WATER DISTRIBUTION

SYSTEM
 Sources of Water
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Rain Collected from Water is soft & Only a source

roofs of pure and is during the wet
Water buildings and suitable for the season;
special water hot water
sheds and supply system Storage
stored in becomes a
cisterns or breeding place
ponds; for mosquitoes;

Cistern water Roofs may not

for drinking be clean
should be
boiled,
chlorinated or
otherwise
sterilized
 Sources of Water
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Natural Obtained from Easy to Contains a large

Surface ponds, lakes acquire; amounts of
and rivers bacteria, organic,
Water Usually in large & inorganic
quantities; substances;
Purification &
Used for treatment is
irrigation, necessary
industrial
purposes and,
when treated,
for community
water supply
 Sources of Water
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Ground Obtained from Usually has an May have

underground by abundant organic matter &
Water means of supply; chemical
mechanical & elements;
manual requires less treatment is
equipment; treatment suggested;
because of
From springs natural filtering Character of
and wells and is ground water, its
the principal hardness,
source of water depends upon
for domestic the nature and
use in most condition of the
rural areas soil and rock
through which it
passes or
percolates
 Water Treatment

PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION

1. Acidity Entrance of Corrosion of Raising alkaline

oxygen and non-ferrous content by the
carbon dioxide pipes introduction of
Rusting & a neutralizer
clogging of (sodium
steel pipes silicate)
2. Hardness Presence of Clogging of Boiling
magnesium and pipes Use of an ion
calcium salts Impaired exchanger
laundry and (zeolite
cooking process)
3. Turbidity Silt or mud in Discoloration Filtration
surface or in Bad taste
ground
 Quality of Water
Water Quality Problems &
Their Correction:
PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION

4. Color Presence of  Discoloration of Oxidizing

Iron and fixtures filter
manganese and laundry
5. Pollution Contamination Disease Chlorination
by organic
matter or
sewage
 Water Treatment
Treatment & Purification:
OBJECTIONALBLE REASONS FOR TREATMENT
ELEMENT
Calcium, Magnesium Produces hardness
Sulfur Bad taste & odor, highly corrosive to
plumbing, stains clothing, etc.
Salt Bad taste, highly corrosive
Iron Stains clothing & plumbing fixtures,
interferes with water softeners, iron bacteria
clogs pipes

Pathogenic germs Unhealthy; may cause poliomyelitis

Acid Highly corrosive, picks up lead, stains
clothing

Algae Bad taste & odor

 Water Treatment
Treatment & Purification:
OBJECTIONALBLE METHOD OF TREATMENT
ELEMENT
Carbon Dioxide, Aeration
Hydrogen Sulfide
Suspended Material Coagulation & Settling Process
Bacteria Chemicals & Sand filtration
Calcium & Addition of water softeners
Magnesium
Iron Iron Filters
Sulfur Chlorination
Pathogenic Germs Disinfection
Acid Marble or Limestone Filtration
 Purification of Water
AERATION

S praying the water into the atmosphere through jets or passing it

over rough surfaces to remove entrained noxious gases such as
carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide

COAGULATION &
PRECIPITATION

A ddition of coagulants, such as ferrous sulfate and lime, to the

water which cause the larger suspended particles to form a
gelatinous mass which precipitates readily. The precipitate is
gathered in large dumps and disposed of.
 Purification of Water
FILTRATION

W ater is passed through layers of sand

and gravel in concrete basins in order to
remove the finer suspended particles.

SEDIMENTATION

W ater is passed through basins

so sediments can settle
through a period of time

CHLORINATION

W ater is injected with hypo-chlorite or chlorine gas to kill

the harmful bacteria.
 Wells & Pumps
Types of Wells
(General):
Shallow Wells
Deep Wells
Individual Well Springs:
(Types According to Method of Construction)

Dug Well

Most common type

Usually dug manually
Around 15 m deep
a.k.a. ‘shallow well’
 Wells & Pumps

Bored Well
Similar to dug well, but constructed
using an auger driven in by hand or
with power tools
Seldom hand driven below 15 meters,
but can reach 40+ meters with power tools

Jetted Well
Use of extreme water pressure so as not to
affect existing foundations in the vicinity
Makes use of a suction pump above, while
casing acts as the pump riser
Used only where ground is relatively soft,
hence sometimes referred to as
“Sand-Point Wells”
 Wells & Pumps
Driven Well
Dug with a sharp pointed hollow
slotted iron rod and well screen
Depths are from 10-15 meters

Drilled Well
Used for drilling oil
Can reach up to 1000 m
 Wells & Pumps
Locating
a Well:
2 Most Common
Sources of
Contamination:
Septic Tank /
leach fields
Livestock
feedlots
Location must
not be less than
100 ft. away
from such
pollution sources
Locate on higher ground
The deeper the well, the better for natural filtration
 Wells & Pumps
Methods of Well Screening:

Well screens are made of non-corrosive material like brass.

Natural material like stones and rock sediment provide

additional screening
 Wells & Pumps
2 Basic Types of Pumps
Piston Pumps
Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston
Single Action (water is drawn
in with only 1 motion) or;

Double Action (water is drawn

in with either stroke)

Duplex or Twin Piston Pump

 Wells & Pumps

Centrifugal Pumps
Water is drawn into the pump & discharged with a
centrifugal force
 Wells & Pumps
Types/Classifications of Pumps
Reciprocating Pumps
piston pumps that operate with controlled speed. The discharge
from a reciprocating pump is pulsating and changes only when
the speed of the pump is changed. Sometimes an air chamber is
introduced to regulate the pulsation.
 Wells & Pumps
Jet Pumps
Jet pumps are centrifugal pumps typically used for drawing water up
from a well.

There are four types of Jet Pumps:

Deep well Jet Pumps are used in high volume applications
Shallow well Jet Pumps are used for residential wells

Convertible Jet Pumps can

be used for deep wells
and shallow wells

Miniature Jet Pumps are

used for small applications
 Wells & Pumps
Rotary Pumps
Rotary pumps are piston pumps that make use of a pump driver
Rotary Pumps can discharge from 900 to 1200 GPM

Rotary Pumps are more efficient for viscous fluids

Submersible Pumps
Submersible Pumps are designed to be fully immersible within a tank or
other media storage receptacle.
Many common types of pumps can be designed by manufacturers to
be submersible

Sump Pumps
Sump pumps are used in applications where excess water must be
pumped away from a particular area.
Sump pumps, in general, is a category that encompasses a number
of styles of pumps that are used to pump out collected fluid
 Wells & Pumps
Turbine Pumps
Turbine Pumps are centrifugal pumps used for large applications
because of their multiple impellers

Turbine Pumps can discharge up to 2000 GPM

 Water Tanks & Cisterns
Types of Tanks for domestic use:
Overhead Tanks
-Does not have any pressure concerns
but relies on gravity to supply water to
fixtures below
-Usually made of galvanized steel,
stainless steel, or reinforced concrete,
it can come in various shapes and sizes

Cisterns
-Usually built of reinforced concrete
underground and connected with a pump
Pressure Tanks
Hot Water Tanks
 Water Tanks & Cisterns
Gravity Supply Tanks
Used in Overhead Feed System
Main Components:

Supply Pipe
Inlet
Overflow Pipe
Drip Pan
Gate Valves
 Water Tanks & Cisterns
Pneumatic Water Tanks:
Used in the Air Pressure System
Often used with a pump
Also makes use of a pressure relief valve, which
relieves pressure automatically if necessary
 Water Tanks & Cisterns
Types of Hot Water Tanks:
Range Boiler
Small hot water tank (30-60 cm
diameter; 180cm max length)
Made of galvanized steel sheet,
copper or stainless steel
Standard working pressure limit is 85 to 150 psi

Storage Boiler
Large hot water tank (60-130 cm
in diameter; 5m max length)
Made of heavy duty material
sheets applied with rust proof paint
Standard working pressure limit
is 65 to 100 psi.
 Controls & Valves
Function of Valves:
Control of the water system
- Start or shut down a system
- Regulate pressure
- Check backflow
- Control the direction of water
Rules Regarding Location
of Valves:
Locate & distribute valves in such
a manner that they can isolate a
certain section of the network in
case of system breakdown (before
each branch)
Locate valves where they are not
too visible while remaining
accessible to users
 Controls & Valves
Types of Valves:
Gate Valve a.k.a. ‘Full-way Valve’
Used mainly to completely close or
completely open the water line
(does not control flow of water)
Best suited to the main supply and
pump lines wherein operation is
infrequent

2 Types:
The Wedge Shape or Tapered Disc

The Double Disc Valve

 Controls & Valves
Globe Valve Controls the flow of water with a
movable spindle
Can reduce water pressure
(throttling)
Only one side of the valve is an inlet

3 Types:
The Plug Type Disc Valve
-for throttling

The Conventional Disc Valve (Ball Type)

-for shutting

The Composition Disc Valve

-for steam and hot water
 Controls & Valves
Check Valve Main function is to prevent reversal
of flow (backflow) in the line

4 Types:
The Swing Check Valve

The Lift Check Valve

Vertical Check Valve

Horizontal Check Valve

 Controls & Valves
Angle Valve Operates in the same manner as
globe valve (disc & seat design)
Used to make a 90° turn in a line
Reduces number of joints

Foot Valve Located at the lower end of the

pumps
Used mainly to prevent loss of
priming of the pumps
a.k.a. ‘Retention Valve’
 Controls & Valves
Safety Valve Used on water systems, heating
systems, compressed air lines &
other pipe lines with excessive
pressure
 Controls & Valves
Types of Faucets/Bibbs:
Compression Operates by the
compression of a
Cock soft packing upon
a metal sheet

Key Cock Operates with a

round tapering
plug ground to fit
a metal sheet.
‘Hose bibb”-
has grooves fit for
a hose

Ball Faucet Constructed with a

ball connected to
the handle
 Water Distribution System
Defects in Water Distribution Systems:

Water Hammer
WATER HAMMER
a knocking in the pipes caused when
faucets in the lower levels are shut off BACK SIPHONAGE
abruptly or automatically
the force exerted by the decelerating
water causes the pipes to shake and
rattle

Back Siphonage
the flowing back of used, contaminated or polluted water from a
plumbing fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe due to a
negative pressure in such pipe
‘Back Flow’– the flow of water or other liquids, ,mixtures, or
substances into the distributing pipes of a potable supply of
water to a tank, plumbing fixture, or other device and the flood
level rim of the receptacle.
 Water Distribution System
Defects in Water Distribution Systems:

Expansion / Contraction
Expansion/ Contraction
Pipes expand and contract due to
continuous changes in temperature
Friction Head Loss
An air space should be provided to
allow for breathing room

Friction Head Loss

Friction occurs when liquid flowing through the pipe makes
contact with the pipe enclosures, thus reducing the speed of
water flow
There is greater Friction Head Loss with longer pipes, small
diameter pipes, and a high number of valves of fittings
 Water Distribution System
Classification of Public Water
Distribution:
Direct Pressure Distribution
DIRECT PRESSURE
Water is obtained through a large intake
DISTRIBUTION
installed on the lake basin & extended
into deep water
Components:
Water basin
Receiving well
Filtration plant
 Water Distribution System
Classification of Public Water
Distribution:

Indirect Pressure Distribution DIRECT PRESSURE

DISTRIBUTION
Water is taken form a drilled well or
underground water INDIRECT PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTION
Involves individual special mechanical
equipment
 Cold Water Distribution
System
Parts of the Cold Water Distribution
System (Potable & Tap):
Service Pipe
pipe from the street water main or
other source of water supply to the SERVICE PIPE
building served
WATER METER
Water Meter HORIZONTAL SUPPLY
MAIN
device used to measure in liters or
gallons the amount of water that
passes through the water service

Horizontal Supply Main

the principal water distribution pipe
running from the water meter from
which the various branches and
risers to the fixtures are taken.
 Cold Water Distribution
System
Parts of the Cold Water Distribution
System (Potable & Tap):
Riser
a water supply pipe extending
vertically to one full story or more SERVICE PIPE
to convey water into pipe branches
or plumbing fixtures WATER METER

HORIZONTAL SUPPLY
Fixture Branch MAIN

the water supply pipe between the RISER

fixture supply pipe and the water-
distributing pipe FIXTURE BRANCH

CONTROLS & VALVES

Controls & Valves
STORAGE TANKS
used for control, isolation and repair
of the water distribution system

Storage Tanks
 Cold Water Distribution
System
Types of Cold Water Distribution
Systems (within buildings):

Upfeed System UPFEED SYSTEM

Direct Upfeed
- Water is provided by the city water
companies using normal pressure
from public water main
 Cold Water Distribution
System
Air Pressure System (Pneumatic)
- When pressure supplied by city water
supply is not strong enough
- Compressed air is used to raise and UPFEED SYSTEM
push water into the system
 Cold Water Distribution
System
Downfeed (Overheadfeed) or Gravity System

UPFEED SYSTEM

DOWNFEED OR
GRAVITY SYSTEM

- Water is pumped into a large

tank on top of the building and is
distributed to the fixtures by
means of gravity.
 Cold Water Distribution
System
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Upfeed System

1. Eliminates extra cost of pumps & 1. Pressure from water main is

tanks. inadequate to supply tall buildings.
2. Water supply is affected during
peak load hour.

Air Pressure System

1. With compact pumping unit. 1. Water supply is affected by loss of

2. Sanitary due to air tight water pressure inside the tank in case of
chamber. power interruption.
3. economical (smaller pipe diam)
4. less initial construction &
maintenance cost
5. Oxygen in the compressed air
serves as purifying agent.
6. Adaptable air pressure.
7. Air pressure serves zones of
about 10 stores intervals.
 Cold Water Distribution
System

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Overheadfeeed System

1. Water is not affected by peak load 1. Water is subject to contamination.

hour. 2. High maintenance cost.
2. Not affected by power 3. Occupies valuable space.
interruptions. 4. Requires stronger foundation and
3. Time needed to replace broken other structure to carry additional
parts does not affect water supply. load of tank and water.
 Hot Water Distribution
System
Types of the Hot Water Distribution
Systems (within buildings):
Upfeed and Gravity Return System

With a continuing network of

pipes to provide constant
circulation of water
Hot water rises on its own &
does not need any pump for
circulation
Hot water is immediately
drawn form the fixture any time
Provided economical circulating
return of unused hot water
Larger pipe is installed at the
top of the riser & the diminishing
sizes passes through the lower
floors of the building
 Hot Water Distribution
System
Types of the Hot Water Distribution
Systems (within buildings):
Downfeed and Gravity Return System
Hot water rises on to
the highest point of
the plumbing system
and travels to the
fixtures via gravity
(closed pipe system)

Water distribution is
dependent on the
expansion of hot
water & gravity.
Larger pipe is installed
at the bottom of the
riser & the diminishing
sizes passes
through the upper floors of the building
 Hot Water Distribution
System
Types of Hot Water Distribution
Systems (within buildings):
Pump Circuit System
For a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor
levels of multi-storey buildings
 Water Tanks & Cisterns
Hot Water Consumption
KIND OF GALLONS PER
BUILDING PERSONS PER HOUR
Office Buildings 4 to 5
School Buildings 2 to 3
Apartment Buildings 8
Hotels 8 to 10
Factories 4 to 6
Residential 10

Working Load of Hot Water Systems

AVERAGE WORKING
KIND OF BUILDING
LOAD
School, Office & Industrial types 25%
Apartments & Residences 35%
Hotels & Restaurants 50%
 Hot Water Distribution
System
2 Types of Water Heating Systems:
Hot Water Space Heating System
Water is confined within a system at low temperature
Hot Water Supply System
Not a closed system which operate on much higher
temperature

Protection of Hot Water Tank:

System Relief Valve
Used for Hot Water Space
Heating System

Temperature & Pressure Relief

Used for Hot Water Supply System
 Hangers & Supports
Supporting Cast-iron Pipe:
Supports shall be placed at every joint on horizontal runs
unless distance between joints is less than 4 ft.
Use strap iron or special pipe hangers for this purpose
 Hangers & Supports
Vertical runs of cast-iron pipe can be attached to the
building structure with wire staples, vertical pipe brackets
or pie straps

Friction clamps should

support the weight of
cast-iron pipe at each
floor level
 Hangers & Supports
Masonry Anchors/Fasteners:
Lag shields (made from lead) are commonly used to
attach pipe hangers or fixtures to concrete or masonry
 Hangers & Supports
Caulking anchors provide a fastener which is
permanently attached to the concrete or masonry; it is
internally threaded to accept machine screws and bolts
 Hangers & Supports
Toggle Bolts are used
when attaching pipes to
hollow masonry units;
with spring-operated wings
 Hangers & Supports
Plastic Anchors can be installed in smaller holes