A CASE STUDY ON FAILURE OF EARTHEN DAM

1.INTRODUCTION :

Earthen dams are the most widely used water retaining structures. Homogeneous dams
are best suited for moderate heights and relatively flat side slopes.
Dams and reservoirs are constructed to store surplus waters during wet periods, which
can be used for irrigating arid lands. One of the major benefits of dams and reservoirs is
that water flows can be regulated as per agricultural requirements of the various regions
over the year. A dam and reservoir may support navigation, recreation, flood control,
irrigation, and water supply, with each multipurpose benefit providing significant social
and economic impacts on a local, regional, and national level. In the same way the tanks
are very useful in irrigation in smaller quantity, and these tanks are the main source for
water in rural areas.
Dwarasamudra tank is next to Halebid and is located in Karnataka, India. Dwarasamudra
tank has a length of 8.5 kilometres. Halebid tank is one of the largest tank built by
Hoysala dynasty.Halebid hobli has been bit by severe drought for a couple of years.The
groundwater table has depleated,leaves the farmers worried. Recently Karnataka
government filling tank using water from Yagachi reservoir. After filling the tank the
earthen bund constructed across Dwarasamudra tank is cracked and part of bund is
settled.
This study presents a failure of the Dwarasamudra tank, This study works on
recommending remedial measures for avoiding failure of dam or preventing it from
failure. The probable causes of failure are found as seepage on the downstream side and
inadequate filter. The possible remedial measures for rehabilitation of the dam against
such failures are evaluated by providing (a) vertical chimney filter, (b) horizontal drain
and (c) rock toe. The existing section of the dam without any filter is to be reinforced by
providing an external filter on the downstream slope with berms,

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2.WHAT IS EARTHEN DAM:

The earthen dam is the type of embankment dam that is composed of the earth which is
compacted into subsequent layers of suitable thickness.this dam is also called as earth
dam.
The earthen dam is the earliest type of dam known to have been constructed from the
beginning of human civilization. Earthen dams and earthen levees are the most ancient
type of embankments, as they can be built with the natural materials with a minimum of
processing and primitive equipment.
The earthen dam is the type of embankment dam that essentially consists of suitable soil
compacted into layers by some mechanical means. The soil used must have acceptable
engineering properties.it is usually obtained from borrow pits or excavations.most
commonly,the soil from the excavation or pits transported and dumped to site.it is then
spread in layers at suitable depths and duly compacted utilizing tamping rods,sheep foot
rollers,vibratory rollers or other earth rolling equipments.

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3.COMPONENTS OF EARTHEN DAM:

COMPONENTS OF EARTH DAMS

1. FOUNDATION
It consists of either earth or rock and provides a support for the embankment and resists
both vertical and horizontal loads. It also resists under seepage on the flow of water
beneath the dam.

2. CORE OR MEMBRANE
It holds back the free water of the dam reservoir. It is located either at the centre or
upstream from the centre of the dam. In case of rock fill dams, the core is provided on the
upstream face. To resist the under seepage, the core is extended down into the foundation
till an impervious layer of sufficient thickness is reached. The extension of the core into
the foundation is termed as a cut off.

3. SHELL
It provides structural support for the core and distributes the load over the foundation.
The dams which are constructed of the same materials are called homogeneous dams.
Small dams can suitably be constructed as homogeneous dams if the available materials
are suitable.

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4. TRANSITION FILTER
In core dams, a transition filter between the core and shell is generally provided to
prevent the migration of the fine grained core materials into the pores of the coarse
grained shell materials. In case of difference in particle sizes of the materials of the core
and shell is small, the transition filter is omitted but in case of clay cover and rock or
gravel shell, a transition filter is necessarily provided.

5. INTERNAL DRAIN
An internal drain is provided on the downstream side of the dam to carry away the
seepage through the core and cut off, and also to prevent the saturation of the upper part
of the downstream shell by rain on the dam.

6. TOE DRAIN
A toe drain is provided at the downstream face of the shell. A riprap or grating is
provided to cover the upstream face to prevent erosion or wash by waves.

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4.CAUSES OF FAILURE:
1.HYDRAULIC FAILURE
Hydraulic failures from the uncontrolled flow of water over and adjacent to the
embankment are due to the erosive action of water on the embankment slopes. As per
various reports the hydraulic failures of earthen dam varies upto 40%.
This type of failure generally takes place in the following ways:
i. Overtopping of the dam height.
ii. Wave action towards u/s side of the dam.
iii. Toe erosion.
iv. Gullying.
i. Overtopping:
The dam is overtopped when the volume of incoming flow into the reservoir is more than
the actual storage capacity of the reservoir, or the capacity of spillway is not sufficient.
Sometimes, the faulty operation of spillway also leads to the overtopping problem.
Similarly, insufficient free board or settlement of foundation as well as embankment also
cause the overtopping problem in earthen dam.

ii. Wave Erosion:

Wave action removes the soil particles from the unprotected part of upstream face of the
clam, continuously. This is one of the effective factors to cause the hydraulic type failure
in earthen dam.

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iii. Toe Erosion:

Toe erosion in the earth fill dam, mainly occurs due to following reasons:
(i) Erosion caused by the tail water; and
(ii) Erosion due to cross-currents produced by the storage water, spillway bucket or from
the outlet, create the problem of hydraulic failure. This type of failure can be overcome
by providing a thick layer of stone riprap on the downstream face upto the height of tail
water level.
iv. Gullying:Development of gully in earthen dam is the result of heavy down pour. Such
type of failures can be eliminated by providing a proper size of berm, turf or good
drainage system towards down-stream side of the dam.
2. Seepage Type Failures:
Failure of earthen dam due to seepage phenomena may be due to following two
reasons:
i. Piping; and
ii. Sloughing.
i. Piping:
The continuous flow of seepage water through the body as well as foundation of the dam
is the main reason of piping. It causes catastrophic failures in the earth fill dams.

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The flow of seepage water through the body of earth dam develop following four
effects:
a. The flow of seepage water generates an erosive force, which tends to dislodge the soil
particles from the dam section. The dislodged particles are migrated into the voids of the
filter materials, down-stream side; and thus clogged them, as result the drainage system
gets failed.
b. The seepage flow develops differential pore pressure which tends to lift up the soil
mass, causing boiling effect in the dam.
c. Piping is also the result of internal erosion of the soil mass due to seepage flow through
the earth dam.
d. The pore pressure developed in the soil reduces the soil strength, which makes the soil
mass weak, as result there is failure of dam due to shear force.
Sometimes, the leakage from earthen dam also generates the piping type failure.
Furthermore, it is also observed that, the piping type failure is most prominent in those
dams, which are poorly constructed. Generally, this is due to poor compaction
surrounding the concrete outlets or other parts of the structure etc.

Piping through the body of the dam

ii. Sloughing:
Failure of earthen dam due to sloughing is closely related to the water level in the
reservoir. In full reservoir condition the downstream toe of the dam becomes fully
saturated, which is failure by producing a small slump or miniature slide. Under
miniature slide the saturated steep face of the dam is dislodged. This process is continued

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till the remaining portion of the dam is being very weak to withstand against pore water
pressure.
3. Structural Failures:
Structural failure mainly caused by the following reasons:
i. Upstream and downstream slope failures due to formation of excessive pore pressure.
ii. Upstream failure due to sudden drawdown in the reservoir water level.
iii. Downstream failure at the time of full reservoir.
iv. Foundation slide.
v. Failure of dam due to earthquake.
vi. Failure of dam due to unprotected side slope.
vii. Failure due to damage caused by burrowing animals.
viii. Failure due to damage caused by water soluble materials.
i. Upstream and Downstream Slope Failure due to Pore Pressure:
Development of pore pressure in the body of earthen dam, is mainly due to poor
compressibility of the soil. This occurrence is more susceptible, when dam is constructed
with relatively impervious compressible soils, in which drainage of seepage water is
extremely low, which causes the development of pore pressure in the soil. The
compressibility of soil is related to the permeability.
It has been observed that, when permeability of soil is less than 10–6 cm/s, then there is no
substantial drop in pore pressure in the central part of the dam by the end of construction.
A pore pressure equal to 140% of total weight of soil develops a very crucial situation
regarding dam stability. In this condition the slope of dam is likely to failed.
ii. Failure of Upstream Slope due to Sudden Draw down in the
Reservoir Water level:
Failure of upstream slope due to sudden draw down in reservoir water level is a critical
condition. During this stage, the hydrostatic pressure acting along the upstream slope is
suddenly removed, as result the face of the dam gets slide.
In this failure the upstream side slope did not get complete failure, because when slide
takes place due to sudden draw down in reservoir water level, the pore pressure acting

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along the sliding surface is reduced to a large extent. In this way, the tendency to
continue the process of sloughing and sliding of upstream face of the dam, is checked.

iii. Downstream Slope Slide during Full Reservoir Condition:

When the reservoir is in full condition, then there happens maximum percolation/seepage
loss through the dam section. This results into reduction of stability of the dam, which
causes the downstream slope gets collapse.
In this case, the failure of downstream slope generally takes place in-following two
types of slide:
(a) Deep Slide:
Deep slide generally takes place in the clay foundations. In deep slide the magnitude of
free board given to the dam is reduced due to extending of upstream face beyond its edge
of the crest. In this type of slide the pore pressure does not decrease, and the unstable
vertical face tends to slough or slide again and again, until to breach the entire dam.
(b) Shallow Slide:
The shallow slide extends in the dam section not more than 2 m in the direction normal to
the slope.
iv. Failure due to Foundation Slide:
This type of failure of earthen dam generally takes place, when foundation is constructed,
using fine silt or soft soil materials. Sometimes, when soft and weak clayey soil exists
under foundation, then dam also tends to get slide. Similarly, excess water pressure in

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confined sand and silt is also developed in the foundation, which causes the failure of
dam due to creation of unbalanced condition.

v. Failure of Dam due to Earthquake:

It generally takes place due to following reasons:
(i) Earthquake develops cracks in the body of dam; and thus leading to flow of water,
which ultimately causes to failure the dam.
(ii) It compresses the foundation and embankment, both, thereby the total free board
provided to the dam gets reduce and thus, increasing the chances of overtopping problem.
(iii) It shakes the bottom of the reservoir, as result there develop wave action, which
causes the problem of failure of dam due to overtopping and wave erosion.
(iv) It generates an additional force on the face of embankment that can lead to develop
shear slide of dam slope.
(v) Earthquake is also responsible for sliding the top of dam, which may cause
overtopping; and thus damaging the structure.

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Failure due to earthquake

vi. Failure of Earthen Dam due to Slope Protection:

Generally, slopes are protected by rip-rap or revetment using a layer of gravel or filter
blanket. When a heavy storm occurs, then water wave beats the dam slope repeatedly
above the reservoir level.
This action of wave produces the following two effects:
(a) The wave enters the voids of the rip-rap and washout the filter layer from the dam
face. This causes the embankment to get expose to the wave action; and
(b) If rip-rap is not done by heavy rocks, then there is greater chance of their removal by
the forces generated from water waves.

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vii. Failure due to Damage Caused by Burrowing:

Burrowing develops piping type failure in earthen dam. Generally, the animals like
muskats burrow the embankment section, either to make shelter for their living or to
make a direct passage for running from one end to another. If several muskats involved
together to make the hole, then their holes may extremely weaken the dam section.

viii. Failure due to Water Soluble Materials:

Based on several observations on this aspect of failure of earthen dams, it has been found
that the leaching of natural water soluble materials such as zypsum etc. from the dam
tends to create water leakage problem through the dam section. In this condition, the
foundation also gets settle down, and thus creates the problem of overtopping and
ultimately the dam reaches to the point of its failure.

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5.CASE STUDY:
ABOUT DAM SITE
Dwarasamudra tank is next to Halebid and is located in Hassan, Karnataka, India.
Dwarasamudra tank has a length of 8.5 kilometres. Dwarasamudra tank is one of the
largest tank built by Hoysala dynasty.Halebid hobli has been hit by severe drought for a
couple of years .the ground water table has depleted,leaving the farmers worried Recently
Karnataka government filling tank using water from Yagachi reservoir. After filling the
tank the earthen bund constructed across Halebid tank is cracked and part of bund is
settled.

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6.CAUSE OF FAILURE:
Slope failure occurs when the downward movements of material due to gravity and shear
stresses exceeds the shear strength. Therefore, factors that tend to increase the shear
stresses or decrease the shear strength increase the chances of failure of a slope. Different
processes can lead to reduction in the shear strengths of rock mass. Increased pore
pressure, cracking, swelling, decomposition of clayey rock fills, creep under sustained
loads, leaching, strain softening, weathering and cyclic loading are common factors that
decrease the shear strength of rock mass. In contract to this the shear stress may increase
due to additional loads at the top of the slope and increase in water pressure in cracks at
the top of the slope, increase in soil weight due to increased water content, excavation at
the bottom of the slope and seismic effects. In addition to these reasons factor
contributing in failure of slope are properties of rock mass, (slope geometry), state of
stress, temperature and erosion.

SEEPAGE FAILURE
One of the serious dam safety concern is the stability of the earthen embankment.unsafe
condition could lead to a major slide that threatens the safety of the dam.
A key factor to stability is the location of the phreatic line or the fully saturated zoneof
the soils within the embankment.in safe dams this level is well confined below the
surface,but in this embankment dam the location of phreatic line is not well confined
within the dam.
Since soil that are fully saturated are not as strong,a higher phreatic line can reduce the
ability of the embankment to resist sliding.this is often noted by seepage exiting on the
downstream face of the dam.Seepage and the phreatic level as well as weaken the
embankment contributing to sliding failure of dam

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SLIDING OF DOWNSTREAM SLOPE

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SLIDING OF DOWNSTREAM SLOPE

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SLIDING OF DOWNSTREAM SLOPE

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7.REHABILITATION MEASURES
POTENTIAL CORRECTIVE MEASURES FOR SEEPAGE
PROBLEMS.
1.Add berms
2.Install toe drains
3.Incorporate filters
1.Add berms
(1) Removing the weak zone around the failure part and proper filling and compacting
with same materials /well graded gravel or shell material at the top and downstream slope
failure part of the embankment dam.
(2) Berms will improve the stability of an embankment dam, a one possible means to
prevent such stability problems of this dam is to raise and re-construct a stabilizing berm
of coarse material along the d/s toe of the dam. An added advantage of a downstream
berm is to increase slope stability because of the additional resistance to sliding provided
by the berm. The berm along the dam toe is re-constructed
3) The berm does not lower the phreatic line ,but improves the stability of dam by adding
weight to prevent slides of embankment
4) The downstream slope should be protected against the erosive action of rain and its
runoff. So, cover the exposed area with grass and regular maintenance need on the
downstream slope of the dam

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2.Install toe drains

For existing dams with a high phreatic line,two alternatives can improve the dam’s
stability.one is to add a drain near the toe to both filter,the seepage and lower the phreatic
line through a controlled release of the seepage there by it reduces the pore water
pressure and improves the stability of the earthen dam.

3.Incorporate filters
"Filters in embankment dams are composed of specifically-designed entities (zones) of
coarser-grained soils placed at specifically-targeted locations within or adjacent to the
dam structure. Filters are designed and constructed to achieve specific goals such as
preventing internal soil movement and controlling drainage, and are typically installed
during new dam construction. Filters have also been added to existing dams to meet
specific requirements.

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8.REMEDIAL MEASURES:

1.Seepage control measures:

Providing drainage filters is the best method to prevent seepage. Filters are provided for
the free discharge of water and prevent piping and heaving. Drainages are used to reduce
the pore water pressure inside the embankment and foundation soil.
2.Upstream stabilization methods:
Slope protection is usually needed to protect the upstream slope against erosion due to
wave action. Without proper slope protection, a serious erosion problem known as
“beaching” can develop on the upstream slope.
The upstream face of a dam is commonly protected against wave erosion by placement of
a layer of rock riprap over a layer of bedding and a filter material. Other material such as
concrete facing, soil-cement, fabri-form bags, slush grouted rocks, steel sheet piling, and
articulated concrete blocks can also be used. Vegetative protection combined with a berm
on the upstream slope can also be effective.
Rock Riprap
The filter prevents soil particles on the embankment surface from being washed out
through the spaces (or voids) between the rocks. The maximum rock size and weight
must be large enough to break up the energy of the maximum anticipated wave action
and hold the smaller stones in place.

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Soil cement
A soil-cement mixture of adequate durability and strength can be designed, and slope
protection constructed, using almost any type of soil. Soil-cement can be placed by either
the "plating" or "stair-step" method. The plating method of placement consists of one or
more lifts of soil-cement placed parallel to the slope.

Inspection and monitoring

Regular inspection and monitoring of upstream slope protection is essential to detect any
problems. It is important to keep written records of the location and extent of any erosion,
undermining, or deterioration of the riprap, wave berm or other slope protection.
Photographs provide invaluable records of changing conditions. A rapidly changing
condition may indicate a very serious problem, and appropriate dam safety officials
should be contacted. All records should be kept in the operation, maintenance, and
inspection manual for the dam.

3.Downstream stabilization methods:

The downstream slope of earthen dam is protected against erosive action of water’s wave
from tail water depth. The protection method to be used, is the same to the upstream
slope protection work.
Moreover, the downstream slope should also be protected against the rainfall and run-off
by providing suitable berms at suitable intervals (say for 15 m or so), to intercept the
rainwaters over the-slope and discharge them safely.

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In addition, an attempt should also be made for establishment of grasses and plants
towards the downstream face, soon after construction of the dam, as they fully cover the
sloppy area by their rapid vegetative growth; and thus to control the slope against various
causes.

4.Lowering of reservoir level;

By lowering the reservoir level ,it results in lowering of phreatic line and reduces the
seepage losses and it lower the impact of water pressure on earthen embankment.

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9. RECOMMENDATION:
• The Karnataka government’s proposal to fill the tanks from canals and
river is a very good proposal. And it meets drinking water crisis, helps to
boost agricultural activities in that region and improves the ground water
level.
But before filling the tanks some preparation works should be done .
1)conduct different tests on earthen embankment to analyze the stability of
the earthen embankment
2) Removal of silt from the tanks
3)take slope protection measures
• The need to reduce the risk of embankment failure has led to costly
remedial measure that are planned and executed without a complete
understanding and detail investigation of the problem. So detail analysis
and investigation require on the property of dam and foundation materials,
degree of compaction, design and placement of filter materials by multi-
disciplinary teams before doing the remedial measure.
• Removal of the failure and weak part of the dam and raising the dam
height and normal pool level after assessing and adjusting the foundation.
This is because of high sediment accumulation on upstream lowered the
height and reservoir storage capacity. If the incoming of probable
maximum flood will increase the water level and lead to total dam failure
by overtopping.

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10.CONCLUSION :
After the critical study regarding failure modes of earthen dams and their remedial
measures it was found that:
(i) The Earth Dam may fail by Hydraulic failure. About 40% of earth dam failure
have been attributed to hydraulic failure. These may be due to overtopping, wave
erosion, top erosion and gullying.
(ii) (ii) The Earth Dam may fail due to excessive seepage. More than 1/3rd of the
earth dams have failed because of these reasons. Uncontrolled Seepage can erode
fine soil material from the downstream slope or foundation and continue moving
towards the upstream slope to form a pipe or cavity to the pond or lake often
leading to a complete failure of the embankment
(iii) The Earth Dam may fail by structural failure. About 25% of the dam failures
have been attributed to structural failures. Structural failure of an earthen
embankment may take on the form of a slide or displacement of material in either
the downstream or upstream face.
(iv) The three types of failure described are often interrelated in a complex manner.
For example, uncontrolled seepage may weaken the soil and lead to a structural
failure. A structural failure may shorten the seepage path and lead to a piping
failure. Surface erosion may result in structural failure. (v) To avoid these types
of failures various remedial measures should be taken properly and adequately to
control modes of failure, to avoid heavy loss of property and life.

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11.REFERENCE:
▪ Causes Of Failure Of Earthen Dams And Suggested Remedial Measures Ismeet
Singh Saluja ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH Prof. Mohammad Athar ZHCET, AMU,
ALIGARH Prof. Sarfaraz A. Ansari ZHCET, AMU, ALIGARH

▪ Https://Www.Researchgate.Net/Publication/225636878_Remedial_Measures_To
_Control_Seepage_Problems_In_The_Kafrein_Dam_Jordan

▪ Earthen Dam Failure And Recommendation- A Case Study Anuja Kiran Patil1 ,
D S Patil2 1PG Scholar, Department Of Civil Engineering, RIT Rajaramnagar,
Maharashtra, India 2Associate Professor, Department Of Civil Engineering, RIT
Rajaramnagar, Maharashtra, India

▪ Rehabilitation Measures To Un-Breached Portion Ofgararda Earth Embankment

Dam, Bundi (Rajasthan) Randhir K. Choudhary1 , Anil Jain2 , A. S. P. Sinha3

▪ Manual On Small Earth Dams A Guide To Siting, Design And Construction

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, By Tim Stephens Investment Centre Division

▪ ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGE AND REHABILITATION OF SMALL AND

MEDIUM EARTH DAMS D.K. PAUL

▪ Dam Safety: Technical Problems Of Aging Embankment Dams Nasrat Adamo1 ,

Nadhir Al-Ansari2 , Varoujan Sissakian3 , Jan Laue4 And Sven Knutsson5

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