Water Cycle

- water is the most basic and fundamental component of life on earth . Its is an inorganic
compound composed of hydrogen and oxygen (H2O). Covers approximately 75% of the earth’s
surface
- freezing point at 0 ̊ C and a boiling point of 100 ̊ C
- 1000 kg per cubic meter
 SOURCES OF WATER ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Obtained from roofs and watersheds. It

Hard to store for a long time as it will
RAINFALL is soft and pure and good on places
be a breeding place for mosquitoes.
where there is an abundant rainfall

Obtained from ponds, lakes, rivers. Dangerous because it contains large

FROM NATURAL SOURCE Easiness of procurement and good for amount of bacteria, organic and
locality near such bodies of water inorganic substances.

Obtained from below ground surface Requires treatment of various nature,

UNDERGROUND by means of mechanical and manual such as sedimentation, chemical,
equipments filtration, aerations.
Methods of Purification and Treatment of Water

1. Sedimentation
-articles of matters that are suspended in the water are allowed to stay in a container so that they
will settle in the bottom, then drawing the water out, leaving these sediments in the container
Methods of Purification and Treatment of Water

2. Chemical Treatments
- water are given chemical treatments to kill the harmful bacterias present and to cure the turbid taste or
mudtaste, remove clay, salts, iron etc. commonly used chemical is chlorine

3. Filtration
- water are filtered on various processes, so as to remove the particles of vegetable matter, mud, and other
particles of matter present in the water, most commonly used materials are sand and gravel
Methods of Purification and Treatment of Water

5. Aeration
- raw water is made to pass on pipes of tiny sieves and exposed to air of fine mist.
WELLS

a. When excavated by hand are called dug wells-for shallow water

b. When sunk by machine are called Deep Wells and are classified as Driven -when the
water is obtained from loose formation above solid rock such as sand and gravel and
drilled wells - when the water is tapped from the fissures
WATER SUPPLY EQUIPMENT

PUMPS : are used whenever the water supply at its natural pressure cannot be directly piped to a
building, tank or reservoir

3 Classes :
a. Lifting water by suction to the level of a pump situated above the source.
b. Raising the water by forcing it to an elevation above a pump situated in the source
c. Both lifting the water to the pump by suction and in addition forcing the water to an elevation
above the pump
TYPES OF APPARATUS TO ACHIEVE THESE ENDS

1. Lift Pump
Other Types :
2. Force Pump
a. Deep well reciprocating pump
3. Reciprocating
b. Turbine pump
4. Rotary
c. Deep well ejector
5. Centrifugal
d. Submersible pump
6. Hydraulic Rams
Lift Pump - Consist of a piston traveling up and down
within a cylinder which is connected with a pipe extendinq
down into the source. The piston and the bottom of the
cylinder are each provided with a valve opening upward.
Upon the piston’s upstroke,·valve a closes and valve b opens.
Upon the piston's down· stroke valve a opens and b closes
Force Pump- used to deliver water at a point
higher than the position of the pump itself. when
the plunger descends; the valve a is closed and
the water in the cylinder is forced out through the
valve b and up to the storage. When the plunger
is raised ,valve b is closed and a open to admit
water to the cylinder
Reciprocating Pump - include that class of pumps in which the piston moves· to and fro. either horizontally
or vertically

1. Power Pumps
a. Horizontal Reiprocating Pumps - known as
double or single acting piston pumps. Adapted to all
purposes where the suction lift, is not over 22 ft. (6. 70
mts) at sea level.
b. Vertical Reciprocating Pump - for
suction lifts of less than 22 feet (6. 70 mts)
are composed of 3 vertical cylinders
placed side by side
2. Direct Acting-Steam Pumps

Deep Well Plunger Pumps - are used when the water level of the source is more than 22 feet (6. 70
mts) below the ground, they consist of a cylinder installed below the water level and connected to the
driving mechanism at or near the ground level by a wood or steel rod.
Centrifugal Pumps - posses moving parts
without valves, revolving around an axis
and centrifugal action is utilized in
delivering the water under pressure. The
curved blades revolve around an axis and
traps the water that enters and hurls it
outward by centrifugal force
Hydraulic Rams-are automatic and require no motor since they depend for operation upon water
hammer that is the surging back and forth in a pipe when suddenly brought to rest
Tanks - rnay be used either for the collection of water
without consideration of pressure, or for storing water
under air pressure or under a static HEAD for future
distribution by pneumatic or gravity means
- wood, steel, galvanized iron (G .I. ) reinforced
concrete, polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

Head of water
- Vertical distance from the surface to the
outlet.
FIXTURE USED FOR TANK

1. Cylindrical G.I Tank

2. Spherical PVC Tank

3. Rectangular Steel Tank Riveted

4. Pneumatic Tank (pressurized)

5. Stainless Steel Tank

6. Suction Tank –
are constructed of riveted or welded steel plate; the
larger tanks often being divided into two compartments.
They should be large enough to contain at least one days
supply for the entire building in case the City main is
temporarily shut off.
The suction pipe from the pump to the tank should be
across connected to the City main so that the water may be
pumped directly from the main in case of Fire.
Suction Tanks are used so that the pneumatic tank or
other pumps sucks the water f.torn this suction tank and
not from the Public Main so that, it will not deprive. The
neighbor of water due to pressure
3 WAYS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION

1. Upfeed System- from normal water pressure from public water main for low rise
buildings.
3 WAYS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION

2. Pneumatic Tank -from air pressure from suction tank for tall buildings which cannot be reached
by normal water pressure.
A FLOAT VALVE operates the pump to make up this
water when the level has become low enough to actuate
the starting switch. A high level switch turns it off when
the water is up to level. In big water tanks, the water level
is seen on a marker as made by the float valve which rise
or descends.
3. Downfeed System-by gravity from overhead tanks and
are supported either by structural frames or on the roof
decks. Fixtures are below the gravity Tank. These
elevated Tanks are installed when normal supply of water
from main public service pipes is not frequent. It is also
used when normal pressure from the City main is not
enough to force the water to the highest fixtures.
HOUSE TANK IN ELEVATED POSITION FOR DOWNFEED IN GRAVITY
HOUSEHOLD WATER SUPPLY

Water is conveyed to the plumbing tixtures by means of

PIPES. Materials commonly used are galvanized iron
(G.I.) and Plastic pipes, (PVC) or polyvinyl chloride.
Others are brass, copper, wrought and cast iron. The
pipe from the public water main or source of water
supply to the building served is called HOUSE
SERVICE or SERVICE PIPE. The vertical supply pipe
which extends upward from one floor to the next is
called a riser and the horizontal pipes that serves the
faucets or fixtures are called BRANCHES
GOOSENECK -one end is 0.30
CORPORATION COCK -a stop valve
and the other end is 0.90 long
placed in a service pipe close to its
this prevent the pipe from connection with a water main
snapping when the soil settles
PUMPING CIRCUIT SYSTEM

This is the process of circulating hot water to the plumbing fixtures by

means of a mechanical device. This type is generally adopted on large
buildings where difticulties of providing natural circulation of hot water is
impossible.
1. The pump is installed to the circulating return
main pipe closer to the heating unit. This type of
hot water circulation is dependable , having fewer
parts to function and maintain.

2. The circulating return pipe is connected to the

inlet side of the pump and the outlet side of the
pump is connected into the return pipe to the
heater.

3. A gate valve is installed on each side of the

pump.

4. The pump is provided with a by-pass line and a

valve. In case of trouble the control valve is
closed and the hot water circulate around the
pump into the return of the heater.
HOT WATER TANK
This is one of the essential requirements for a domestic hot water system. It should be strong enough to
resist the high pressure of boiling water stored in it :

Two Types:
1. Range boiler- small hot water tank.
2. Storage Tank - large hot water tank
The Range Boiler is made of galvanized sheet, steel or copper,
built into cylinder shape with concave ends either welded or
riveted. The range boiler varies in size from 0.30 to 0.60 meter
in diameter with a length of not more than 1.80 meters
Standard Pressure = 85 psi
Extra Heavy = 150 psi
Tapping = 25 mm or 38 mm

SIZE COMPUTATION OF HOT WATER TANK

1. Kind of building served

2. The expected number of occupants
3. The heating capacity of the supply devices
Problem:
Determine the size of a residential boiler tank to serve 6 persons in the family
Solution:

  Note :
6 person x 10 gals. = 60 gals 1 gallon = 3.785 L
60 gals x .35 = 21 gallons – working load 1000 L = 1 cu. m

21 gallons x (3.785L/1000 L) = 0.079485 cu. m

= 0.08 cu. m

Finding the size of the Cylindrical Tank

V= : assume height is 1.0 m
0.08 = * (1)
D= 0.32 m or 32 cm
The Storage Tank is made of heavy duty metal sheets with rust proof paint. The size also
varies from 0.60 to 1.30 meters diameter and its length is up to 5.00 meters long.

manhole - 275 mm x 375 mm

Standard Press = 289 newtons (65 psi)
Extra - Heavy =49 newtons ( 100 psi)
Tapping in each Tank = 6 pcs