BASIC PLUMBING

DESIGN AND COST

ESTIMATES

Engr. Rome Santos

In this course you will learn
• The Major Problems in Cost Estimate
• Material Specification in Plumbing
• The Use of Plumbing Fittings and the Devices
• Detailed Estimate in Septic Tank
• How the Plumbing System Works
• Maximum and Probable Demand
• Design and Estimate of Drainage and Water Supply m
 PLUMBING MATERIALS

Asbestos Concrete
Pipes Pipes
Soil, waste, ventilation,
downspout Removal of Water, Water Supply
Works
ADVANTAGES
• Cement pipes are corrosion resistant.
• These pipes have smooth internal face. ADVANTAGES
• Holes can be drilled in these pipes. • Suitable for conveying all types of water
• These pipes are extensively used for water supply systems. • Can withstand backfill pressure and other external force

DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Cement pipes are bulky, heavy and require careful transportation • Requires special care in transporting and installing This
and handling.
type of pipe are heavy, so it costs more for the
• These pipes are rigid, hence, require uniform and leveled bed for
laying. transportation and installation cost
 PLUMBING MATERIALS

Cast Iron Copper Steel

Galvanized
Pipe pipes Pipe
Iron Pipe
ADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES
• Low maintenance and ADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES • Easy to construct
installation cost • They are cheaper in cost. • Corrosion-resistant • Stronger than CI
• Long life • They have more resistance • Durable and lightweight pipes
• Toughness to rust and corrosion. • Easier to extend over long • Life of 25 to 50 yrs
• Anti-rust pipes • They are highly durable. stretches without supports

DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

• Encounters problem from water • This type of pipe can’t
• Heavy to handle • Susceptible to rust over acidity, so they are not good to
Develops blockage withstand external
time install for plumbing system that
loads
• Difficult to repair draw water from well
• Costs more than plastic • It is highly corrosive
 PLUMBING MATERIALS
Chlorinated PVC (CPVC) pipes
Plastic Use:
Pipes 1. for supplying hot, cold, and industrial water.
2. can withstand heat up to 120 degrees Celsius
ADVANTAGES
▪ used for carrying water in the
plumbing system Polypropylene pipes
▪ light in weight,
▪ non-corrosive,
Use:
▪ cheaper in cost are primarily used for carrying hot water and cold water
▪ need not require any threading for supply conduits, industrial pipelines, etc.
joining connections
a) Unplasticised PVC (UPVC) or rigid pipes are used for
DISADVANTAGES
cold water.
▪ cannot be installed in high b) Plasticised PVC pipes are made with mixing of
temperatures rubber material. It has low strength and can work in
▪ reduce Strength in high temperature
low heat conditions than UPVC pipes.
 PLUMBING MATERIALS
PEX XLPE
Use:
This type of pipe is made of specialized polyethylene and is used in building
Plastic
services, pipework system, domestic water piping, transportation of sewage,
Pipes
slurries and chemical transportation as well as for natural gas and offshore oil
applications.
ADVANTAGES
▪ used for carrying water in the Unplasticised Polyvinyl pipes
plumbing system Use:
▪ light in weight, primarily used in ventilation pipework, rainwater applications and waste water
▪ non-corrosive, discharge system. High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) material is used for making
▪ cheaper in cost pipes for municipal and industrial water discharge systems.
▪ need not require any threading for Polyethylene density is classified into three types:
joining connections ▪ Low Density Polyethylene raw material (LDPE)
▪ Medium Density Polyethylene raw materials (MDPE)
▪ High Density Polyethylene raw materials (HDPE)
DISADVANTAGES
The properties of HDPE pipes are:
▪ cannot be installed in high
(a) They are resistant to weather conditions.
temperatures
(b) They have high resistance to tearing and pressure conditions.
▪ reduce Strength in high temperature
(c) They are non-toxic in nature.
(d) They are suitable for carrying radioactive wastes.
FITTINGS
Plug
Plug is a component of plumbing
component which is generally used to
close pipe opening during inspections
and repairs. Plug are generally
contains male threads.
Cap
is a type of pipe fitting which
function is same as plug but the
only difference is plug contain
male threads and cap contain
female threads which is screws
on the male thread of pipe.
 FITTINGS
Elbow
Elbows are used to Reducer Tee type Cross Type
change the direction is a pipe fitting component Tee type fitting is a Cross type fittings
of flow between two which reduces the flow size component of contains 4 opening in 4
pipes. Elbows are from larger to smaller by plumbing system directions. These are
generally available with reducing size of pipe. which is in T-shape connected when there are
an angle of 22.5o, 4 pipes are meeting at a
45o and 90o. point.
 FITTINGS
Unions
Is a type of fitting, which
functions as similar to
coupling. But coupling
cannot be removed after
fixing but in this case we can
remove the union whenever
we needed. Unions consists
nut, male and female ended
threads.
Coupling Adaptors Olet
A coupling is used to If the pipes are not Olets are used when there is
connect the pipes of having special ends or standard sizes of fittings are
same diameter. plain ends then adaptors not suitable for our
Coupling are also make them threaded requirement. Sometimes the
useful if the pipe is either male or female inlet pipe size is larger
broken or leakage whichever is needed. compared to outlet pipes in
occurs. t-sections then also Olets are
used
 WATER SERVICE FITTINGS
Gate Valve Globe Valve
It is used to completely close or It is actuated by a stem screw, and
open the line but not necessarily handwheel, suited on installation
to control the flow of water. It is that calls for throttling. It affords
connected to the main supply greater resistance to flow than the
and pipe line where operation is gate valve because of the change in
not frequent. flow directions
Angle Valve
It operates in the same manner as
the globe valve. It is used in
making 90 degree turn in a line to
reduce the number of joints
 Safety Valve
Foot Valve Check Valve
is designed to open and
It is located at the Its main function is to prevent the
relieve excess pressure
lower end of the reversal flow of the gas or liquid in
from vessels or equipment
pump to prevent loss the line. It is principally used in
and to reclose and prevent
of priming of the industrial piping connections for
the further release of fluid
pump. gas, water, steam, air and other
after normal conditions
general vapor services.
have been restored
 WATER SERVICE FITTINGS
Corporation Stop Curb Stop
It is inserted into the It is installed between the Meter Stop Water Meter
water main. It serves curb and the sidewalk line It is a controlling It is a device used to
as a control of the accessible to cast iron stop stop of the entire measure amount of
water service and box equipped with water supply in water that passes
also serve as a shut removable cover. It serves building through the water
off, when the service as a control stop of the service.
is disconnected. service between the curb
and the building
Plumbing Fixtures receptacles attached to a plumbing system
other than a trap in which water or waste may be collected
or retained for ultimate discharge into the plumbing system.

Common types of Plumbing fixtures Used in

Residences
1. Water closet
2. Urinal
3. Lavatory
4. Bidet
5. Kitchen sink
6. Bath tub
WATER CLOSET
A plumbing fixture used to receive human excremental and to discharge it through a waste pipe, using water as a conveying
medium. Water closets are classified according to design, flushing mechanism, shape and installation
Types of Water Closet According to
Design
1. SIPHON WASHDOWN – cheapest,
small amount of standing water
2. SIPHON JET – large water
standing, expensive
3. SIPHON VORTEX – quiet, most
efficient, most sanitary water
closet, large water, expensive
4. REVERSE TRAP – quiet, large
standing water
Types of Water Closet According to Shape
1. ELONGATED FRONT - is more
comfortable but occupies a larger space.
2. ROUND FRONT - intended for installation
on a limited space
Types of Water Closet
According to Installation
1. Floor Mounted
2. Wall Mounted
Types of Water Closet According to Flush Mechanism
1. FLUSH TANK - holds a supply of water for flushing a fixture such
as the water closet. It has a capacity of 5 to 6 gallons.
2. FLUSH VALVE - valve designed to supply a fixed quantity of
water for flushing purposes. It is activated by direct water
pressure without the use of a flush tank.
WATER CLOSET
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
QUALITY FIXTUES MINIMUM TRAP DIAMETER AND DFU VALUE
a) Dense a) Water closet private installation - 76mm Φ (3 “) - 4 DFU, 4” Φ
b) Water closet public installation - 76mmv Φ (3”) - 6 DFU, 4” Φ
b) Durable *use 6 DFU when computing for septic tank size
c) Non-absorbent
d) Smooth, SIZE OF WATER SUPPLY AND WSFU VALUE
Impervious a) Water closet, Flush tank - 12 mm Φ (1/2 “) - 3 (Private) - 5
Surface (Public)
b) Water closet, Flush Valve - 25mm Φ (1”) - 6 (Private) - 10
e) Free form (Public)
unnecessary
concealed fouling
surfaces MINIMUM SIZE OF VENT
The minimum size of vent for water closet is 51mm Φ
Ventilation
a) Ceiling mount exhaust fan duct type. b) Thermal exhaust fan

Tiles in Terms of Design

200mm x 200mm for ceramic
HOW PLUMBING SYSTEM WORKS
MAXIMUM AND
PROBABLE DEMAND
It is presumed that, "if a fixture can
discharge, only a given quantity of water,
wherein the water supply may not be
overtaxed above this amount of water
without causing overflow of the fixtures
being used, then the maximum demand of
water is the total sum of its fixture units
wherein each fixture unit represents 8
gallons of water."
EXAMPLE
Determine the probable demand of the following
fixtures installed: 2 water closets, 1 lavatory, 1
bathtub, 1 shower and 1 kitchen sink.
1) Find the number of Fixture Units then Multiply by 8.
6 units x 2 water closets .......... 12 units
1 units x 1 lavatories ................. 1 units
2 units x 1 bathtub ................... 2 units
2 units x 1 shower baths .......... 2 units
2 units x 1 kitchen sink .............. 2 units
TOTAL ....................................... 19 units

2) The maximum water demand is :

19 units x 8 = 152 gallons
Assume 30% reduction of 152 gals = 45 gal
5) Subtract from the maximum demand
of 152 gallon
152 gallons - 45 gallons = 107 gallons
Probable Demand
REQUIREMENTS FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM
1. That, all pipe joints must be well fitted and tightly connected with each other to prevent
leakage of gas and liquid.
2. That, the drainage pipe should be graded or inclined properly for a downward gravity
flow of water towards the main sewer line or the septic tank.
3. That, the drainage pipe should be provided with adequate cleanout, accessible for repair
in case of stoppage.
4. The drainage system must be provided with ventilation pipe that will convey gases to the
atmosphere where it can do no harm to human health.
5. That, except for water closet, each fixture will be provided with suitable trap that will
prevent backflow of gases.
6. That, the drainage system must be vented, to avoid siphonage or backflow of the water
seal

General Rules in Designing the Drainage System

▪ The pipes should take the shortest possible route to the house sewer or the terminating
point of the Sanitary system.
▪ Control components such as clean-outs, traps, and vents, should be located strategically
so as to ensure efficient circulation
CONDITIONS IN CONSTRUCTING
SEPTIC TANK
• Constructed in rectangular form
• Min dimension 90cm wide, 150m length, 120 cm
depth
• Inlets and outlets must be sanitary tee
• Should have a slope of 1%
• With at least two manholes
• Constructed on the surface of the ground
• To much waste load must not be permit entry to
septic tank
MATERIALS IN CONSTRUCTING
SEPTIC TANK
• 5” CHB • 4” PVC Pipe
• Cement • 4” Tee
• Sand • 4” Cleanout Plug/Cap
• ¾ Gravel • Waterproofing
• 10mm rebar • Solvent
• 12mm rebar • ½” Ordinary Plywood
• Tie wire #16 • 2”x2”x8’ Coco lumber
Leeching Field

Sewage Treatment Plant

Seepage Pit
 ESTIMATE OF SEPTIC
TANK DIMENSION
Determine the size of septic tank to serve 2
water closet, 2 showers, 2 floor drains,2
lavatory,1 kitchen sink, 1 laundry, 1 bathtubs

Water Closet – 2 X 4=8

Shower -------- 2 x 2=4
Floor drains---- 2 x 2=4
Lavatory------- 2 x 1=4
Kitchen sink----1 x 1=1
Laundry---------1 x 2=2
Bathubs---------1x 2=2

Total= 25 DFU Units

Single Family Multiple Max DFU Min Septic
Dwellings Dwelling Units Tank Capacity
(No. of Units or in Liters Total DFU is 25, therefore the min Septic tank Capacity to be used is 4542 L
Bedrooms) Apartments
with One
Bedroom
Min dimension 90cm wide, 150m length, 120 cm depth
Each (no. of
Units) Known values
15 2838 Volume = 4542L
Length= ????
1-2 20 3785 Width= can be assumed
3 2 25 4542 Height= can be assumed
4 3 33 5677
Say
5-6 4 45 7570
width 1.4 m
5 55 8516.3 Depth=1.6m
6 60 9462.5 Length=???
Volume of Septic tank = LxWXH
7 70 10408.8
Length= Volume/ LXW
8 80 11355 L= 4542L/1.2 x 1.6
9 90 12301 L=2.027 = say 2.1m

10 100 13247.5 Size of 1st chamber= 1.4m

Extra bedroom over 6, add 567.8 liters each Size of 2nd chamber=.7m
Extra Dwellings over 10, 946.3 liters each
Extra DFU over 100, 94.6 liters
ESTIMATE OF REBAR
Length= 2.1m Width=1.4m Depth=1.6m 1st
chamber L= 1.4m 2nd chamber L= .7m
Size of manhole .6mx.6m
Number of manholes= 2
vertical bars for CHB= 10mm rebar spaced
.6m
For horizontal bars= every 3 layers of CHB
Bottom Reinforcement=12mm rebar
Top Reinforcement= 10 mm rebar
Thickness of Concrete top and bottom=
200mm
Dimension of CHB= 200mmx400mmx5”
Number of rebars (bottom)
L=2.1m
W= 1.4m
Total development length= 300mm
Area of bottom=2.1(1.4)=2.94m say 3
X axis bars 2.1/.2=10.5 say 11 pcs
Y axis bars 1.4/.2= 7 pcs
Length per piece of y axis bar=2.7m
Length per piece of x axix bar= 2m
1 pcs 6m rebar=2 .22 say 2
Number of rebars (top)
For y axis bar=11/2= 5.5 say 6pcs of 6m rebar
For x axis bar=7/2=3.5 say 4 pcs of 6m rebar
ESTIMATE OF WATER PROOFING
Drying time 5-8hrs to recoat
12-24 hrs. hard dry
2-3days for full cure
Coverage
4kg: 10sq meter (1coat)

Length= 2.1m
Width=1.4m
Depth=1.6m
1st chamber L= 1.4m
2nd chamber L= .7m
Surface area (inside)= (1.4x1.6x2)+(.7x1.6X4)+(2.1X1.4) =11.9m^2

=11.9/10= 1.19
=1.19(4)= 4.76 kg
= Use 3 coating
= 3(4.76kg)= 14.28 say 15 kg

=15kg/4kg = 3.75 say 4 cans of 4 kg waterproofing

General Condition for a Good Waste and
Soil Pipe Installation
• Right choice of materials
• Conservative use of fittings
• Right location of the cleanouts
• Right slope or grade of the pipelines
• Using the right size of pipe
• Correct manner of joining the pipes
• Providing stable and rigid support
WASTE PIPE
The waste pipe is any pipe in a drainage installation that
receives the discharges of any fixture except water
closet and conveys the same to the soil branch, soil pipe
or house drain.
*** The ideal grade or slope of waste pipe is 2%. Meaning, the pipe was
installed with an inclined ratio of 2 centimeters per meter length
*** Size of waste pipe: The National Plumbing Code strongly indorsed the use
of Fixture Unit Value as waste load in determining the size of the waste pipe
STEPS
1. Determine first the
number of each fixture
involved, then multiply
by the corresponding
fixture units in Table 1
2. After getting the total
fixture units, refer to
Table 2 for the size of
the waste pipe
 WASTE PIPE ESTIMATE
Determine the size of a horizontal waste
pipe to serve 5 urinals, 3 lavatories, 8
showers and 2 slop sink
Refer to table 1
5 urinals x 5 units…………………………………..25
3 lavatories x 1 unit……………………………….3
8 showers x 2 units………………………………..16
2 slop sink x 3 units………………………………..6
Total 50 Units
Under column one Horizontal Branch, 50
units could be well served by a 100 mm or 4
inches pipe
SOIL PIPE
• SOIL PIPE The soil pipe is any pipe that conveys the
discharge of water closets or fixtures having similar
functions, with or without the discharge from other
fixtures, to the building drains or building sewer
• Size of soil pipe: soil pipe size is the same on how to
determine the size of waste pipe.
• There is just a limit set by the Plumbing Code which is:
For Soil Stack: “No water closet shall discharge into a drain less than 75mm or 3in
diameter pipe ”
For Soil Branch: “Not more than two water closets shall discharge into any 75mm
diameter horizontal soil branch, house sewer or house drain.”
SOIL PIPE
Prohibited Fittings and Connection
Dead End Fittings
Dead-end connections in any drainage installation should not be
permitted. This portion of the plumbing system will only accumulate
waste and sludge.
Prohibited Fittings
1. Double Hub, Double Tee or Double Y Branch should not be
permitted on soil pipes or horizontal lines
2. The drilling and tapping of house drain, soil pipe and waste or
vent pipe and the use of saddle hubs or bends are strictly prohibited
 SOIL PIPE ESTIMATE
Determine the soil pipe diameter to serve 8
water closets, 3 shower bath,4 urinals, 2 slop
sinks,3 wash basins
8 water closets x 6 units………………………48 units
3 shower bath x 2 units……………………….6 units
4 urinals x 5 units………………………………...20 units
2 slop sink x 3 units……………………………….6 units
3 wash basin x 1 unit……………………………..3 units
83 units is between 60-500 fixture units which
could be served by 100mm or 4” pipe diameter
DETAILED BILL
OF MATERIALS
SAMPLE PLAN FOR PLUMBING
SAMPLE PLAN FOR PLUMBING
Thank You!