WATER SUPPLY

Water – is a combination of two elementary substances hydrogen and oxygen. It

appears in its natural state as;

Liquid ------------------------------------- 830 times heavier than water

Solid ------------------------------------- ice
Gas ------------------------------------- vapor or steam
------------------------------------- 130 times lighter than air

Weight of water in Liquid form:

3.778 kg. per U.S. Gallon
1.000 kg. per cubic meter

Three Sources of Water:

1. Rainfall
2. Natural Surface; water from streams, rivers and lakes and ponds.
3. Underground water; deep and shallow wells

FROM RAINFALL

Advantages
- Obtained from roof and watersheds.
It is soft pure and good on places where there
is an abundant rainfall.
Disadvantages
- Hard to store for a long time as it
will be a breeding place for mos-
quitoes, requires big containers for
storing big quantities for long uses
roofs may not be clean bad for
places that receives a little amount
of rainfall.

FROM NATURAL SURFACE

Advantages
- obtained from ponds, lakes, rivers
easiness of procurements and good for
locality near such bodies of water.
Disadvantages
- dangerous because it contains large
amount of bacterias, organic and
inorganic substances of varying
quantities.

FROM UNDERGROUND

Advantages
-obtained from below ground surface by
means of mechanical and manual
equipments.
- more waters can be obtained depending
by equipments used and locality.
Disadvantages
- because of various organic matter
and chemical elements present, it
requires treatment of various
nature, such as sedimentation,
chemical, filtration, aerations.
 METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND TREATMENT OF WATER

1. Sedimentation
- articles of matters that are suspended in the water are allowed to stay in
container so that they will settle in the bottom, then drawing the water out,
leaving these sediments in the container.

IN

H2O

SEDIMENTS SPACE

INTERMITTENT

H2O

H2O

H2O

CONTINUOUS SEDIMENTAION

2. Chemical Treatment
- water are given chemical treatment to kill the harmful bacterias present
and to cure the turbid taste or mud taste, remove clay, salts, iron etc.,
commonly used chemical is chlorine.

3. Filtration
- water are filtered on various processes, so as to remove particles of
vegetables matter, mud and other particles of matter present in the water,
most commonly used materials are sand and gravel.
 TWO PROCESSES

a. Slow Process

SAND

WATER OUTLET

GRAVEL

b. Mechanical or Rapid Process

BY PRESSURE

IN

SAND

GRAVEL

BY GRAVITY

SAND

GRAVEL

OUT
4. Aeration
- raw water is made on pass on pipes of tiny sleeves and exposed to air of fine
mist.

Water Bearing Soil

Strainer 40 to 80 holes/
sq. inch

Example BALARA FILTERS

WELLS
a. When excavated by hands are called dug wells-for shallow water.
b. When sunk by machine are called Deep Wells and are classified as Driven –
when the water is obtained from loosed formation above solid rock such as
sand and gravel and drilled wells when the water is tapped from the fissures.

WATER SUPPLY EQUIPMENT

PUMPS - are used whenever the water supply at its natural pressure cannot be directly
piped to a building, tank or reservoir.

3 Classes :

a. Lighting water by suction to the level of a pump situated above the source.
b. Raising the water by forcing it to an elevation above a pump situated in the
source.
c. Both lifting the water to the pump by suction and in addition forcing the water to
an elevation above the pump.
TYPES OF APPARATUS TO ACHIEVE THESE ENDS
1. Lift Pump
2. Force Pump
3. Reciprocating
4. Rotary
5. Centrifugal
6. Hydraulic Rams

OTHER TYPES
1. Deep wall reciprocating pumps
2. Turbine pump
3. Deep Well injector
4. Submersible pump

LIFT PUMP – consist of piston travelling up and

down within a cylinder which is connected
with a pipe extending down into the source.
The piston and the bottom of the cylinder are
each provided with a valve opening upward.
Upon the piston’s upstroke, valve d closes and
valve c opens. Upon the piston’s downstroke
valve d opens and b closes.

FORCED PUMP – used to deliver water

at a point higher than the position of
the pump itself, when the plunger
descends, the Valve B is closed and
the water in the cylinder is forced out
through the Valve A and up to the
storage. When the plunger is raised
Valve A is closed and Valve B open
to admit water to the cylinder.
RECIPROCATING PUMP - includes that class of pumps in which the piston moves to
and fro, either horizontally or vertically.
1. POWER PUMPS

A. Horizontal Reciprocating
Pumps – known as double
acting piston pumps. Adapted
to all purposes where the
suction lift, is not over 20 ft.
(6.70mts) at sea level.

B. Vertical Reciprocating
Pumps – for suction lifts
of less than 22 ft. are
composed of three
vertical cylinders placed
side by side.

2. DIRECT ACTING – Steam Pumps

Deep Well Plunger Pumps – are used when the water level of the source
is more than 22ft. below the ground, they consist of a cylinder installed
below the water level and connected to the driving mechanism at or near
the ground level by a wood or steel rod.
 Centrifugal Pumps – posses moving parts without valves, revolving
around the axis and centrifugal action is utilized in delivering the water
under pressure. The curve blades revolve around an axis and trap the water
that enters and hurls it outward by centrifugal force.

Hydraulic Rams – are automatic and require no motor since they depend
for operation upon water hammer that is the surging back and fourth in a
pipe when suddenly brought to rest.

Tanks- used for the collection of water without consideration of pressure,

or for storing water under air pressure or under the status HEAD for future
distribution by pneumatic or gravity means.

FIXTURE USED FOR TANK

1. Cylindrical G.I. Tank

2. Spherical PVC Tank
3. Rectangular Reinforced Concrete
4. Rectangular Steel Tank Riveted
5. Pneumatic Tank (pressurized)
6. Suction Tank – constructed of riveted or welded steel plate; larger tanks often
being divided into two compartments. They should be large enough to contain at
least one day supply for the entire building in case the City main is temporarily
shut off.

The suction pipe from the pump to the tank should be across connected to the City
so that the water may be pumped directly from the main in case of fire.

Suction tanks are used so that the pneumatic tank or other pumps sucks the water
from the suction tank and not from the Public Main so that, it will not deprive the
neighbour of water due to pressure.

THREE WAYS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION

1. Upfeed System – From normal water pressure from the public water main for low rise
buildings.
2. Pneumatic Tank – From air pressure from suction tank for all tall buildings which
cannot be reached by normal water pressure.

This is usually below the fixtures to be supplied. When the water is called for the opening
of any device like faucets, air pressure in the top portion of the tank deliver water into the
system. A FLOAT VALVE operates the pump to make up this water when the level has
become low enough to actuate the starting switch turns it off when the water is up to
level. In big water tanks, the water level is seen on a marker as made by the float valves
which rise or descends.

3. Downfeed System – By gravity from overhead tanks and are supported either by
structural frames or on the roof decks. Fixtures are below the gravity tank. These elevated
tanks are installed when normal supply of water from the main public service pipes is not
frequent. It is also used when normal pressure from the city main is not enough to forced
the water to the highest fixtures.
 HOUSE TANK IN ELEVATED POSITION FOR DOWNFEED IN GRAVITY

a. Sediment in tank is drawn off through clean-out pipe and is prevented from
entering house supply by pipe projection.
b. Humidity on the air condenses on the cold sides and bottom of metal tanks and
must be caught in a copper drip pan.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

A. Normal Water Pressure

Advantage:
- Eliminate extra cost of pumps and tanks.

Disadvantages:
- Pressure from water main is inadequate to supply tall buildings.
- Water supply is affected during peak load hour.

B. Air Pressure ( PNEUMATIC )

Advantages:
- Compact pumping unit requires limited space.
- Water chamber being air tight makes the system a sanitary one.
- Compressed oxygen air tends to purify the water and making it more palatable.
- The system is efficient and economical as it requires smaller diameter pipe and
has few working parts.
- Less initial construction cost and maintenance.
- It is adoptable to all types off building.

Disadvantages:
- In case of power interruption, water supply is greatly affected by the loss of
pressure inside the tank.
- In large tall buildings, a standby generator is installed to operate in case of power
failure.

C. Overhead Feed System

Advantages:
- Because of the water stored inside the tank, water supply in not affected by the
peak load hour even if the pressure at the water main becomes considerably low.
- Power interruption does not affect the water supply inside the building.
- When the pumping units breaks down, the time involve to replace the parts does
not affect the water supply of water.

Disadvantages:
- Water inside the tank exposed to the atmosphere is subject to contamination.
- The water distribution unit is very expensive because it has so many working
parts thus increasing maintenance cost.
 - The pumping unit including the entire installation through out the building
occupies valuable space.
- It requires stronger foundation and other structures to sustain the heavy load of
the tank and water.

HOUSEHOLD WATER SUPPLY

- Water is conveyed to the plumbing Fixtures by means of PIPES.

- Materials commonly used are galvanized iron (G.I.) and Plastic pipes, (PVC) or
Polyvinyl Chloride. Others are brass, copper, wrought and cast iron.
- The public pipe from the public water main or source of water supply to the
building served is called HOUSE SERVICE or SERVICE PIPE. The vertical
supply pipe which extends upward from one floor to the next is called the riser
and the horizontal pipes that serve the faucet or fixtures are called Branches.

Water main – refers to the public water system laid underground along the streets where
house service is connected.

Gooseneck – one end is 0.30 and the other and is 0.90 long this prevents the pipe from
snapping when the soil settles.

Corporation Cock – stop valve placed in a service pipe close to its connection to the
water main.
Pipe Fittings – include the equipments required for the joining of the various length of
pipe, such as couplings for connections in a straight line, elbows for connections
at 900 or 450; Tees for 450 or 900 branches from the one side and crosses for 900
branches opposite each other.

Types of Fittings
1. Thread or Screw Connection G.I.
2. Flanged
3. Soldered or Welded Copper or
4. Compression Brass
5. Glued or Cement (adhesive) --- For PVC

Kinds of Malleable Fittings

1. Galvanized iron fittings 12. Reducing Elbow

2. Straight coupling 13. 45o Elbow
3. Street Tee 14. 90 o Elbow
4. Socket 15. Reducing Elbow
5. Reducing Socket 16. 90 o Street Elbow
6. Straight Tee 17. 45 o Street Elbow
7. Reducing Tee 18. Return Bend
8. Cross Tee 19. Floor Flanges
9. Reducing Cross Tee 20. Extension Piece
10. Cross Tee 21. Hose Adapter
11. Reducing Cross Tee

UNION – used when a pipe has already been installed but dismantling is difficult.
BUSHING – used as reducer if ¾” to ½” faucet pipe.
Connections of galvanized iron pipe are done by placing TEFLON tape on the threads
or white lead liquid.

PLASTIC PIPES AND FITTINGS

There are three types:

1. Polybutylene or (PB) – size 16 mm diameter (5/8”) to 63 mm diameter (2 ½”)

lengths from 30m for a (2”dia) to 300m for a (1/2”dia) comes in coils used for
HOT and COLD in-house water piping system.

2. Polyethylene or (PE) – used for a service connections, in-house plumbing

distribution mains, sewer, waste disposal.

3. Polyvinyl Chloride or (uPVC)

a. zuPVC pressure main - – used for waterworks and irrigations.
Nominal Sizes : in MM

50 (2”), 63 (2 ½”) 75 (3”)

100(4”), 150(6”) 200(8”)

FITTINGS:
 90 o Bend  11.25 o Bend
 45 o Bend  Double Socket
 22.5 o Bend  Concentric Reducer

b. uPVC potable water pipes fittings

Nominal size mm Equivalent Thickness in Length in

Outside diameter In Inches (mm) (mm)
20 ½” 2.0 3000
25 ¾” 2.5 3000
32 1” 2.5 3000
3.00 m
40 1 ¼” 2.5 3000 lenght
50 1 ½” 2.2 3000
63 2” 3.4 3000

PUMPING CIRCUIT SYSTEM

This is the process of circulating hot water to the plumbing fixtures by means of a
mechanical device. This type is generally adopted on large buildings where difficulties of
providing natural circulation of hot water are impossible.
1. The pump is installed to the circulating return main pipe closer to the heating unit.
This type of hot water circulation is dependable it having fewer parts to function
and maintain.
2.