TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY – College of Engineering & Technology
Civil Engineering Department
Engr. Orlando Cruz Sico Jr.
CEA243 – Engineering Utilities 2
MODULE 1______________________________
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SANITARY/ PLUMBING DESIGN
Plumbing is defined as the art and science of installing
pipes, fixtures and other apparatus to convey and supply
water in buildings to dispose and discharge waste water
and other liquids, gases and other substances out of the
building in a safe, orderly, healthy and sanitary way to
ensure the health and sanitation of life and property.
(Section 217.6 NPC 1999)
Plumber is a title given to a person who is skilled in the
field of ancient Rome.
Plumbarius refers to an individual who worked in the
sanitary field of ancient Rome.
Plumbum on the other hand, meant lead.
Plumbing System includes all potable water supply and
distribution pipes, all plumbing fixtures and traps; all
sanitary and storm drainage system; vent pipes, roof
drains, leaders and downspouts, and all building drains
and sewers, including their respective joints and
connection; devices, receptacles, and appurtenances
within the property; water lines in the premises; potable,
tap hot and chilled water piping; potable water treating
or using equipment; fuel gas piping; water heaters and
vent for same. (Sec.217.12 NPC 1999)
PLUMBING HAS TWO MAIN OBJECTIVES
1. To supply water to different parts of the
building.
2. To remove and discharge human wastes and
other substances out of building into the public
sewer or septic tank.
Conditions for An Effective Water Supply in Building
1. To provide sufficient amount of water to
supply each fixture.
2. To prevent backflow of used water into the
water supply system.
Drainage System
All the piping within a public or private premise
which conveys sewage, rainwater, or other
liquid wastes to a point of disposal.
MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS FOR A DRAINAGE
SYSTEM
“All drainage system must conform with a set of
requirements enumerated as follows”
1. That, all pipe joints must be well fitted and
tightly connected with each other to prevent
leakage of gas and/or liquid.
2. That, the drainage pipe should be graded or
inclined properly for a downward gravity flow of
water towards the main sewer or to the septic
tank.
3. That, the drainage pipe should be provided
with adequate cleanout, accessible for repair in
case of stoppage.
4.The drainage system must be provided with
ventilation pipe that will convey gases to
atmosphere where it can do no harm to human
health.
5. That, except for water closet, each fixture shall
be provided with suitable trap that prevent back
flow of gases.
6. That, the drainage system must be vented to
avoid siphonage or back flow of the water seal.
IS PLUMBING DESIGN UNLIMITED?
Drainage System
All the piping within a public or private premise
which conveys sewage, rainwater, or other
liquid wastes to a point of disposal.
DRAINAGE SYSTEM SHOULD ACCOMPLISHED THE
FOLLOWING:
1. Fast removal of the waste with a minimum
probability of leakage and stoppage of drains.
2. To prevent the entry of house vermin and
obnoxious gases into the house from the piping
system.
MODULE 1. Basic Principles of Sanitary Design
TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY – College of Engineering & Technology
Civil Engineering Department
Engr. Orlando Cruz Sico Jr.
Sources of wastewater
Domestic Sewage
Includes all wastewater generated by home
dwellings, public restrooms, hotels, restaurants, motels,
resorts, schools, places of worship, sports stadiums,
hospitals and other health centers, apartments and the
like. They all produce high volumes of wastewater.
Non-Domestic sewage
Includes water from floods (stormwater), runoff
(rainwater running through cracks in the ground and into
gutters), water from swimming pools, water from car
garages and cleaning centers.
Degrees of Waste Water
1. Storm Water – Water from rain.
2. Grey Water – from laundries, wash basins,
sinks, showers, & bath tubs.
3. Black Water – waste plus human waste both
solid and liquid flushed out of toilet and urinals.
Domestic waste is classified into two types:
1. Solid Waste is being discharged by water
closet, and;
2. Liquid Waste coming from the various
fixtures.
The Drainage Installation is sometimes referred to as
DWV which means:
D – drainage of solid waste
W – waste coming from various fixtures other
than water closet
V – ventilation of the piping system
ELEMENTS OF THE SANITARY SYSTEM
1. Soil Pipe - any pipe which conveys the discharge of
water closets, urinals, or fixtures having similar
functions.
2. Stack - a general term used for any vertical line of soil,
waste, or vent piping.
3. Soil Stack Pipe - a vertical soil pipe conveying fecal
matter and liquid waste.
4. Stack Vent - an extension of a soil or waste stack above
the highest horizontal drain connected to the stack.
5. Vent - a pipe or opening used for ensuring the
circulation of air in a plumbing system and for reducing
to pressure exerted on trap seals.
6. Unit Vent - an arrangement of venting so installed that
one vent pipe will serve two (2) traps.
7. Wet Vent - that portion of a vent pipe through which
liquid waste flow.
8. Branch - any part of a piping system other than the
main riser or stack
9. Main - the main of any system of continuous piping is
the principal artery of the system to which branches may
be connected.
10. Branch Vent - a vent pipe connecting from a branch
of the drainage system to a vent stack.
11. Waste Pipe - a pipe which conveys only liquid wastes
free fecal matter.
12. Drain - a sewer or other pipe or conduit used for
conveying ground water, surface water, waste water or
sewage.
13. Sewer - a pipe or conduit for carrying sewage and
waste liquids.
14. Sewage - the liquid wastes conducted away from
buildings/structures, also of the storm water.
15. Sewerage - a comprehensive term, including all
construction for collection, transportation, pumping,
treatment and final disposition of waste.
16. Cleanout Ferrule - a metallic sleeve, calked or
otherwise, joined to an opening in a pipe, into which a
plug is screwed that can be removed for the purpose of
cleaning or examining the interior of the pipe.
17. Trap - A fitting or device so constructed as to prevent
the passage of air, gas, and some vermin through a pipe
without materially affecting the flow of sewage or waste
water through it.
18. House Drain - that part of the lowest horizontal
piping of a plumbing system which receives the
discharge from soil, waste and other drainage pipes
inside of a building and conveys it to the house sewer.
MODULE 1. Basic Principles of Sanitary Design
TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY – College of Engineering & Technology
Civil Engineering Department
Engr. Orlando Cruz Sico Jr.

19. House Sewer - the house sewer is that part of a
plumbing system extending from a point about four (4)
or five (5) feet from the inner face of the foundation wall
of a building to the junction with another sewer.
20. House Trap- a trap connected to lowest horizontal
piping or House Drain.
21. Relief Vent - a vent the primary (Fresh Air Inlet)
function of which is to provide circulation of air between
drainage and vent system.
22. Public Sewer - a common sewer directly controlled
by public authority to which all abutters have equal
rights of connection.
23. Siphonage - a suction caused by the flow of liquids in
pipes.
24. Spigot - The end of a pipe which fits into a bell. Also,
a word synonymously with faucet.
25. Seal - The vertical distance between the dip and
crown wire of a trap.
26. Roughing-In - The installation of all pipes in the
plumbing system that are in partitions and under floors.
27. Finishing - The setting of fixtures.
28. Sump - a pit or receptacle at a low point to which the
liquid wastes are drained.
29. Shaft - a vertical opening through a building for
elevators, dumbwaiters, light, ventilation, etc.
30. Sleeve - a sheet metal placed when concrete is
poured to accommodate future plumbing pipes.
31. Pipe Chase - an opening or space to accommodate a
group of pipes.
32. Plumbing Fixtures – are installed receptacles,
devices, or appliances which are supplied with water, or
which receives or discharge into drainage system which
maybe directly or indirectly connected.
33. Caulking – Is plugging an opening with oakum, lead
or other materials, that are pounded into the place or
opening.

MODULE 1. Basic Principles of Sanitary Design

TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY – College of Engineering & Technology
Civil Engineering Department
Engr. Orlando Cruz Sico Jr.

SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM

HOMEWORK 01:

1. To familiarize the standard symbols for plumbing,

piping and valves. Draw the provided sample on a short
bond paper. Soft copy shall be in PDF format with a file
name: SICOOCE2AHW1.pdf

MODULE 1. Basic Principles of Sanitary Design

TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY – College of Engineering & Technology
Civil Engineering Department
Engr. Orlando Cruz Sico Jr.
STANDARD SYMBOLS FOR PLUMBING, PIPING, AND VALVES
Plumbing
Corner Bathtub.................................
Recessed Bathtub............................
Sitz Bath.............................................
Bidet...................................................
Shower Stall.......................................
Shower Head....................................
.(Plan)
Overhead Gang Shower....................
(Plan)
(Elev.)
Pedestal Lavatory...............................
Wall Lavatory......................................
Corner Lavatory..................................
Handicapped Lavatory.......................
Dental Lavatory..................................
DENTAL LAV
Standard Kitchen Sink.......................
Kitchen Sink, R & L Drain Board.......
Kitchen Sink, L H Drain Board..........
Combination Sink & Dishwasher........
Combination Sink & Laundry Tray......
Service Sink.......................................
Wash Sink (Wall-Type).......................
Wash Sink..........................................
Laundry Tray (Single).........................
Laundry Tray (Double)........................
Water Closet (Tank-Type)...................
Water Closet (Integral Tank)...............
Water Closet (Flush Valve, Floor Outlet).
Water Closet (Flush Valve, Wall-Hung) ..
Urinal (Wall-Hung)..............................
Urinal (Stall).......................................
Urinal (Trough-Type)..........................
Drinking Fountain (Recessed)...........
Drinking Fountain (Semi-Recessed)..
Plumbing (continued)
Drinking Fountain (Projecting-Type)..
Hot Water Tank................................
Water Heater...................................
Meter...............................................
Hose Rack......................................
(Elev.) Hose Bibb.......................................
Gas Outlet......................................
Vacuum Outlet................................
Drain...............................................
Grease Separator...........................
Oil Separator..................................
Cleanout.........................................
Garage Drain..................................
Floor Drain with Backwater Valve...
Roof Sump......................................
Piping
Soil and Waste, Above Grade...
Soil and Waste,
Below Grade.........................
Vent..........................................
Cold Water...............................
Hot Water.................................
Hot Water Return.....................
Fire Line...................................
Gas Line..................................
Acid Waste...............................
Drinking Water Supply.............
Drinking Water Return.............
Vacuum Cleaning.....................
Compressed Air.......................
Pipe Fittings
Fitting
Joint.........................................
Elbow–90°................................
TU
Elbow–45°................................
Elbow–Turned Up.....................
Elbow–Turned Down................
Pipe Fittings (continued)
Fitting Screwed Soldered
Elbow–Long Radius................
HW
LR
T
Side Outlet Elbow–
WH Outlet Down.........................
Side Outlet Elbow–
M Outlet Up..............................
HR Base Elbow ............................
HB
Double Branch Elbow ............
Single Sweep Tee...................
G
Double Sweep Tee..................
2 2
Reducing Elbow...................... 4 4
D
Tee..........................................
G
Tee–Outlet Up.........................
O
Tee–Outlet Down....................
C
O
Side Outlet Tee–
Outlet Up..............................
Side Outlet Tee–
Outlet Down.........................
Cross......................................
Concentric Reducer................
Eccentric Reducer...................
Lateral.....................................
Expansion Joint .....................
Valves
F F Valve Screwed Soldered
G G
ACID Gate Valve..............................
Globe Valve.............................
V V
A Angle Globe Valve..................
Angle Gate Valve....................
Check Valve............................
Screwed Soldered
Angle Check Valve..................
Stop Cock...............................
Safety Valve............................
Quick-Opening Valve..............
Float Valve..............................
Motor-Operated Gate Valve....
M
MODULE 1. Basic Principles of Sanitary Design