ASSIGNMENT I

Q1. Explain various components of water supply system with a neat diagram or
flowchart?
Ans
A municipal water supply system is made up of pipelines, pumps, water storage facilities and other
distribution accessories. The basic components of water supply system are
 Source of supply
 Treatment of water
 Storage of water
 Distribution of water

Source of supply-
Surface water resources
1. River and stream
2. Lakes, ponds
Ground water resources
1. Shallow well
2. Deep well
 3. spring
Rainwater
1. surface resources
2. ground sources

Treatment of water
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate
for a specific end-use. Water treatment removes contaminants and undesirable
components, or reduces their concentration so that the water becomes fit for its desired
end-use
 Primary screening –sedimentation
 Filtration-sand /gravel
 Chlorination- disinfection
 Water softening- reverse osomosis etc
Storage of water
Primary and secondary storage is done at community level.
Water is stored at different levels
 Elevated storage
 On ground storage
 Underground storage
Water distribution system
 Water is distributed to all the consumers from the centralised water plant.
 The lines carrying water from storage to its end use (stand post household tap etc) are called
distributions ines.
 Distribution pipelines consist of main pipeline connected from secondary storage, sub-man pipes
connected from an pipeline and service/branch pipes connected from sub main for distribution to
households: Generally Mid Steel (MS).
 Valves are used to control the distribution.

Q2. Mention types of distribution system in water supply system.

Ans
Water distribution is done in following methods
 Gravity fed distribution
 Pumping system
 Dual/combination
Gravity fed distribution
  When the distribution reservoir is located at a higher elevation than the
target community; then water can be supplied with the gravity flow.
 This method is much suitable when the source is the river or impounded
reservoir at sufficient height than the target community.
 Usually pumping water is not required at any stage of this type of
distribution.
 Such system is highly reliable and economical
 Example- at community level the flow of water from the overhead tanks. Here the flow is higher
to lower level and hence flowing in influence with water.

Pumping system
 in such system, water is supplied by continuous pumping.
 Treated water directly pumped into the distribution main with constant pressure without
intermediate storing
 Supply can be affected during power failure and breakdown at pumps
 Hence, disel pumps also in addition to electrical pumps as stand by to be maintained.
 Such system works only in condition where there is continuous power supply, reliable water
source and where intermediate storage system cannot be installed.
 Makes it expensive
 Example- usually this method is used in hilly areas.
Dual system
 In such system, both gravity as well as pumping systems are used.
 Such systems are used where there are variations in topography in town/ village.


Q3. What are the four classification of pipeline distribution network? Explain
with a neat diagram.
Ans
Classification of pipeline distribution network is
 Dead end distribution system
 Grid iron system
 Ring system
 Radial system
Dead end distribution system
 In such system, sub main pipes are connected at right angles from main pipeline and branch
pipes are connected to sub mains at right angles.
 As all the pipes are connected to main pipes so the main vavle will affect the water supply of
whole area.
 If main vavle is closed the water supply of whole area will be stopped.
 This system is easy to lay
 However, in case of failure in pipeline, it will be difficult to supply water to the area ahead of
affected area .
  Also pressure at the tail end will be low compared to other area and there will be stagnation of
water.
 Usually this system is used in unauthorized colonies.

Grid iron system

 in such system; main, sub main and branch pipes are Interconnected to each other.
 A grid system is laid and dead ends are laminated and water reaches at
different locations through more than one route.
 As grid type pattern is laid here if the valve of one area is not working due to some reasons it
will not affect the water supply of whole area.
 Here, total length of pipeline required is high but this helps in equitable water pressure
 Also, blockage of pipes in one area does not affect the supply in the rest of area as there are
multiple supply points to any areas.
 This will also help in avoiding water stagnation.
 The system required higher number of valves.
 Mostly this system is used in planned cities like Chandigarh.

Ring system
 The whole system enclosed by main pipeline in radial or rectangular shape
 Smaller areas are enclosed by sub main pipeline
 The branches are connected cross-wise to the mains and also to each
other.
 in case of failure of system, very small area will be affected. The area ahead of affected
area can get water from other point
 the system require higher number of valves.
 Here water can be supplied to any point from two directions.
 This system is most reliable for a town with well-planned streets and roads
Radial system
 In this system; the whole city is divided into parts and each part contains a
centrally located distribution reservoir (elevated).
 The distribution pipes are laid radially ending towards the periphery and
are connected to the central distribution reservoir.
 Used in well planned cities.

Q4. Explain Underground and Overhead Tank distribution system with a neat
diagram?
Ques.5Answer the following:

a) Water meter and its types

these are the devices installed on pipes to measure quantity of water flowing in particular area. they keep
track of how much water we are using.
Water meter has to be selected according to the flow to be measured and not necessarily to suit a certain
size of water main. The maximum flow shall not exceed the maximum flow rating. The nominal flow
should not be greater than nominal flow rating.
• Meters installed to measure household consumption are called domestic water
meters.
Water meters of different types are–
1. Positive Displacement 2. Electromagnetic
3. Ultrasonic 4.Single and Multi-jet
5. Turbine flow meters.
b) Domestic water requirement for residential building
for residence 135 l per head/ per day is consumed
A minimum of 70 to 100 litres per head/ per day may be considered
adequate for domestic needs of urban communities, apart from non-domestic
needs as flushing requirements.
As a general rule the following rates per capita per day may be considered
minimum for domestic and non-domestic needs:
• Out of the 150 to 200 litres per head per day, 45 litres per head per day may be
taken for flushing requirements and the remaining quantity for other domestic
purposes.