TORSION

Prepared by
ENGR. RANDY G. POLICARPIO
INTRODUCTION AND ASSUMPTIONS
In deriving the torsion formulas, we make the following assumptions.
These assumptions may be proved mathematically, and some may be
demonstrated experimentally. The first two apply only to shafts of circular
section.
1. Circular sections remain circular.
2. Plane sections remain plane and do not warp.
3. The projection upon a traverse section of straight radial lines in the
section remains straight.
4. Shaft is loaded by twisting couples in planes that are perpendicular to
the axis of the shaft.
5. Stress do not exceed the proportional limit.
DERIVATION OF THE TORSION FORMULAS

Figure 1.a Fiber AB originally straight will be

twisted into a helix AC

Figure 1.b Deformation of circular shaft

DERIVATION OF THE TORSION FORMULAS
The length of the deformation is the arc of a circle whose radius is 𝜌
and which is subtended by the angle 𝜃 radians and given by…
𝛿𝑠 = 𝐷𝐸 = 𝜌𝜃 𝑎
The unit deformation of this fiber is…
𝛿𝑠
𝛾= 𝑏
𝐿
Apply Hooke’s Law
𝜏 = 𝐺𝛾
𝐺𝜃
𝜏= 𝜌 (𝑐)
𝐿
DERIVATION OF THE TORSION FORMULAS
Consider the free body diagram of the left-hand portion by a cutting
plane M-N

Differential load 𝑑𝑃 is the

resisting load whose function
is to produce resistance to
the applied torque 𝑇 , the
load is perpendicular to the
radius 𝜌 in order to produce
the maximum effect.
Figure 2 Free-body diagram
DERIVATION OF THE TORSION FORMULAS
Apply condition of equilibrium…

𝑀𝑜 = 0

𝑇 = 𝑇𝑟 = 𝜌 𝑑𝑃 = 𝜌 𝜏 𝑑𝐴

Where the applied torque 𝑇 equals the resisting torque 𝑇𝑟 . The

resisting torque 𝑇𝑟 is the sum of the resisting torques developed by all
differential loads 𝑑𝑃.
DERIVATION OF THE TORSION FORMULAS
Replacing 𝜏 from Eqn. (c) gives…
𝐺𝜃
𝑇= 𝜌2 𝑑𝐴
𝐿
Hence, 𝜌2 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐽
where: 𝐽 − 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝐺𝜃
𝑇= 𝐽
𝐿

𝑇𝐿
𝜃= 𝐸𝑞𝑛 1
𝐽𝐺
DERIVATION OF THE TORSION FORMULAS
where:
𝜃 − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑇 − 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑, 𝑁 − 𝑚
𝐿 − 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡, 𝑚
𝐽 − 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎, 𝑚4
𝐺 − 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑁 2
𝑚
If the rotation 𝜃 is express in degrees…

𝑇𝐿 180
𝜃= 𝑥 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 2
𝐽𝐺 𝜋
DERIVATION OF THE TORSION FORMULAS
The values of polar moment of inertia for circular shaft

Figure 3 Polar moment of inertia

DERIVATION OF THE TORSION FORMULAS
SHEARING STRESS
Substitute Eqn 1 to eqn (c), we obtain…
𝐺 𝑇𝐿
𝜏= 𝜌
𝐿 𝐽𝐺
𝑇𝜌
𝜏= 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 3
𝐽
Tℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎.
MAXIMUM SHEARING STRESS
It is obtained by replacing 𝜌 by the radius 𝑟 of the shaft…
𝑇𝑟
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝜏 = 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 4
𝐽
DERIVATION OF THE TORSION FORMULAS

MAXIMUM SHEARING STRESS

2𝑇 16𝑇
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡: 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝜏 = 3 =
𝜋𝑟 𝜋𝑑3

2𝑇𝑅 16𝑇𝐷
𝐻𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡: 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝜏 = =
𝜋(𝑅 − 𝑟 ) 𝜋(𝐷4 − 𝑑4 )
4 4
DERIVATION OF THE TORSION FORMULAS
POWER TRANSMITTED BY THE TORQUE 𝑇…

𝑃 = 𝑇𝜔
hence:
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 − angular speed
Substitute 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝑃 = 𝑇 2𝜋𝑓 where:
𝑃 is the power transmitted by a
constant torque 𝑇, 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑃
𝑇= 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 5 1 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡 = 1 𝑁 − 𝑚 𝑠𝑒𝑐
2𝜋𝑓
𝑓 is the frequency, 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐