Building Utilities • V – Ventilation of the piping

system
1 – Prelim Notes
PLUMBING SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE - Potable water supply &
- Mother of all arts distribution, pipes, fixtures, traps
storms, sanitary & drainage
PLUMBING system, vents, drains, etc.
- Art & Science of installing pipes,
fixtures & other apparatuses to PLUMBING APPLIANCES
convey & supply water into - Special class of device or
buildings. equipment

“PLUMBUM” (Ln) PLUMBING APPURTENANCE

- LEAD, a metal used as plumbing - Manufactured device/
material by the romans prefabricated assembly
- PLUMBARIUS, an individual who
worked in the sanitary field in PLUMBING FIXTURES
Ancient Rome.
- Approved type installed
receptacles, devices &
1. SUPPLY appliances
a. Provide sufficient amount of
water to supply each fixture
b. Prevent backflow of used water WATER
SOURCE
into supply system
2. DRAINAGE PLUMBING
SYSTEM

a. Fast removal of waste with a

minimum probability of leakage
WATER
DRAINAGE
SUPPLY

& stoppage of drains COLD HOT NON

b. Prevent entry of house vermin & WATER
LINE
WATER
LINE
POTABLE
WATER
FIRE SANITARY STORM

obnoxious gases into the house

from the piping system DRAIN WASTE VENT

NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE

➢ Govern the design & layout of
the plumbing system
➢ Placing &location of various
plumbing fixtures

TYPES OF WASTE
✓ Solid Waste
✓ Liquid Waste

DRAINAGE INSTALLATION
(DWY)
• D – Drainage of Solid Waste
• W – Waste coming from various
fixtures other than the water
closet
 Building Utilities 184 Gals Maximum Demand
- 46.25 Gals
1 – Prelim Notes 138.75 Gals Probable Demand

MAXIMUM x PROBABLE
DEMAND
Fixture Unit Valves _________________1.5
Bathtub ____________________________2
Floor Drain__________________________1
Kit. Sink _____________________________2
Lavatory/Wash Basin ________________1
Laundry Tub ________________________2
Shower Bath ________________________2
Slop Sink____________________________3
Sink (Hotel/Public)___________________2
Urinal_______________________________5
Water Closet________________________6
Combination Mixtures _______________3
1 T&B Bathroom Group ______________8
- Water Closet
- Lavatory
- Bathtub
- GH Shower
15 sq. ft. Roof Drain _________________1

1 UNIT – Sewer only

3 – Cleaning tools/ materials

1 Unit - 8 Gallons of Water

PROBABLE DEMAND
➢ Not to exceed 25% of Maximum
Demand

Fixture Unit
RS x 2_________________________1.5 = 3
K.S. x 1 ________________________2 = 2
LAV x 2________________________1 = 2
SHD x 2________________________2 = 4
WC x 2________________________6 =12
Total = 23 Fixture Units

23 Fixture Units
x 8 Gals
184 Gals Maximum Demand

184 Gals Maximum Demand

- 25% of Max. Demand
184 x 0.25 = 46.25 Gals
 Building Utilities 5. Reducer
6. Bushing
1 – Prelim Notes 7. Plug
8. Cap
PIPES, FITTING & FIXTURES 9. Union
10. Flange

PLUMBING MATERIALS
THE MATERIALS FOR MAINS, RISERS AND
BRANCHES ARE:
1. GALVANIZED IRON(G.I.) PIPES
AND FITTINGS, SCHEDULE 40
2. POLYVINYL CHLORIDE(PVC)
PIPES AND FITTINGS, SCHEDULE
40
3. POLYPROPYLENE (PPR) PIPES
AND FITTINGS, PN10 OR PN 20
4. POLYBUTYLENE (PB) PIPES
5. POLYETHYLENE (PE) PIPES
6. COPPER PIPES AND FITTINGS
A. TYPE K
B. TYPE L
C. TYPE M

GALVANIZED IRON PIPES AND

FITTING
▪ GALVANIZED REFERS TO A METAL
PLATING PROCESS THAT COATED
IRGALON OR STEEL WATER PIPE
SURFACES WITH CORROSION
RESISTANT ZINC SURFACE. GI pipes
are typically ½” dia with a length of
6 meters. The connections are
threaded. When the pipe corrode,
the rust build up inside the pipe
chokes down the diameter of the
pipe resulting in poor water pressure.

GALVANIZED IRON PIPES AND

FITTINGS
1. Nipple
a. Short Nipple
b. Long Nipple
c. Close Nipple
2. Coupling
3. Elbow
a. Street Elbow
b. Regular Elbow
c. Elbow Reducer
4. Tee
GALVANIZED WROUGHT IRON
PIPES AND FITTINGS
▪ 2 Types
- Better in quality than the steel pipe
- More resistant to acid waste
PVC PIPE AND FITTINGS
▪ Polyvinyl chloride commonly
abbreviated PVC, is the third-most
widely produced plastic after
polyethylene and polypropylene.
PVC is used in construction because
it is more effective than traditional
materials such as copper, iron or
wood in pipe and profile
applications. In the water
distribution market it accounts for 66%
of the market in the US, and in
sanitary sewer pipe applications, it
accounts for75%.Its light weight, low
cost, and low maintenance make it
attractive. However, it must be
carefully installed and bedded to
ensure longitudinal cracking does
not occur. Additionally, PVC pipes
can be fused together using various
solvent cements creating
permanent joints.
▪ uPVC = unplasticized Polyvinyl
Chloride
▪ CPVC= Chlorinated
Polyvinylchloride
PLASTIC OR SYNTHETIC PIPE
▪ Developed in Germany in 1935
▪ Most are produced from synthetic
resins
▪ Gained widespread acceptance
after it has in many ways proven
itself as a superior material for cold
water supply line and sewer
1. Rigid type
a. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) – hard,
lightweight, durable, and
extre mely pop ular b ui lding
material and is the third most
widelyproduced plastic pipe.
b. Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride
(CPVC) – Is resistant to many
acids, bases, salts, paraffinic
hydrocarbons, halogens and
alcohols. It is not resistant to
solvents, aromatics and some
chlorinated hydrocarbons
c. Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
(UPVC) – has excellent chemical
resistance across its operating
temperature range, with a
broad band of operating
pressures
d. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene
(ABS) – is used for the
conveyance of potable water,
slurries and chemicals. Most
commonly used for DWV (drain-
waste-vent) applications
e. Polypropylene Random (PPR) –
Polypropylene random
copolymer with a pipe by
extrusion, injection moulding a
tube. Developed in the early
1980’s in Europe using gas
polymerization
f. Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR) –
Rubber pipes coated with
Styrene to make it smooth and
shiny
2. Flexible type
a. Polyethylene (PE) – The
manufacture of these
commenced in Australia in the
1950′s and is now one of the
most popular plastic pipe widely
used.
b. Polybutylene (PB) – This is a form
of plastic resin that was used
extensively in the manufacture
 of water supply piping from 1978
until 1995.

POLYETHYLENE PIPES
▪ High-Density Polyethylene Pipe
(HDPE or PE Pipe) is made from
ethylene, which can be derived
from either crude oil or natural
gas.PE pipe is extremely strong,
durable, flexible, corrosion free
and chemical resistant. These
features make it perfect for a
variety of underground
conditions and help it last up to
100 years. The smooth walls
allow for less friction, which
increase flow through the same
diameter as that of other pipes.

PPR PIPES
- is used in many industrial settings
due to its chemical and thermal
resistance, affordability, and cost.
Use PPR PN 10 for cold water piping.
Use PPR PN 20 for hot & cold water
piping.
- The characteristic role of raw
material on pipe industry is high
resistance on heat and chemicals.
The raw material of PPRC is essential
key for hot and cold water system
on PPR Pipe and fittings. The
monomer of PPR raw material
creates random chain and takes COPPER PIPES
under protection. And it is deny to − is most often used for supply of hot
production of any biological and cold tap water, and as
material on PPR Pipe and fittings. refrigerant line in HVAC systems.
Moreover, it can be color and There are two basic types of copper
provides feature on protect odor tubing, soft copper and rigid
and taste on fluid. With the copper. Copper tubing is joined
favorable pressure and heat, the using flare connection, compression
lifetime of PPR Pipe and fittings may connection, or solder. Copper offers
be more than 50 year. a high level of resistance to
 corrosion, but is becoming very
costly
− Durable and extremely corrosive
resistant
− Easy to install
− Smooth interior surface

Classifications:
▪ K type- heaviest; for underground.
Burial such as under sidewalks and
streets, with a suitable corrosion
BRASS PIPE
protection coating or continuous
- Most expensive
polyethylene sleeve as required by - Made of an alloy of zinc (15%) and
code. It is color coded in Green copper (85%)
▪ L type- lighter; in both rigid and - Resistant to acids and has a smooth
flexible form; for residential water interior surface making it suitable for
supply line and radiant heating waste and water supply installation
installations. Color Code Blue
▪ M type- thinnest; in rigid form; for
small water supply lines and radiant
heating installations. Color Code
Red
▪ DWV Type- has the thinnest wall
section, and is generally only
suitable for unpressurized
applications, such as drains, waste
and vent (DWV) line

ASBESTOS PIPE
- Made of an asbestos fibers and
portland cement
- Used as soil, waste, ventilation pipe
& downspouts
- Used in the mid 1900’s for potable
water supply systems
- Joints:
- Grouted and firmly packed with
oakum or old hemp
- Rope soaked in tar with pure lead or
cement mortar (not less than 25mm
deep well caulked)
- Cement mortar (in place of mineral
lead) for chimneys
- Having a thickness twice of the cast
iron pipe
- Superior for embedment in
concrete structure for having the
same material properties
VITRIFIED CLAY PIPE
− One of the oldest materials used for
sewer lines
− Made out from clay, cast into
length of 75 cms treated with
glazing compound
− Highly resistant to most acid wastes
− Durable material for underground
installations like public sewer, house
sewer or storm drain
− Brittle, not suitable for unstable
ground
CAST IRON PIPES
− Started as a pressure pipe for
transmitting potable water, waste,
gas and sewage.
− Has been in use during the 19 th and
20th century
− Has been predominantly
composed of a gray cast iron tube
and was frequently used uncoated.
− Was superseded by ductile iron
pipes which were developed during
the 1970’s and 1980’s.
− At present, only few cast iron pipes
have been produced around the
world
ACID RESISTANT CAST IRON
PIPE
− Made of an alloy of cast iron and
silicon
− - Installed where acid wastes are
being discharged
− - Brittle
− - Cast Iron Soil Pipe
− - Most popular and generally
specified material for drainage
installation.
− - Durable, conveniently installed
(<25 storey)
− - Commercial length: 600 cm
− Diameters: 50-150mm
− 2 Types:
− a. SV type - generally used for
building installations
− b. XV type - extra duty; for
underground installations
− 4 Varieties:
− a. Standard pipe
 Building Utilities water level. The result is quick water
withdrawal. Large water surface
1 – Prelim Notes provides an efficient and clean
operation. With quiet flushing and
PLUMBING FIXTURE moderate cost, this is the most popular
residential model.
▪ ANY OF VARIOUS RECEPTACLES FOR
RECEIVING WATER FROM A WATER
SYSTEM AND DISCHARGEING THE
LIQUID WASTE INTO A DRAINAGE
SYSTEM

WATER CLOSET
▪ In the late 19th century, when
indoor plumbing began being
installed in homes, people had to
make room for the fixtures that were
going to be used. One common
place to install a toilet was a REVERSE-TRAP
remodeled clothing closet. Since it Water enters through rim punchings
was the one place in the home that and through a jet that fills the rear
had indoor water, it was called the trapway completely, creating a siphon
“water closet.” action and resulting in quick
▪ A fixture consisting of a ceramic withdrawal of water from the bowl. A
bowl with a detachable hinged water jet is located at the inlet of the
seat and lid and a device for trapway. Most of the bowl surface is
flushing with water, used for covered with water. This model is
defecation and urination. also efficient but moderately noisy. Its cost is
called toilet reasonably low.
WASH-DOWN
TYPES OF WATER CLOSET Water enters through an open rim, as
though a bucket of water were
SIPHON-VORTEX dumped into the bowl, filling the front
Water enters through diagonal trapway and creating siphon action.
punching around the rim of the bowl, This model provides quick removal of
creating a vortex that draws the water water with minimum water rise. Small
down into the rear trap with a swirling water surface makes the model more
action that scours the walls of the bowl. vulnerable to soiling and clogging. This
Water strikes two parallel ridges and is the least efficient and most noisy type
folds over forming a jet, producing but lowest in cost.
siphonic action. Large water surface
provides a very efficient and clean
process, and the flushing is extremely
quiet. This model is mostly of one-piece
construction with a low profile.
Expensive.
SIPHON-JET
Water enters through rim punchings
and jets placed in an up-leg of the rear
trap, filling the trapway and creating
an instant siphon action without rise of

PRESSURE/ TANKLESS
Strong flushing action is created by a jet
of water directed into the rim and jet.
The force of the jet draws the bowl
contents into the rear trap. It doesn't
use siphonic action but relies on the
driving force of jet action. At flush valve
25 psi is needed with 1.5-in. inlet spud.
Large water surface and large trapway
size make this model efficient and
suitable for commercial use. Flushing is
very noisy. Expensive.
PRESSURE/TANK
A steel tank is located inside the china
tank. Uses pressure from the water
supply system. A 1.5 in. water supply line
provides 25 psi pressure, compressing
trapped air in the tank. When flushed
the compressed air forces the water
out. The bowl is designed to accept the
torrent of water. The crest of the surging
water empties the bowl through the
enlarged trap. Large water surface
makes this model efficient. Design
features make it suitable for residential
use. Flushing is very noisy. Low water
usage (1.5 gpf) helps conserve water.
Expensive.
WATER HAMMER
- The concussion and banging noise
that results when a volume of water
moving in a pipe suddenly stops or
loses momentum.
AIR CHAIMBER
- A compartment air that elastically
compresses and expands to
equalize the pressure and flow of
water in the system.
- Also called cushion
OVERFLOW
- An outlet, pipe or receptacle for
excess liquid.
BACKFLOW
- A flow of a liquid opposite to the
usual or desired direction
BACK-SIPHONAGE
- A backflow or contaminated water
from plumbing fixture into a pope
supplying potable water due to
negative pressure in the pipe
BACKWATER VALVE
- A valve for preventing flowing liquid,
as sewage, from reversing its
direction.
- Also called backflow valve
FLOW RATE
- The rate of discharge from a
plumbing fixture, equal to the total
number of gallons discharged per
minute divided by 7.5 and
expressed in fixture units.
BACKSPLASH
- A vertical panel of waterproof
material attached to the wall
behind a countertop or stovetop to
protect against splashed liquids.
AIR GAP
-The clear vertical Distance between
the spout of a faucet or other outlet of
a supply pipe and the flood level of a
receptacle.
FLOOD LEVEL
-The level at which water would
overflow the rim of a plumbing fixture
URINAL
- A flushable fixture used by men for
urinating.
TOILET PARTITION
- A panel forming an enclosure
around a water closet for privacy in
a public lavatory.
BATHTUB
-An oblong tub bathe in, esp. one that
is a permanent fixture in a bathroom
SHOWER
- A bath in which water sprayed on
the body from an overhead nozzle
or showerhead.
- A U-shaped or S-shaped section of
drainpipe in which liquid remains
and forms a seal for preventing the
passage of sewer gas without
affecting the normal flow of waste
water or sewage through it.
- Also called air trap
DUPM TRAY
- A cylindrical trap closed on the
bottom and having a cover plate
for access, usually installed on the
drain line from a bathtub.

GRAB BAR
- A bar attached to a wall near a
bathtub or shower to provide a
hand grip for a person who is
bathing.

RECEPTOR
- The shallow base pan of a stall
shower
CONTROL VALVES FOR WATER
LAVATORY
SUPPLY
- A bowl or basin with running water
for washing the face and hands.
GATE VALVE
SINK - A valve in which the flow of water is
cut off by means of a circular disc
- A basin, as in the kitchen or laundry,
fitted against machine – smoothed
connected with a water supply and
faces at right angles to the direction
drainage system for washing.
of flow.
GLOBE VALVE
DISPOSAL - A valve in which the flow of fluid is
- An electrical device in the drain of cut off b means of a circular disk
a sink, for grinding food waste to be that fits against the horizontal valve
washed down the drain. seat.
- Also called disposer

LAUNDRY TRAY
- A deep sink for washing clothes.

SERVICE SINK
- A deep sink used in janitor work.
- Also called slop sink

TRAP
CHECK VALVE
- A valve that automatically close to
prevent the flow of liquid or gas in a
reverse Direction.
ANGLE VALVE
- A device, usually of the globe type,
in which the inlet and outlet are at
the right angles.

BALL VALVE
- A spherical shaped gate valve
providing very tight shut off.
FAUCET
- A valve on a water pipe by means
of which water can be drawn from
or held within the pipe. The valve is
placed at the end of the pipe.