PLUMBING AND

PLUMBING
MATERIALS
 Introduction

• Plumbing is defined as art and science of

installing pipes, fixtures and other
apparatus to convey and supply water in
buildings and to dispose and discharge
waste water and other liquids, gasses and
other substances out of buildings in a safe,
orderly, healthy and sanitary way to ensure
the health and sanitation of life and
property.
 History
• Prehistoric Times
– Man left traces
• Greco-Roman Civilization
– Defined and appreciated
• Renaissance Period
– Europe progress
• 17th Century
– First plumbing apprentice law
 Plumbing in the Philippines
• Before the decades of 40’s
– Household plumbing was considered as a
luxury item.
• Water supply
– Water comes naturally
• Waste disposal
– Early attempt on promoting plumbing on this
industry
 Objective of Plumbing
• Main Objectives
1. To supply water on different parts
2. To remove and discharge human waste
• Conditions on Effective Water Supply
1. Provide proficient amount of water
2. To prevent back flow of used water in to the
water supply system
 Objective of Plumbing

• Drainage system should accomplish:

1. Fast removal of waste
2. To prevent the entry of house vermin and
obnoxious gases
 Plumbing Design Unlimited

• National Plumbing Code

– Design and Layout
– Health and Safety
 The Drainage System
• Types of Waste
– Liquid
– Solid
• Types of Drainage System
– Soil pipe
– Waste pipe
• Drainage Installation
1. D - drainage of solid waste
2. W - waste coming from various fixture other than water closet
3. V - ventilation of piping system
Definition
of
Terms
 Air Gap
 Back Flow
 Back Siphonage
 Battery of Fixture
 Bib
 Blind Flange
 Blow Off
 Branch
 Branch Interval
 Branch Vent
 Calking
 Circuit Vein
 Continuous Vent
 Combination Fixtures
 Combination Waste and Vent System
 Common Vent
 Cross Connection
 Dead End
 Developed Length
 Diameter
 Drainage System
 Dry Vent
 Effective Opening
 Existing Work
 Fixture Branch
 Fixture Drain
 Fixture Supply
 Fixture Units
 Fixture Unit Flow Rate
 Flood Level
 Ferrule
 Flush Valve
 Flushometer Valve
 Grade
 Group Vent
 Horizontal Pipe
 Invert
 Liquid Waste
 Local Vent pipe
 Looped Vent
 Lateral Vent
 Lateral
 Main
 Main Sewer
 Plumbing Fixtures
 Plumbing System
 Relief Vent
 Re - Vent
 Riser
 Rough - In
 Return Bend
 Public Sewer
 Sanitary Sewage
 Sanitary Sewer
 Secondary Branch
 Sewerage of Sewage Work
 Siamese Connection
 Stand Pipe
 Side Vent
 Soil Pipe
 Stack
 Stack Group
 Stack Vent
 Stack Venting
 Subsoil Drain
 Sump
 Trap
 Trap Seal
 Vent Stack
 Vent System
 Vertical Pipe
 Waste Pipe
PLUMBING MATERIALS
“Hoy mga
BOBO!”
“Makinig kayo!”
1. Cast iron soil pipe
2. Acid resistant cast iron pipe
3. Asbestos pipe
4. Bituminous fiber sewer pipe
5. Vitrified clay pipe
6. Lead Pipe
7. Galvanized steel pipe
8. Galvanized wrought iron pipe
9. Brass pipe
10. Copper pipe
11. Plastic or synthetic pipe
12. Stainless steel pipe
To be Consider:
 Quality and Durability
 Resistant to external and internal contact
with foreign matters.
 Resistant to acid waste and other chemical
elements that will pass into it.
 Cost of materials and labor.
1. Cast Iron Pipe
Most popular and generally specified
materials for drainage in buildings for past
several decades.
Advantage
 It is durable and conveniently installed
 Answer to the most plumbing needs of all types of
buildings less than 25 storey high.

Disadvantage
 Constant Vibration which causes water leak of the pipe
joints
 Affected by corrosion (carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide
and methane gasses)
Type of Cast Iron
1.SV Type
2.XV Type

 SV Type
 XV Type
Four Varieties of Cast Iron
1. Standard Pipe
2. Single Hub Pipe
3. Double Hub Type
4. Hubless Pipe
2. Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe

 Made from alloy of cast iron and silicon

 Widely used in chemical laboratories,
industries and other installations
where acid waste is being discharge
 Brittle in character
3. Asbestos Pipe
 Made of a mixture of 10-18% Asbestos
Fibers and 82-90% Portland cement
 The thickness of pipe is twice as that the
standard cast iron pipe
 Could be use as soil, waste, ventilation
and downspout
Advantages
 Resistant to corrosion
 Low friction losses
 The major raw materials (cement) usually available
locally
Disadvantage
 Hazard Material
 Low Resistant to shock
Asbestos (Silicate Material)
Properties:
-Sound Absorption
-Tensile Strength
-Resistant fire, heat and
electricity

Advantage:
-Ups the lifespan
-affordability

Disadvantage:
-Hazardous
4. Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe
 Also known as “Orangeburg pipe” or “Fiber Conduit”
 Made from layers of wood pulp and pitch pressed
together
 Cheapest among the sewer pipes
 Sometimes recommended for house sewer and or
septic tank
 Light weight and slightly flexible
 Could take slight soil movement without danger
 But hot water or chemical could soften or damage
the pipe
5.Vitrified Clay Pipe

Vitrificaton
 ( from Latin Vitreum, “glass”) is the
transformation of a material into a glass.
 Is usually achieved by heating materials
until they liquidize, then cooling the
liquid. Often rapidly, so that it passes
through the glass transition to form
vitrified solid. Certain chemical reaction
also result in glasses.
Vitrified Clay Pipe
 One of the oldest material used in sewer
lines
 The pipe is heated in a large kiln under a
temperature of 1370°C, making it
impervious to moisture
 Highly resistant to most acid wastes
 Durable material for underground
installations like public sewer, house
sewer or storm drain.
 It should not be laid on unstable base
 LEAD PIPE

• Due to toxicity, most cities moved away from

lead water supply piping by 1920s

• Oldest plumbing materials

• For soil and waste pipe

• Never used to convey water for human

consumption
 GALVANIZED STEEL PIPE

• Made from mild steel

• Easily corroded by alkaline and acid water

• Deteriorate faster when used as hot water

supply line
 Objective of Plumbing
• Mandatory requirements of a Drainage
system
1. Pipes and joints must be well fitted
2. Drainage pipes should be graded or inclined
properly
3. Should be provided with adequate cleanout
4. Must be provided with ventilation pipes
5. Each fixture should be provided with suitable strap
6. Drainage system must be vented
 GALVANIZED WROUGHT IRON PIPE
• Better in quality than steel pipe for plumbing
installation

• More resistant to acid and waste than the steel

pipe
 BRASS PIPE

• Most expensive type of pipe

• Made of alloy or zinc and copper mixed at

15⁰ and 85⁰ proportion respectively

• Brass pipe become superior material for

waste and water supply installations
 COPPER PIPE
• Durable and extremely corrosive resistant
material

• Easy to install compared with other types of

pipe

• Cost little more than the steel pipe, but its

fittings cost lesser than that of the steel pipe
• Three types of copper pipe

 K TYPE - Heaviest. For underground installation.

 L TYPE - Slighter than K type in both the rigid and flexible

form. Used in residential water supply line and for radiant
heating installations.

 M TYPE - Thinnest and available only in a rigid form.

• Designed for small water supply lines and for radiant
heating installations.
 PLASTIC/SYNTHETIC PIPES
• It was a new concept in the field of plumbing.

• Plastic pipes has gained widespread

acceptance after it has in many ways proven
itself to be superior as sewer and cold water
pipe line.
Types of Plastic Synthetic Pipes

• THE RIGID TYPE

 Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (CPVC)
 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
 Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC)
 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
 Polypropylene (PP)
 Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)
• THE FLEXIBLE TYPE
 Polyethylene (PE)
 Polybutylene (PB)
Advantages of Plastic Pipes
a. Plastic pipe is more resistant to rust and corrosion.
b. Water conveyed by plastic pipe has no pipe tastes
c. The extreme smooth interior surface prevents the buildup of scale, rust,
and foreign material that often impedes flow through metallic pipes.
d. There is no turbulence of water and therefore, has a minimum resistance
flow.
e. PVC pipe and fittings weighs about 1/5 of the metal pipe. They are easily
and quickly installed through solvent cementing.
f. Plastic pipes are cast in longer length and easy to cut as well as to install.
g. The Polyethylene (PE) pipe is flexible material that weighs about 1/8 as
much as the steel pipe.
h. PVC pipe can be connected to existing metal pipe using a threaded
adapter.
i. PVC pipe is virtually acid proof to any chemical used in recommended
strengths around the home.
j. No special tools are needed for installing PVC except a rule to measure
and a saw to cut.
k. The reason at all. YOU CAN DO IT YOURSELF.
 MODEL CODES THAT APPROVED THE USE OF
PLASTIC PIPE FOR PLUMBING SYSTEMS

a. The National Plumbing Code

b. Building Officials and Code Administrations
International
c. National Associations of Plumbing, Heating, Cooling,
Contractors
d. Southern Standard Plumbing Code
e. Southern Building Code Congress
f. Uniform Standard Plumbing Code
g. International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical
Officials
“Thank you “ =)