CARBON ⑦ ST 'S COMPOUNDS

Chemistry Physical
[
→

→
Inorganic
Initial
Organic
→

definition z

I carbon 'Z it's

compounds
study of
Modified definition and it's derivatives
→
Hydrocarbons
( nest others are
inorganic )

☆
Impute of n

1) Carbon is
practically found everywhere in our

is not that abundant

surroundings , though it much

in the atmosphere .

2) whereas it is the 6th most abundant element

in universe .
Occwiane
Carbon is i→ t in earth 's crust in
-

(3) 0.02

the form of minerals .

ii → 0.03 to 0 -04% CO2 in

atmosphere
iii. →
In human
body
In the
form of carbohydrates ( macho nutrients)
*

( Hence each part of

,
human
body has
large amount
of Carbon)
K Protein ,
DNA , fat → contain carbon

Carbon constitutes 18% of body

& mass

iv → Fibres Colton Plant i.ec has cellulose> →

has
ego
→

carbon
.

wool 140% C) ,
Silk ( has carbon )

v →
Synthetic cloth →
Pohgestea.my/on-
derived has it
from petroleum ,
carbon in

Berzelius →
a swedish chemist
began to
distinguish
between
organic compounds obtained from plants
and compounds prepared from mineral
inorganic
and called
theory
sources a in 1809
gave
vital Force
theory .
 defined
Theory
☆ Vital 1815) Berzelius
Force
by
( in
-

4)
compounds cannot be made in
Organic
laboratory by inorganic compounds .

④ The
synthesis of organic compounds requires
vital
a
force .

contain this
Only living organisms (
god given )
-

vital
force ]

In 1828 ,
this motion was
rejected .
when

Friedrich
synthesised organic compound
Wohler an

area ,
from an
inorganic compound ,
ammonium

cyanate .

NHyc.NO NHZCONHZ

ammonium
cyanate urea

↳ Fast
organic
compound to be
synthesised in lab .

2nd compound → Acetic acid CCHSCOOH )

by Kolbe ( 1845)

3ʳᵈ compound Methane CCHY ) by Berthelot ( 18567

→
Initial definition of compounds
organic
carbon containing compounds organic
are .

Inorganic Compounds CO oxides

&
→

,
CO ≥
→

k limestone ,
calamine ,
dolomite → ores

↳
( carbonates ) ( CoE )
*
Bicarbonates ( Hcoj ) ,
*
Carbides ( SiC)
,
*
Sulphide ( Csn )

These
compounds are considered to be
inorganic
because the
general properties which are shown
by
them are different from organic compounds .

Modified Definition it's

Hydrocarbons and
→

-
-
-

derivatives and these compounds are

studied under separate branch of

a
chemistry
called
organic chemistry .

IgE Deaigat
Carbon
Hydrogen + → →

2
( simple organic compounds ) ( which are made
from
hydrocarbons )
 .
C Hy -s
simple organic compound

city + Cle CH } -

Cl + HCl
↳
derivative

The main
components of organic chemistry
as a

discipline are →

① Structure determination -
how find
to out the

structures of new compounds even

if
they are available
only in
invisibly small amount .

Theoretical
organic chemistry to understand
c- is - how

those structures in terms of atoms and

elections bind
the that them
together .

Reaction Mechanisms -

how to find out how these

molecules react with each other and how to predict

their reaction .

molecule make
④
Synthesis how to
design new and then them
-
-

&
d)
Biological chemistry how to find out what nature does
-

how the structures molecules

of biologically
active are

related to what do
they .
 constructed
Organic compounds are
usually with a

but also atoms

hydrocarbon framework often have

and
such as 0 ,
N ,
S ,
P Si
,
.
B ,
halogens metals attached

to them .

☆ Free and Combined State

-

In state
face .
Carbon occurs as

→
Diamond

Graphite
[
→
But ,
most of the carbon

Fullerene nature
in is
present
→

→ Coal Combined Stale .

☒
1) Gas → CO2 CO

Petroleum
2)
Liquid Foam → ,
Diesel ,
Kerosene (
fuel ) ,

vegetable oil

( LPG
liq /gas →
,
CNG )

Proteins
3) Solid Food Fats
Carbohydrates Vitamin
→ →
, .
,

MHz -

CHS -
COOH
,
cloth

in the
form of ones → limestone Caco ] calamine Zncos
,

Dolomite
Camglcos)z ,
Caco} .

Mgcos
?⃝
 Allotropy → The
property of an element that

allows it to exist in more than one

foam

Allotropes →
Different physical forms of element an

having same chemical properties but different

physical properties .

In each these forms the chemical

of , properties
similar but the
are
physical properties are

completely different .

Reagon : -

Li, since
valency of Carbon in all the allotropes
is same →
6C →
2,4 valence e- = 4

valency =
4

Hence ,
chemical properties →
same

Lii) Whereas structure and

geometry of carbon

is
entirely different ,
hence there is a
difference
Hence
in
arrangement physical properties different
→
.
 AIotsopes-ottaabon.sn .

Crystalline Allotropes Amorphous Allotropes

highly ordered
arrangement unordered
arrangement
of atoms
L
of atoms .

÷
L I <

: : : : : .

\
, L -
, , ,
, , ,

→ Diamond The black residue left when

Network solid compounds

graphite Carbon are heated
→

→
Fullerene is called amorphous carbon .

→
Coal

Ct 02 →
coz
(g) → Charcoal

coatcaCOHL-gcacor.tt#?LampBack
finely powdered
( A black soot
lime water milky
deposited in incomplete
&
no residue combustion of carbonaceous

material .
( used in
paints ,

enamels ,
inks .
Coal Natural mineral
forms over the span of
-

millions of years .

Impure form of Carbon .

Coat Percentage of C- Got tout

.

( distinctive )
distillation

coke coal coal tar

gas

charcoal residue left

Black
after burning of
→

wood on carbonaceous material .

Charcoal

→
Plant Charcoal Animal Charcoal

← → ← →
Bone Charcoal
Wood Charcoal
Sugar Charcoal Blood Charcoal

black powder that collected

soot A
gets after the
→

incomplete combustion .

Destructive in in
Distillation →

Heating absence on

limited
supply of air .
 Purest Coke
form of Carbon →

But ,
it is obtained
by detractive distillation

That is it
of coal .

,
is not
naturally occurring .

i. It is not an
allotrope .

( Cs ) H2O
+
(g) C0-H#
coke laedhot) (on water ]
sign gas gas

Hence ,
in
pure form .
Carbon can be
found
Fullerene
in 4
forms →
Diamond ,
Graphite . .
Coke

But
,

out
only 3-
of them are
allotropes
i. e. Diamond ,
Graphite ,
Fullerene

Pure Carbon
*
,
when heated at
high temperature
and be
high pressure .
synthetic diamonds can

made ,
only difference is that ,
they are

in
smaller
size .
 word
Taken from Greek
{
a

Diaphones - which means transparent

☆ Diamond : Adam as _ indomitable or invincible

( hardest known substance )

In a diamond ,
each carbon atom is bonded to

covalent
four other carbon atoms
by single
bond .

iii.
"
'

' ' ◦ " 28 C' →

minutes,
i
oh 109.5° (10--60)
; pm→
.

t -

É===
-

-
-
-

"
-
- ,
'
-

-
-
- ¥ _
-

* Tetrahedral network

[ ]
"
Tetrahedron structure
_

•
1pm
=
to m

C bond
length
' ◦
C lÑ
_

•
154pm 10
→ =
m
-

*
Properties :

①
Rigid , Compact ,
3-D structure

3-D structure
④ Hard to break .
because
of
 Electrical Bad conductors
of electricity
conductivity : -

Reason : -
absence
of free electrons

thermal
4-v1 Thermal
conductivity : -

Very high conductivity

that
( about 5- times of Copper)
Reason : -

solids vibrate
fixed only
→
can →

conductance →
transfer of heat
by direct

contact .

diamond compact
Since ,
is
rigid and

i. atoms are near

i. due to Lattice Vibrations

energy
distribution is
high .

This is the reason

why diamond tipped tools
not overheat and
do are used
for drilling
and
tatting purpose .
 and Point 3930°C
4)
High Melting Boiling
MP . →

Reason due to netwoakstouecture

*
→

*
structure bonds
repeating strong
with covalent

In order
"
to break bonds
high amount
of E is
required .

Hi)
Transparent colourless solid with a
high
density of
-3
3-51 at 20°C
gem .

Lvii) Brilliance Reason

: →

high velocity
refractive index
of
diamond = 2. ys ( Ratio
media
8 ◦
flight
in 2
different
It TIR Total Internal
shows -

Reflection
light internally reflect
times in the
no .

of
diamond -

more will be the brilliance .

Lviii Diamonds are not attacked

by acids ,
alkalis

and solvents like water ,

ether , benzene or carbon
But is
tetrachloride .
it attacked
by
f- loweine when heated to 750°C .
The reaction
results in the formation of carbon tetrafluoride
C ( diamonds 1- zfz É CFY

Lix , Combustion : -
Burns in air above 900°C
 Uses -

it
1)
Ability
to
reflect light makes
useful
as a
gem
in
jewellery .

Industrial
2) Uses
of diamond
Due to it 's hardness it is used for

cutting marbles ,
granite and
glass
diamond used
for
→ a saw
fitted with is

marbles
sawing .

chip diamond is used

for glass cutting
→
a .

④ The diamonds are set in brass disc

which is used as die

for drawing fine
wires
from metals .

④ Sharp edged diamond with

very
thin and

fine breadth used tool

is as a
by eye
cataract
surgeons
to remove
from eyes .
ED Diamond is excellent material
an
for
high precision thermometers and protective
windows for space probes .

4) Because extreme
of high melting point ,

hardness thermal
and
conductivity
→ it is used on the tips of the rock

Drillers .

If any
other metal is used

due to
friction
→

→ heat
energy
is
produced and metal lip

gets soften
diamond thermal conductor
being good
→ : a
,

the heat
passes on .
 { Graph }
word
from Greek
7pm
Taken
C=c →
134pm
↳ write

*_kaphi±
.in -

: -

t -

< I 7
,

L \ r -

< r
L [

r "
t g

i
-

f • .
1

I l '

.
I i→ weak Vanderwaal forces
"

340pm
←
i. ! . .
! of )
attraction La weak force
.

ii. ii. iii.

÷ !
- 1 ' '
,
L

: .

✓ <

↳
vii. 5pm

C- C bond
length 141
→
5
pm
-

kind
of bond
Graphite having ?
& what is

The bond
length of C- C bond in
Graphite
between
in
single double
is and .

Reais e-
e "

bond
e. e-
e-
partial double

between Carbon -
Carbon

atoms of graphite
 It contains atoms in form
C- C the
of
→

hexagonal rings ,
which are
joined together
in

the
form of layers .

→ A series
of such
layers are
piled one

over the other called sheets .

There weak Vanderwaal

forces of
→
are

interaction in between two

layers .

The sheets Carbon slide each

of
→
can over

because there covalent

other are no
strong
between atoms two
bonds the
of adjacent
layers .
 Natural black
Geatish occurs in

guyw→
→

earth 's crust in free state

↳
Artificial electric
from carbon in
→
an

furnace at 2273 -
2773K .

3C + Sioz sic % 3C + Si
(g)
- CO
coke silicon carbide
Graphite
( Carborundum)

&
Melting Point of Diamond
Graphite →

very high
Reason : -

They are network solid

geometry →

trigonal planar tin

graphite )
tetrahedral ( in diamond )

: lots of covalent bonds need to be broken

M.P is
high
i.

very
.

.
 Properties :

( is 2- D sheet like structure .

Soft % due weak Vanderwaal

greasy to
forces
-

layers can slide over each other

Liii ) Due Vanderwaal low

to weak
forces →

density
[ atoms less
closely packed
-

: are →

at
density =
2.22
gcni 20°C

Electrical Thermal
Liv, and
Conductivity
only
out
Since 3 valence e-
of 4

valence electrons used

are in bond
formation
Hence
graphite has 1
free electron
left .

to
-
: due this
free e-
graphite is a

and
good conductor of heat
electricity .

Point
c)
Melting 4300K
-

( ri ) and dark solid

Opaque grey
( vis It is
soft and has touch
soapy
a .

metal )
Lvii)
Graphite is Lustrous lit is a non -

Lviii)
Graphite is not attacked
by acid .
alkali ,

water or alcohol .

tix) Burns in air at about 700°C and

gives
CO2 .
 Uses
+

( is To make electrodes
for electrolytic cell &
electrochemical cell .

: it is a
good conductor of electricity
solid lubricant
Iii ) It is used as a
for those
parts of which
machines work at
high
temperature .

As lubricant coil /
liquid grease may get
>

vaporized at
higher temperatures .

Reason Since is and

graphite soft greasy
→

hence can be used as a lubricant and

due to
high melting
and
boiling point .

do not
get vaporized .

Used
for making Eble to melt metals .

*
container in which metal is melted .
 Graphite of ultra is used neutron
Lin
purity as a

moderator Cto moderate the

speed of fast moving
neutron ) in nuclear reactors .

Reason It neutron
:-( is reflects the
fast moving
ciis It converts neutrons
the
fast moving into

thermal neutrons for and

producing sustaining
a nuclear chain reactions .

Lv)
Graphite is used
for steel
making foundries
.
,

refractories retorts nozzles blake

linings
and
, , .

Artificial Graphite is used to

prepare
motor

brushes and contacts

,
to
manufacture fibres
lubricants
and clothes ,
as and in
making
crucibles .

Lvii Graphite powder mixed with wax and

day is used to

the lead pencils it

prepare core
of .
can mark a

black Called lead

paper .
black or
plumbago
☆ Fullerenes :

Discovered in 1985
by
Richard Robert God and Harold Kroto
Smalley .
.

( and
Smalley 's two
graduate students J.R. Heath

and S.C . O Brien

'

R awarded the
.

Smalley .
Ravel and H Kaoto
- were

Nobel Prize in
chemistry in 1996 for the

discovery of fullerenes .

Spheroidal in
shape .
contain even number
of
carbon
hanging from 60-350 .

Go
Most common
forms Coo , ,
Cry and C. 78

But Coo is the most stable and most studied

form of fullerene .

Coo → Buck minister Fullerene

Named architect and

after the American
engineer
R Fuller
.
Buckminster whose
geodesic domes

follow similar
building principles .
 atoms
It contains 60 Carbon
arranged in the
→

shape of a
football or a soccer ball .

Hence, it called
is also
buckyball .

Pronounced ¢-60)
as C
sixty
→
.

→
Consist of 12 →

Pentagonal Rings
20
Hexagonal Rings
→

*
five membered
touching together
No
rings
2 .
are .

both
& Six membered
rings are
f- used to

membered well membered

6. 5
rings
as as -

molecule @ like structure

Other
properties : →
spherical age
→ Dark solid at
temperature
room .

Giant molecule
containing thousands of
→

C- atoms .

Soluble in
benzene and
forms deep violet
→

colour solutions .

→ In solid state these molecules are

,

attached to each other

by weak vanderwaal
forces .
Uses :

→
Fullerenes act as an insulator in
pure
state but compounds of fullerene with alkali

and
metals are called
fullerides they are

superconductors .

Can be converted into semiconductors under

special conditions .

help & antifriction

in
improving anti
→
wear

oils
properties of lubricating .

Can
→ be used in medical
field .

Reason because structure

of like
they
→

cage ,

can
trap different atoms .