UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES
Alubijid | Cagayan de Oro | Claveria | Jasaan | Oroquieta | Panaon

Engr. Ma. Leona Maye B. Pepito-Gemina

Mechanical Engineering Department
RESIDENTIAL END USES OF WATER IN THE
UNITED STATES BY CATEGORY OF USE.
Plumbing
Definition
the art and technique of installing
pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses
in buildings for bringing in the supply of liquids,
substances and/or ingredients and removing them

water, liquid and other carried-

wastes hazardous to health, sanitation, life
and property

pipes and fixtures after

installation i.e., the ‘plumbing system’

- NPC 217.6
 H i s t o r y
Plumbing Practice in the
Philippines
In 1902, the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized by the
government in the City of Manila. Master Plumber John F.
Haas became the first Chief of the Division of Plumbing
Construction and Inspection. A Plumbing Code based on
the Plumbing Code of the United States was incorporated into
the Building Code for the City of Manila.

In 1935, the National Master Plumbers Association of the

Philippines (NAMPAP) was formally organized

Manila City Ordinance 2411, the “Plumbing Code of the

City of Manila” was enacted and placed under the
Department of Public Services, Manila.
 H i s t o r y

In 1954, the Third Congress approved House Bill No. 962

which in June 18, 1955, became R.A. 1378 “Plumbing
Law of the Philippines” upon ratification of President
Ramon Magsaysay.
On January 28, 1959, the National Plumbing Code of
the Philippines prepared by NAMPAP was promulgated and
approved by Malacañang.

Before Martial Law in 1972, Republic Act No. 6541

otherwise known as the “Building Code of the
Philippines” was passed with the “National Plumbing Code
of 1959” as referral code in full text.
The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) adopted
the Revised Plumbing Code of 1999 which President
Joseph Estrada approved December 21, 1999 pursuant to
Section 4 of R.A. 1378 known as the Plumbing Law.
 P r i n c i p l e s
22 Basic Principles of the
Plumbing Code

1
All premises intended for human use or habitation
shall be provided with a supply of pure and
wholesome water, neither connected to unsafe water
supply nor subject to backflow or back- siphonage.

2
Plumbing fixtures, devices and appurtenances shall be
supplied with water in sufficient volume and pressure
adequate to function satisfactorily and without undue noise.

3
Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to use the
minimum quantity of water consistent with proper
performance and cleaning.

4
Devices for heating and storing water shall be so designed
and installed as to prevent dangers from explosion
through overheating.
 P r i n c i p l e s

5
Every building abutting on a street, alley or easement
with a public sewer shall connect its plumbing fixtures
to the sewer system.

6
Each family dwelling unit shall have at least one water
closet, one kitchen type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub
or shower to meet the basic requirements of sanitation and
personal hygiene.

7
Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth non-
absorbent material, free from concealed fouling
surfaces and shall be located in ventilated enclosures.

8
The drainage system shall be designed, constructed and
maintained to safeguard against fouling, deposit of
solids, clogging and with adequate cleanouts so
arranged that the pipes may be readily cleaned.
 P r i n c i p l e s

9
All piping shall be of durable NAMPAP-APPROVED
materials, free from defective workmanship, designed
and constructed by Registered Master Plumbers to
ensure satisfactory service.

10
Each fixture directly connected to the drainage system
shall be equipped with a water-sealed trap.

11
The drainage pipes piping system shall be designed to
provide adequate circulation of air free from
siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals under

12
ordinary use.
Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air and installed
to prevent clogging and the return of foul air to the
building.

13
Plumbing systems shall be subjected to such tests to
effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the
workmanship.
 P r i n c i p l e s

14
Substance which will clog the pipes, produce
explosive mixtures, destroy the pipes or their joints or
interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process
shall not be allowed to enter the building drainage system.

15
Proper protection shall be provided to prevent
contamination of food, water, sterile goods and similar
materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary, the
fixture, device or appliance shall be connected indirectly with
the building drainage system.

16
No water closet shall be located in a room or compartment
which is not properly lighted and ventilated.

17
If there is no sewer system in the area, suitable provision
shall be made for the disposal of building sewage by
some accepted method of sewage treatment and
disposal, such as a septic tank.
 P r i n c i p l e s

18
Where a plumbing drainage system may be subject to
backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall be made to
prevent its overflow in the building.

19
Plumbing systems shall be maintained in serviceable
condition by Registered Master Plumbers.

20
All plumbing fixtures shall be installed properly spaced,
to be accessible for their intended use.

21
Plumbing shall be installed with due regard to the
preservation of the strength of structural members
and the prevention of damage to walls and other
surfaces through fixture usage.

22
Sewage or other waste from plumbing system which
may be deleterious to surface or sub-surface waters shall
not be discharged into the ground or into any
waterway, unless first rendered innocuous through
subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.
 C o m p o n e n t s

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

PLUMBING FIXTURES

SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM

STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM

FUEL GAS PIPING SYSTEM

 Nature of Water
The Water Cycle:
3 Major
Phases:
Evaporation

Condensation

Precipitation
 The Plumbing Cycle

Components & Flow in

Water Systems:
S U P P L Y DISTRIBUTION U S E

Pressure,
Water Mains, Plumbing
Piping
Storage Tanks Fixtures
Networks

S O U R C E COLLECTION
Gravity,
Lakes, Rivers, Piping
Reservoirs Networks
TREATMENT DISPOSAL

Treated water Sewage Plants,

Sanitary and
returned to the Natural
Storm Sewers
original source Purification
 The Plumbing Cycle
Water Functions Diagram:

SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION U S E COLLECTION DISPOSAL

Flow of water (& water carried wastes) should always

be only in one direction (from supply to disposal)
The two sides should always be carefully separated
from each other
WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM
 Sources of Water
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Rain Collected from Water is soft & Only a source

roofs of pure and is during the wet
Water buildings and suitable for the season;
special water hot water
sheds and supply system Storage becomes
stored in a breeding place
cisterns or for mosquitoes;
ponds;
Roofs may not be
Cistern water clean
for drinking
should be
boiled,
chlorinated or
otherwise
sterilized
 Sources of Water
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Natural Obtained from Easy to Contains a large

Surface ponds, lakes acquire; amounts of
and rivers bacteria, organic,
Water Usually in large & inorganic
quantities; substances;
Purification &
Used for treatment is
irrigation, necessary
industrial
purposes and,
when treated,
for community
water supply
 Sources of Water
For Domestic Use:
SOURCE COLLECTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Ground Obtained from Usually has an May have organic

underground by abundant matter &
Water means of supply; chemical
mechanical & elements;
manual requires less treatment is
equipment; treatment suggested;
because of
From springs natural filtering Character of
and wells and is ground water, its
the principal hardness,
source of water depends upon
for domestic the nature and
use in most condition of the
rural areas soil and rock
through which it
passes or
percolates
 Water Treatment
Treatment & Purification:
OBJECTIONALBLE REASONS FOR TREATMENT
ELEMENT
Calcium, Magnesium Produces hardness
Sulfur Bad taste & odor, highly corrosive to
plumbing, stains clothing, etc.
Salt Bad taste, highly corrosive
Iron Stains clothing & plumbing fixtures,
interferes with water softeners, iron bacteria
clogs pipes

Pathogenic germs Unhealthy; may cause poliomyelitis

Acid Highly corrosive, picks up lead, stains
clothing

Algae Bad taste & odor

 Water Treatment
Treatment & Purification:
OBJECTIONALBLE METHOD OF TREATMENT
ELEMENT
Carbon Dioxide, Aeration
Hydrogen Sulfide
Suspended Material Coagulation & Settling Process
Bacteria Chemicals & Sand filtration
Calcium & Addition of water softeners
Magnesium
Iron Iron Filters
Sulfur Chlorination
Pathogenic Germs Disinfection
Acid Marble or Limestone Filtration
 Quality of Water
Water Quality Problems &
Their Correction:
PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION

1. Acidity Entrance of Corrosion of Raising alkaline

oxygen and non-ferrous content by the
carbon dioxide pipes introduction of
Rusting & a neutralizer
clogging of ( s o d i u m
steel pipes silicate)
2. Hardness Presence of Clogging of Boiling
magnesium and pipes Use of an ion
calcium salts Impaired exchanger
laundry and (zeolite
cooking process)
3. Turbidity Silt or mud in Discoloration Filtration
surface or in Bad taste
ground
 Quality of Water
Water Quality Problems &
Their Correction:
PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECTS CORRECTION

4. Color Presence of  Discoloration of Oxidizing

Iron and fixtures filter
manganese and laundry
5. Pollution Contamination Disease Chlorination
by organic
matter or
sewage
 Purification of Water
S praying the water into the
atmosphere through jets or passing
4 Steps
it over rough surfaces to remove of Water
entrained noxious gases such as Purification
carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide
for
A ddition of coagulants, such as
ferrous sulfate and lime, to the Community
water which cause the larger
suspended particles to form a
Use:
gelatinous mass which precipitates
readily. The precipitate is gathered
in large dumps and disposed of. AERATION

W ater is passed through layers of

sand and gravel in concrete basins
COAGULATION &
PRECIPITATION
in order to remove the finer FILTRATION
suspended particles.

W
CHLORINATION
ater is injected with hypo-chlorite or
chlorine gas to kill the harmful
bacteria.
 Wells & Pumps
Types of Wells
(General):
Shallow Wells
Deep Wells
Individual Well Springs:
(Types According to Method of Construction)

Dug Well

Most common type

Usually dug manually
Around 15 m deep
a.k.a. ‘shallow well’
 Wells & Pumps

Bored Well
Similar to dug well, but constructed
using an auger
Seldom driven below 15 meters

Jetted Well
Use of extreme water pressure so as not to
affect existing foundations in the vicinity
Used only where ground is relatively soft
Driven Well
Dug with driven point
attached to the pipes

Drilled Well
Used for drilling oil
Can reach up to 1000 m
 Wells & Pumps
Locating
a Well:
2 Most Common
Sources of
Contamination:
Septic Tank
leach fields
Livestock
feedlots
Location must
not be less than
100 ft. away
from such
pollution sources
Locate on higher ground
The deeper the well, the better! (allows natural filtration)
 Wells & Pumps
Methods of Well Screening:
 Wells & Pumps
2 Basic Types of Pumps
Piston Pumps
Water is sucked into a sealed vacuum by use of a piston
Single Action (water is drawn
in with only 1 motion) or;

Double Action (water is drawn

in with either stroke)

Duplex or Twin Piston Pump

 Wells & Pumps

Centrifugal Pumps
Water is drawn into the pump & discharged with a
centrifugal force
 Wells & Pumps
Types of Pumps
Shallow Well Pumps
Shallow well reciprocating pump
Shallow well jet pump
Rotary pump

Deep Well Pumps

Deep well reciprocating pump
Deep well jet or ejector pump; a.k.a. ‘Venturi”
Submersible pump
Multi-stage turbine pump
 Water Tanks & Cisterns
Gravity Supply Tanks
(Overhead Water Tanks):
Used in Overhead Feed System
Main Components:

Supply Pipe
Inlet
Overflow Pipe
Drip Pan
Gate Valves
 Water Tanks & Cisterns
Pneumatic Water Tanks:
Used in the Air Pressure System
Used with a pump
 Water Tanks & Cisterns
Types of Hot Water Tanks:
Range Boiler
Small hot water tank (30-60 cm
In diameter; not more than 180cm
In length)
Made of galvanized steel sheet,
copper or stainless steel

Storage Boiler
Large hot water tank (60-130 cm
In diameter; not more than 5 m
In length)
Made of heavy duty material
sheets applied with rust proof paint
From standard metal gauge,
working pressure limit is 85 psi.
 Controls & Valves
Function of Valves:
Control of the water system
- Start or shut down a system
- Regulate pressure
- Check backflow
- Control the direction of water
Rules Regarding Location
of Valves:
Locate & distribute valves in such
a manner that they can isolate a
certain section of the network in
case of system breakdown (before
each branch)
Locate valves where they are not
too visible while remaining
accessible to users
 Controls & Valves
Types of Valves:
Gate Valve a.k.a. ‘Full-way Valve’
Used mainly to completely close or
completely open the water line
(does not control flow of water)
Best suited to the main supply and
pump lines wherein operation is
infrequent

2 Types:
The Wedge Shape or Tapered Disc

The Double Disc Valve

 Controls & Valves
Globe Valve Controls the flow of water with a
movable spindle
Can reduce water pressure
Only one side of the valve is an
inlet

3 Types:
The Plug Type Disc Valve

The Conventional Disc Valve

The Composition Disc Valve

 Controls & Valves
Check Valve Main function is to prevent reversal
of flow (backflow) in the line

4 Types:
The Swing Check Valve

The Lift Check Valve

Vertical Check Valve

Horizontal Check Valve

 Controls & Valves
Angle Valve Operates in the same manner as
globe valve (disc & seat design)
Used to make a 90° turn in a line
Reduces number of joints

Foot Valve Located at the lower end of the

pumps
Used mainly to prevent loss of
priming of the pumps
a.k.a. ‘Retention Valve’
 Controls & Valves
Safety Valve Used on water systems, heating
systems, compressed air lines &
other pipe lines with excessive
pressure
 Controls & Valves
Types of Faucets/Bibbs:
Compression Operates by the
compression of a
Cock soft packing upon
a metal sheet

Key Cock Operates with a

round tapering
plug ground to fit
a metal sheet.
‘Hose bibb”-
has grooves fit for
a hose

Ball Faucet Constructed with a

ball connected to
the handle
 Water Distribution System
Defects in Water Distribution Systems:

Water Hammer
WATER HAMMER
a knocking in the pipes caused when
faucets in the lower levels are shut off BACK SIPHONAGE
abruptly or automatically
the force exerted by the decelerating
water causes the pipes to shake and
rattle

Back Siphonage
the flowing back of used, contaminated or polluted water from a
plumbing fixture or vessel into a water supply pipe due to a
negative pressure in such pipe
‘Back Flow’– the flow of water or other liquids, ,mixtures,
or
substances into the distributing pipes of a potable supply of
water to a tank, plumbing fixture, or other device and the flood
 Water Distribution System
Classification of Public Water
Distribution:
Direct Pressure Distribution
DIRECT PRESSURE
Water is obtained through a large intake
DISTRIBUTION
installed on the lake basin & extended
into deep water
Components:
Water basin
Receiving well
Filtration plant
 Water Distribution System
Classification of Public Water
Distribution:

Indirect Pressure Distribution DIRECT PRESSURE

DISTRIBUTION
Water is taken form a drilled well or
underground water INDIRECT PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTION
Involves individual special mechanical
equipment
 Cold Water Distribution
System
Parts of the Cold Water Distribution
System (Potable & Tap):
Service Pipe
pipe from the street water main or
other source of water supply to the SERVICE PIPE
building served
WATER METER

Water Meter HORIZONTAL SUPPLY

MAIN
device used to measure in liters or
gallons the amount of water that
passes through the water service

Horizontal Supply Main

the principal water distribution pipe
running from the water meter from
which the various branches and
risers to the fixtures are taken.
 Cold Water Distribution
System
Parts of the Cold Water Distribution
System (Potable & Tap):
Riser
a water supply pipe extending
vertically to one full story or more SERVICE PIPE
to convey water into pipe branches
or plumbing fixtures WATER METER

HORIZONTAL SUPPLY
Fixture Branch MAIN

the water supply pipe between the RISER

fixture supply pipe and the water-
FIXTURE BRANCH
distributing pipe
CONTROLS & VALVES
Controls & Valves
STORAGE TANKS
used for control, isolation and repair
of the water distribution system

Storage Tanks
 Cold Water Distribution
System
Types of the Cold Water Distribution
Systems (within buildings):

Upfeed System UPFEED SYSTEM

Direct Upfeed
- Water is provided by the city water
companies using normal pressure
from public water main
 Cold Water Distribution
System
Air Pressure System (Pneumatic)
- When pressure supplied by city water
supply is not strong enough
- Compressed air is used to raise and UPFEED SYSTEM
push water into the system
 Cold Water Distribution
System
Downfeed (Overheadfeed) or Gravity System

UPFEED SYSTEM

DOWNFEED OR
GRAVITY SYSTEM

- Water is pumped into a large

tank on top of the building and is
distributed to the fixtures by
means of gravity.
 Cold Water Distribution
System
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Upfeed System

1. Eliminates extra cost of pumps & 1. Pressure from water main is

tanks. inadequate to supply tall buildings.
2. Water supply is affected during
peak load hour.

Air Pressure System

1. With compact pumping unit. 1. Water supply is affected by loss of

2. Sanitary due to air tight water pressure inside the tank in case of
chamber. power interruption.
3. economic (smaller pipe diameter)
4. less initial construction &
maintenance cost
5. Oxygen in the compressed air
serves as purifying agent.
6. Adaptable air pressure.
7. Air pressure serves zones of about
10 stores intervals.
 Cold Water Distribution
System
ADVANTAGES
Overheadfeeed System
1. Water is not affected by peak load
hour.
2. Not affected by power
interruptions.
3. Time needed to replace broken
parts does not affect water supply.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Water is subject to contamination.
2. High maintenance cost.
3. Occupies valuable space.
4. Requires stronger foundation and
other structure to carry additional
load of tank and water.
 Hot Water Distribution
System
Types of the Hot Water Distribution
Systems (within buildings):
Upfeed and Gravity Return System
With a continuing network of
pipes to provide constant
circulation of water
Hot water rises on its own &
does not need any pump for
circulation
Hot water is immediately
drawn form the fixture any time
Provided economical circulating
return of unused hot water
Eliminate waste of water
Larger pipe is installed at the
top of the riser & the diminishing
sizes passes through the lower
floors of the building
 Hot Water Distribution
System
Types of the Hot Water Distribution
Systems (within buildings):
Downfeed and Gravity Return System
Hot water rises on to
the highest point of
the plumbing system
and travels to the
fixtures via gravity
(closed pipe system)
‘overhead feed &
gravity return system’
Water distribution is
dependent on the
expansion of hot
water & gravity.
Larger pipe is installed
at the bottom of the
riser & the diminishing
sizes passes
through the upper
 Hot Water Distribution
System
Types of Hot Water Distribution
Systems (within buildings):
Pump Circuit System
For a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor
levels of multi-storey buildings
 Water Tanks & Cisterns
Hot Water Consumption
KIND OF GALLONS PER
BUILDING PERSONS PER HOUR

Office Buildings 4 to 5
School Buildings 2 to 3
Apartment Buildings 8
Hotels 8 to 10
Factories 4 to 6
Residential 10

Working Load of Hot Water Systems

KIND OF AVERAGE WORKING
BUILDING LOAD
School, Office & Industrial types 25%
Apartments & Residences 35%
Hotels & Restaurants 50%
 Hot Water Distribution
System
2 Types of Water Heating Systems:
Hot Water Space Heating System
Water is confined within a system at low temperature
Hot Water Supply System
Not a closed system which operate on much higher
temperature

Protection of Hot Water Tank:

System Relief Valve
Used for Hot Water Space
Heating System

Temperature & Pressure Relief

Used for Hot Water Supply System
Thank you for
listening!