Faculty of Engineers
 

Water  
Course : Water Supply and Env.
Semester: 9
Distribution San. Level: 5
2nd Module
 
Systems Prof. name : Mehmet Ozger
• Distribution systems for public water supplies are networks of pipes
within networks of streets. Street plan, topography, and location of
supply works, together with service storage, determine the type of
distribution system and the type of flow through it.
• Although service reservoirs are often placed along lines of supply,
where they may usefully reduce conduit pressures, their principal
purpose is to satisfy network requirements.
• Accordingly they are, in fact, components of the distribution system,
not of the transmission system.
Distribution system
• Water is distributed to residential areas with a pipe network.
• Water network is the next step after water reservoirs.
• Network is designed to supply enough water with enough pressure in every
building.
• Network pipes must be filled with pressured water all the time otherwise water
might be polluted.
• Network pipes must be designed to supply enough water for residences, industry,
fire fighting, irrigation etc.
• There is a main pipe between network and reservoir and this main pipe does not
distribute water.
• There are two different water distribution systems: branch system and network
system. 3
Distribution Patterns
• Two distribution patterns emerge from the street plan: (a) a branching
pattern on the outskirts of the community, in which ribbon development
follows the primary arteries of roads (Fig. 6.2a), and (b) a gridiron pattern
within the built-up portions of the community where streets crisscross
and water mains are interconnected (Figs. 6.2b and 6.2c).
• Hydraulically, the gridiron system has the advantage of delivering water
to any spot from more than one direction and of avoiding dead-ends.
• The system is strengthened by substituting for a central feeder a loop or
belt of feeders that supply water to the congested, or high-value, district
from at least two directions.
 Feeder Feeder
Feeder
Gridiron
Branch

Branch system, Network system fed by the mid-main pipe, Network system
fed by the loop in the middle
5
• Figure 6.2
Branch system
• Pipes are distributed like branches of a tree in the residential area.
• This system is mainly used in the coastal areas of towns where the residential area is squeezed
between hillside and sea or residential areas with a stripe shape.
• In these areas, pipes can not form a network because the streets do not intersect with each other.

Advantages:
• 1. Hydraulic state is open, easy calculation.
• 2. Economic since pipe diameter and lengths are smaller.

Disadvantages:
• 1. At the end of pipes there are dead points from physical and calculation point of views. In other
words, in these points water is distributed completely and the discharge is zero. Velocity is very
small. Sedimentation starts and water becomes stale.
• 2. In case of a defect, region in the downstream is left without water.
• 3. Uni directional flow exist in the system. In case of additional areas pressure might drop.
7
Network (Gridiron) system
• No physically dead points.

Advantages:
• 1. Since water flows from different directions no dead regions and slow flows take place
• 2. In case of a defect the region fed by this pipe can take water from elsewhere.
• 3. Operational flexibility.

Disadvantages:
• 1. Hydraulic calculations are more complex.
• 2. Need for more pipe and pipe installments.

8
 Figure 6.3 (a) Typical House
Service; (b) Alternate Method of
Mounting Meter.

Water losses through the customer

connection
Direct connection to connection to main
main pipe pipe with saddle clamp

connection to main
Direct connection to pipe with saddle clamp
main pipe
High and Low Services
• Sections of the community too high to be supplied directly from the
principal, or low service, works are generally incorporated into separate
distribution systems with independent piping and service storage.
• The resulting high services are normally fed by pumps that take water from
the main supply and boost its pressure as required.
• Areas varying widely in elevation may be formed into intermediate districts
or zones.
• Gated connections between the different systems are opened by hand during
emergencies or go into operation automatically through pressure-regulating
valves.
• Because high-service areas are commonly small and low-service areas are
commonly large, support from high-service storage during breakdowns of
the main supply is generally disappointing
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
• Pipes, valves (see Chapter 5), and hydrants are the basic elements of
reticulation systems (Figs. 6.4 to 6.7). Their dimensioning and spacing
are based on experience that is normally precise enough in its
minimum standards to permit roughing in all but the main arteries
and feeders.
• Figure 6.4-6.7
SYSTEM CAPACITY
• Pipe diameter is chosen to obtain velocity close to 1.0 m/s
• Vmax=1.20 m/s
• This value can be chosen as 1.50 m/s if necessary.
• Pipe diameters must be getting smaller through the system.
• Minimum pipe diameter is 100 mm.
• Vmin=0.60 m/s
SYSTEM PRESSURE
• For normal drafts, water pressure at the street line must be at least
140 kPa (1.4 bar = 14 m) to let water rise three stories and overcome
the frictional resistance of the house-distribution system, but 280 kPa
(2.8 bar) is more desirable.
• Business blocks are supplied more satisfactorily at pressures of 420 to
520 kPa (4.2 – 5.2 bar). To supply their upper stories, tall buildings
must boost water to tanks on their roofs or in their towers and, often,
also to intermediate floors.
FIELD PERFORMANCE OF EXISTING
SYSTEMS
• The hydraulic performance of existing distribution systems is determined
most directly and expeditiously by pressure surveys and hydrant-flow tests.
• Such tests should cover all typical portions of the community: the high-
value district, residential neighborhoods and industrial areas of different
kinds, the outskirts, and high-service zones.
• If need be, tests can be extended into every block. The results will establish
available pressures and flows and existing deficiencies. These can then be
made the basis of hydraulic calculations for extensions, reinforcements, and
new gridiron layouts.
• Figure 6.8
OFFICE STUDIES OF PIPE NETWORKS
• No matter how energetically distribution systems are field-tested, needed
extensions and reinforcements of old networks and the design of new ones can
be adequately identified only by office studies. Necessary analysis presupposes
familiarity with processes of hydraulic computation, including high-speed
computers. Even without computers, however, the best processes can be so
systematized as to make their application a matter of simple arithmetic and
pipe-flow tables, diagrams, or slide rules. Useful methods of analysis are:
• 1. Sectioning
• 2. Relaxation (Hardy-Cross)
• 3. Pipe equivalence
• 4. Computer programming and electrical analogy
•  In the Hazen-Williams equation
• (SI Units)
• S=H/L Hydraulics gradient
• S=k’
• H=S*L
• H=k
•  In the Darcy-Weisbach equation
•
•
•
•
•
•
 Equation k n

Darcy Weisbach 2

Hazen Williams 1.85

Manning 2
Relaxation (Hardy Cross)
•  A method of relaxation, or controlled trial and error, was introduced
by Hardy Cross, whose procedures are followed here with only a few
modifications. In applying a method of this kind, calculations become
speedier if pipe-flow relationships are expressed by an exponential
formula with unvarying capacity coefficient, and notation becomes
simpler if the exponential formula is written
• Two procedures may be involved, depending on whether (a) the
quantities of water entering and leaving the network or (b) the
piezometric levels, pressures, or water table elevations at inlets and
outlets are known.
• In balancing heads by correcting assumed flows, necessary
formulations are made algebraically consistent by arbitrarily assigning
positive signs to clockwise flows and associated head losses, and
negative signs to counterclockwise flows and associated head losses
Hardy-Cross Method A B

The solution must satisfy three basic requirements. D C

1. Continuity must be satisfied. The flow into a junction of the network
must equal to the flow out the junction
2. The head loss between any two junctions must be the same regardless
of the path. This requirement results because pressure must be
continuous throughout the network. The summation of head loss for
flow in pipes with a clockwise around the loop must be equal to head
loss for flow having a counter clockwise sense around the loop.
3. The flow and head loss must be consistent with the appropriate
velocity-head loss equation.
•  In clockwise direction total head loss between A and C :

• In counter clockwise direction total head loss between A and C :

A B

Since,
D C
Application steps of Hardy Cross method
• Initial guess is made for the flow distribution,
• To satisfy the head loss equality DQ correction is applied.
• If head losses in clockwise direction is greater than the counter clock
wise, DQ is subtracted from clockwise flows and added to counter
clockwise.
• The iteration continues until head losses in both side become equal.
• 

• Expanding this binomial and neglecting all but its first two terms,
because higher powers of DQ are presumably very small, we get

• If

• If
 Example
• For the given source and loads shown in Figure, how will the flow be
distributed in the simple network, and what will be the pressures at
the load point if the pressure at the source is 4 bar? Assume
horizontal pipes and f=0.012 for all pipes.
Q=0.28 m3/s
Q=0.42 m3/s
A D=600 mm B D=300 mm C
L=300 m L=300 m

D=200 mm

D=250 mm
L=300 m

L=300 m
D=300 mm
L=300 m E
D
Q=0.14 m3/s
 •  k values are calculated for all pipes using Darcy-Weisbach equation
Q=0.28 m3/s
Q=0.42 m3/s
A k=3,8 B k=122.4 C

pipe D (m) L (m) k

k=929.6

k=304.6
AB 0,6 300 3,8
AD 0,25 420 426,4
BD 0,2 300 929,6
D k=122.4 E
BC 0,3 300 122,4 Q=0.14 m3/s
CE 0,25 300 304,6
DE 0,3 300 122,4
• Initial guess has been made as:
 Loop -1   Σk 𝑄 𝑛𝐶 − Σk 𝑄 𝑛𝐶𝐶
Δ 𝑄=
pipe
pipe h
hff=kQ
=kQ2
2
2kQ
2kQ Q
Q 𝑛− 1
Σnk 𝑄 𝐶 + Σnk 𝑄 𝐶𝐶
𝑛− 1

AB
AB 299904,9
299904,9 2142,2
2142,2 280
280
AD -8358104,5 119401,5 140
AD
BD -8358104,5
0,0 119401,5
0,0 140
0
BD
Total 0,0
-8058199,6 0,0
121543,7 0
Total = -8058199,6 121543,7
-66,299
Initially
-66,299 assigned
Loop -2 discharge
pipe hf=kQ2 2kQ Q values
Loop -2
BC 9596956,5 68549,7 280
pipe
BD hf0,0
=kQ 2
2kQ
0,0 Q
0
BC
CE 9596956,5
0,0 68549,7
0,0 280
0
DE
BD -2399239,1
0,0 34274,8
0,0 140
0
Total
CE 7197717,3
0,0 102824,5
0,0 0
DE = -2399239,1 70,000
34274,8 140
Total 7197717,3 102824,5
70,000
 Iteration-1
Loop -1
pipe hff=kQ22 2kQ Q
AB 458743.0 2649.4 346
AD
AD -2316332.2
-2316332.2 62857.4
62857.4 74
74
BD
BD 17268627.7
17268627.7 253393.7
253393.7 136
136
total
total 15411038.6
15411038.6 318900.5
318900.5
= 48
48
Loop
Loop -2
-2
pipe h
hff=kQ
=kQ2
2
2kQ Q
pipe 2kQ Q
BC 5398288.0 51412.3 210
BC 5398288.0 51412.3 210
BD -17268627.7 253393.7 136
BD -17268627.7 253393.7 136
CE -1492518.7 42643.4 70
CE -1492518.7 42643.4 70
DE -5398288.0 51412.3 210
DE -5398288.0 51412.3 210
total -18761146.4 398861.6
total -18761146.4 398861.6
= -47
-47
 Iteration-2
Loop -1
pipe
pipe hff=kQ22 2kQ Q
AB
AB 339642.5
339642.5 2279.7
2279.7 298
298
AD
AD -6349825.1
-6349825.1 104072.7
104072.7 122
122
BD
BD 1557742.7
1557742.7 76105.3
76105.3 41
41
total
total -4452439.9
-4452439.9 182457.6
182457.6
= -24
-24
Loop -2
pipe hf=kQ22Loop -2 2kQ Q
pipe hf=kQ 2kQ Q
BC 8087379.8 62927.8 257
BC 8087379.8 62927.8 257
BD -1557742.7 76105.3 41
BD -1557742.7 76105.3 41
CE -160616.8 13989.0 23
CE -160616.8 13989.0 23
DE -3250849.9 39896.7 163
DE
total -3250849.9
3118170.4 39896.7
192918.8 163
total 3118170.4 192918.8
= 16
16
 Iteration-3
Loop-1
pipe
pipe h
hff=kQ
=kQ2
2
2kQ
2kQ Q
Q
AB
AB 397550.7
397550.7 2466.4
2466.4 322
322
AD
AD -4064117.3
-4064117.3 83260.583260.5 98
98
BD
BD 6174657.5
6174657.5 151521.2
151521.2 82
82
total 2508090.9 237248.0
total 2508090.9 237248.0
= 11
11
Loop -2
Loop -2
pipe hf=kQ22 2kQ Q
pipe hf=kQ 2kQ Q
BC 7102249.2 58970.8 241
BC
BD 7102249.2 151521.2
-6174657.5 58970.8 241
82
BD
CE -6174657.5
-466297.7 151521.2
23835.5 82
39
CE
DE -466297.7
-3927684.6 23835.5
43853.8 39
179
DE
total -3927684.6 278181.2
-3466390.7 43853.8 179
total -3466390.7
= 278181.2
-12
-12
 Iteration-4
Loop-1
pipe hff=kQ22 2kQ Q
AB
AB 371904.6
371904.6 2385.5
2385.5 312
312
AD
AD -4991971.4
-4991971.4 92276.792276.7 108
108
BD
BD 3177869.0
3177869.0 108701.3
108701.3 58
58
total
total -1442197.8
-1442197.8 203363.5
203363.5
= -7
-7
Loop -2
Loop -2
pipe hf=kQ22 2kQ Q
pipe hf=kQ 2kQ Q
BC 7856085.6 62021.4 253
BC 7856085.6 62021.4 253
BD -3177869.0 108701.3 58
BD
CE -3177869.0
-216582.1 108701.3
16244.4 58
27
CE
DE -216582.1 16244.4
-3400233.7 40803.1 27
167
DE
total -3400233.7 40803.1
1061400.9 227770.2 167
total 1061400.9
= 227770.2
5
5
 Iteration-5   
Since we can terminate the iterations.
Loop-1
Loop-1 Final distributed Q values can be taken
h as the final column of the table.
hff=kQ
2
pipe
pipe =kQ2 2kQ
2kQ Q
Q
AB 389014.3 2439.8 319
AB 389014.3 2439.8 319
AD -4359017.2 86228.4 101
AD
BD -4359017.2
4583666.2 86228.4
130548.9 101
70
BD
total 4583666.2
613663.3 130548.9
219217.1 70
total = 613663.3 219217.1
3
Final Q values
Loop -2 3
pipe hf=kQ2 Loop -2 2kQ Q
BC
pipe hf=kQ2
7569726.2 60880.6
2kQ 249
Q
BD
BC -4583666.2
7569726.2 130548.9
60880.6 70
249
CE
BD -298894.6
-4583666.2 19083.2
130548.9 31
70
DE
CE -3593032.8
-298894.6 41943.9
19083.2 171
31
total
DE -905867.4
-3593032.8 252456.7
41943.9 171
= -4
total -905867.4 252456.7
-4
 Final Q values

 Pressures at load points

, =? And =?
=
=
=
=