lead pipe has high corrosion resistance, flexibility

and hydraulic coefficient of flow.
 But lead content in water may leads to poisoning
effects which are harmful for people.
 So, it is not preferred.
 Drainage Pipes Based on Material of Manufacturing

Pipes used in drainage system are made of

different materials:
1. Concrete pipes
2. Cast iron pipes
3. Stone ware pipes
4. PVC pipes
5. Asbestos cement pipes

1. Concrete Pipes
 For heavy drainage water disposal, concrete
pipes of large diameters are used.
 Smaller diameter pipes are used for small
flows.
 These are made of concrete only; no
reinforcement is provided.
 These are pre casted pipes.
 2. Cast Iron Pipes
 These are made by pouring molten iron into sand
molds.
 These are used for rain water disposal, waste
water disposal etc.
 They are available only in shorter lengths.

3. Stoneware Pipes

 These are manufactured in ceramic industries by

burning soft soil in high temperature.
 These are used for carrying drainage in
underground.
 For installation of stoneware pipe skilled workers
are required.
 4. PVC Pipes
 These are used for both supply system and
drainage system.
 These are very economical and easy to
maintain.
 Soil pipes, kitchen waste pipes are
generally PVC pipes.

5. Asbestos Cement Pipes

 These pipes are very cheap compared to
all but they can break easily.
 They are provided as vent pipes, soil pipes,
rain water pipes etc.
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