ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE

(PLUMBING)
• PLUMBING – is a system of combining supply
and distribution pipes for hot water, cold
water, gas and for removing liquid wastes in a
building. It includes the water-supply
distributing pipes; the fixtures and fixture
traps; the soil, waste, and vent pipes; the
building drain and building sewer; and the
storm-drainage pipes; with their devices,
appurtenances, and connections all within or
adjacent to the building.
 WATER SUPPLY

SOURCES OF WATER:

• RAINFALL
• NATURAL SURFACE
• UNDERGROUND
• ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:

1. Obtained from roofs and watersheds. It is soft pure and good

on places where there is an abundant rainfall.
2. Obtained from ponds, lakes, rivers and springs. Easiness of
procurement and good for locality near such bodies of water.
3. Obtained from below ground surface by means of
mechanical and manual equipments. More water can be
obtained depending by equipments used in the locality.
4. Hard to store for a long period of time as it will be a
breeding ground for mosquitoes. It requires big containers
for storing big quantities for long usage. Roofs maybe not
clean, bad for places that receives a little amount of rain.
4. Hard to store for a long period of time as it will
be a breeding ground for mosquitoes. It requires
big containers for storing big quantities for long
usage. Roofs maybe not clean, bad for places that
receives a little amount of rain.
5. Dangerous because it contains large amount of
bacteria, organic and inorganic substances of
varying quantities.
6. Because of various organic matter and chemical
elements present, it requires treatment of
various nature, such as sedimentation, chemical
and filtration.
• METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF
WATER:

a. Sedimentation – particles of matters that are suspended

in the water are allowed to stay in a container so they will
settle in the bottom, then discharging the water out,
leaving these sediments in the container.
b. Chemical treatments – water are given chemical
treatments to kill harmful bacteria, present and to cure
the turbid taste or mud taste, remove clay, salts, iron etc.
c. Filtration – water are filtered on various process, so as to
remove the particles of vegetable matter, mud and other
particles of matter present in the water, most commonly
used materials are sand and clay.
d. Aeration – a raw of water is made to pass on
pipes of tiny sieves and exposed to air of fine mist.

Wells
a. when excavated by hand are called dug-wells
for shallow water.
b. when sunk by machines are called deep-wells
and are classified as driven when water is
obtained from loose formation above solid rock
such as sand and gravel. Drilled wells-when the
water is tapped from fissures.
WATER SUPPLY EQUIPMENT:

PUMPS – are used whenever the water supply at its natural pressure and
cannot be directly piped to a building, tank or reservoir.
Pipes - a long cylindrical tube that water, oil, gas, or other such material
passes through.
Water Tanks – maybe used for collection of water without condensation of
pressure or storing water under pressure or under static HEAD for future
distribution.

3 Classes of pumping system:

a. Lifting water by suction to the level of a pump situated above the source.
b. Raising the water by forcing it to an elevation above a pump situated in
the source.
c. Both lifting the water to the pump by suction and in addition, forcing the
water to an elevation above the pump.
• TYPES OF APPARATUS TO ACHIEVE DIFFERENT
PURPOSES:

a. Lift pumps
b. Force pumps
c. Reciprocating pumps
d. Rotary pumps
e. Centrifugal pumps
f. Hydraulic rams
g. Deep well reciprocating pumps
h. Submersible pumps
Lift pump – consist of a piston travelling up
and down within a cylinder which is
connected with a pipe extending down into
the source.
Force pump – used to deliver water at a point
higher than the position of the pump itself.
Centrifugal pump – posses moving parts without valves, revolving around
an axis and centrifugal action is utilized in delivering the water under
pressure. The curved blades revolve around an axis and traps the water
that enters and hurls it outward by centrifugal force.