Chapter 7 2.

Chemical Treatments – water are given

WATER SUPPLY chemical treatments to kill the harmful
bacteria present and to cure the turbid
Water is a Combination of two elementary taste or mud taste, remove clay, slats, iron,
substances, hydrogen and oxygen. It appears in etc. Commonly used chemical is chlorine.
its state as:
1. Liquid . . . . . . . . 840 times heavier than air 3. Filtration – water is filtered on various
2. Solid . . . . . . . . . ice processes, so as to remove the particles of
3. Gas . . . . . . . . . . vapor or steam vegetable matter, mud, and other
133 times ligther than air particles of matter present in the water,
most commonly used materials are sand
Sources of Water and gravel.
1. Rainfall
a. Advantages: Obtained from roofs and
watersheds. It is soft pure and good on
places where there is an abundant rainfall.
b. Disadvantages: Hard to store for a long time
as it will be a breeding place for
mosquitoes, requires big containers for
storing big quantities for long uses, roofs
may not be clean, bad for places that
receives a little amount of rainfall.
2. Natural Surface
a. Advantages: Obtained from ponds, lakes,
rivers. Easy to procure and good for locality
near such bodies of water.
b. Disadvantages: Dangerous because it
contains large amounts of bacteria,
organic and inorganic substances of
varying quantities.
3. Underground Surface
4. Aeration – raw water is made to pass on
a. Advantages: Obtained from below ground
pipes of tiny sieves and exposed to air of
surfaces by means of mechanical
fine mist.
equipment. More water ca be obtained
depending by equipment used and
locality.
b. Disadvantages: Because of various organic
matter and chemical elements present, it
requires treatment of various nature, such
as sedimentation, chemical, filtration,
aerations.

Methods of Purification and Treatment of Water

1. Sedimentation – articles that are
WELLS
suspended in the water are allowed to
a. When excavated by hand are called dug
stay in a container so that they will settle in
wells – for shallow water.
the bottom, then drawing the water out,
b. When sunk by machine are called deep
leaving these sediments in the container.
wells and are classified as driven – when
the water is obtained from loose formation
above solid rock such as sand and gravel
and drilled wells – when the water is
tapped from the fissures.

CEA243 ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2

CET – Civil Engineering Department
Engr. Orlando Sico Jr., CE
Types of Wells According to The Method of
Construction:
1. Dug Wells – a well 0.90 to 6.00 meter in
diameter dug through soft upper soil.
The sides may be of masonry or
concrete to prevent from caving-in. It
is necessary that the well should be
impervious to a depth of at least 3.00
meters.

2. Bored Well – it is constructed using

either hand or power driven earth
auger. A well casing is lowered to the
bottom of the hole. Cement grout is
poured into the gap between the hole
and the casing to prevent 4. Drilled Well – A drilling rig is used to drill
contamination. the well hole and then casing pipe is
forced down the hole to prevent it
from caving in. When a water bearing
stratum of sufficient capacity is found,
a well screen is set in place to permit
the water to flow into the casing and
to hold back the fine material.

3. Driven Well – it is done by forcing into

the earth a 60 to 90 cm long piece of
perforated steel tube attached to a
pointed screen called a “drive point”

CEA243 ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2

CET – Civil Engineering Department
Engr. Orlando Sico Jr., CE
5. Truck Mounted Drilling Machine –
The depth of drilled well is limited only
by the distance one must dig to obtain
an adequate supply of fresh water,
even down to 450 meters (equivalent
to a 130 storey building).
6. Drilled Well by Jetting
WATER SUPPLY EQUIPMENT
PUMP
It used whenever the water supply at its
natural pressure cannot be directly piped to a
building, tank, or reservoir.
a. Lift Pump – consist of a
piston travelling up and down
within a cylinder which is
connected with a pipe
extending down into the
source. The piston and the
bottom of the cylinder are
each provided with a valve
opening upward. Upon the
piston’s upstroke, valve a
closes and valve b opens.
Upon the piston’s down stroke
valve a opens and b close.
b. Force Pump – used to deliver water at a
point higher than the position of the pump
itself, when the plunger descends, the
valve a is closed and the water in the
cylinder is forced out through the valve b
and up to the storage. When the plunger
is raised valve b is closed and a open to
admit water to the cylinder.
c. Reciprocating Pump – include that class of
pumps in which the piston moves to and
from, either horizontally or vertically.
CEA243 ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2
CET – Civil Engineering Department
Engr. Orlando Sico Jr., CE
Valves and Control 3. Check Valve – are
Valve functions: used when it is
1. Stopping and starting fluid flow desired that the flow
2. Varying the amount of fluid flow through a pipe be
3. Controlling the direction of fluid flow always in one
4. Regulating downstream system direction and there is
a possibility of a flow
1. Gate Valve – consists of a wedge–shaped taking place in the
plug which is screwed down to seat opposite direction.
between two brass rings surrounding the
inlet pipe so that a double seal is 3.1 Swing Check Valve – has a pivoted flap
obtained. which is readily pushed open by the
The inlet and outlet are in a straight pressure of water from one side but is
line. This valve is used when a normal fully tightly closed by the force of a reverse
open or closed position is desired. Either flow.
end may be used as inlet.

3.2 Horizontal or Lift Check Valve – consist

of a loose disk which closes by gravity
when the pressures on both sides are
equal.

2. Globe Valve – are operated by screwing

down a disk with soft packing until it
presses tightly upon a metal seat. When
the disk is raised and the valve is open, the
course of water is deflected up through
the opening in the seat and the flow is
restricted. Used when it is desired to 4. Angle Valve – changes the direction of
throttle the water supply. Same end must the flow of water as well as control it. Acts
always be used as inlet. somewhat like globe valve but are
usually used for a right angle turn.

TANKS
May be used either for the collection of
water without consideration of pressure, or for
storing water under air pressure or under a static
Head for future distribution by pneumatic or
gravity means.

CEA243 ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2

CET – Civil Engineering Department
Engr. Orlando Sico Jr., CE
 Materials used on tanks are steel,
galvanized iron (G.I.), reinforced concrete, and
polyvinyl chloride (PVC).

Three ways of Water Distribution

1. Upfeed System – from normal water
pressure from public water main for low
rise buildings.

2. Pneumatic Tank – from air pressure from

suction tank for tall buildings which cannot
be reached by normal water pressure.

3. Downfeed System – by gravity from

ovehead tanks and are supported either
by structural frames or on the roof decks.
Fixtures are below the gravity tank.

CEA243 ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2

CET – Civil Engineering Department
Engr. Orlando Sico Jr., CE
PIPE MATERIALS
1. GI Pipe (Galvanized Iron) COMMON UPVC/ PPR PIPE FITTINGS
2. uPVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)
3. PPR
4. PB (Polybutylene)
5. PE (Polyethylene)

Pipe Fittings
Include the equipment required for the
joining of the various lengths of pipe, such as
couplings for connections in a straight line, elbows
for connections at 90° or 45°; Tees for 45° or 90°
branches from one side, and crosses for 90°
branches opposite each other.

COMMON G.I. PIPE FITTINGS

CEA243 ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2

CET – Civil Engineering Department
Engr. Orlando Sico Jr., CE
 WATER MAIN
refers to the public water system laid underground along the streets where house service is
connected.

Gooseneck – one end is 0.30 and the

other end is 0.90 long this prevent the pipe from
snapping when the soil settles.

Corporation Cock – a stop valve placed in

a service pipe close to its connection with a water
main.

CEA243 ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2

CET – Civil Engineering Department
Engr. Orlando Sico Jr., CE
HOT WATER TANK TABLE ST – Sizing of Range Boiler

This is one of the essential requirements a

domestic hot water system. It should be strong to
resist the high pressure of boiling water stored in it.

Types
1. Range Boiler – small hot water tank.

It is made of galvanized
sheet, steel or copper,
built into cylinder shape
with concave ends either
welded or riveted. The
range boiler varies in size
from 0.30 to 0.60 meter in
diameter with a length of
not more than 1.80
meters.
Standard Pressure – 85 Psi
Extra Heavy – 150 Psi
Tapping – 25 mm or 38 mm
TABLE RB – Sizing of Range Boiler
SIZE COMPUTATION OF HOT WATER TANK
1. Kind of building served.
2. The expected number of occupants.
3. The heating capacity of the supply
devices. The water heater must be of
sufficient capacity to replace the
discharged water in a reasonable
interval. If a tank installed is required to
serve 50 Gal of hot water in any one hour
of the day, the heater must be able to
replace this quantity in one hour. The
rating or capacity of water heater is
specified by the manufacturers.

TABLE 8A – Kinds of building served.

2. Storage Tank – large hot water tank.

It is made of heavy duty metal sheets

with rust proof paint. The size also
varies 0.60 to 1.30 meters diameter
and its length is up to 5.00 meters long. TABLE 8B – Average Working Load.

Manhole – 275 mm x 375 mm

Standard Pressure – 65 Psi
Extra Heavy – 100 Psi
Tapping – 6 pcs.

CEA243 ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2

CET – Civil Engineering Department
Engr. Orlando Sico Jr., CE
Sample Problem:

Determine the size of a residential boiler tank to

serve 6 persons in the family.

Solutions:
Refer to Table 8A
Under residences
6 persons x 10 gals = 60 gallons

Refer to Table 8B

35% x 60 = 21 gallons (working load)

Since 1 cum. of water is 264 gals.

Then, 21 gals = 0.08 cum.

Using formula for finding the size of Cylindrical

Tank

D2 x 0.785 H = V (Volume of Cylinder)

D2 x 0.785 (1.00 m) = 0.08 cum.

Height is assumed as 1.00 m

D = 0.32 m or 32 cm

Therefore, the size of the tank referred in Table RB

which 18 gallons or if you wish a 25 gals

CEA243 ENGINEERING UTILITIES 2

CET – Civil Engineering Department
Engr. Orlando Sico Jr., CE