Temperature

Temperature is the property of a body or region of space that determines whether

or not there will be a net flow of heat into it or out of it from a neighbouring body
or region and in which direction (if any) the heat will flow. Normally heat flows
from upper temperature lower temperature.

Different Temperature scale

There are different scales of temperature by which temperature of a substance is

measured. They main three scale of temperature are given below,
(1)Celsius scale (ᅌC)
(2)Fahrenheit scale (ᅌF)
(3)Kelvin scale (K)
 Relation between different scales of temperature
We can convert the temperature of a substance from one scale to another
by using a simple formula. This is,

C F  32 T  273
 
5 9 5

Here, C = Temperature in Celsius scale

F = Temperature in Fahrenheit scale
And, T = Temperature in Kelvin scale
 Matter and Temperature
Properties of Matter
Matter has a property called mass. Light does not have mass. Sound does not have mass.
Matter attracts other matter with a force called gravity. Light is not matter, but its movement
is changed by gravity as though it was matter. Usually light acts as a wave, but in special
cases light acts as a particle.
In the twentieth century, people found that matter can be changed into energy and energy can
be changed into matter. Some matter is changed into energy in an atomic bomb.

Changing states of matter and temperature

The state of matter can be changed from one state to another. There are several ways to
change the state of matter. For example, changing the temperature of matter can change its
state. Changing the volume of matter can change its state.
Example of State Change
1. When water is made cold enough, the water will turn to ice.
2. If water is put in a pot over a fire, the water will heat up. Some of the water will turn to
steam.
 Names of Matter State Changes
 The change from solid to liquid is called melting.

 The change from liquid to solid is called freezing.

 The change from liquid to gas is called evaporization.

 The change from gas to liquid is called condensation.

 The change from solid to gas is called sublimation.

 The change from gas to solid is called deposition.

Example-1: The temperature of a patient is 104ᅌF. What is his temperature in Celsius scale?
Solution:

C F  32
We know,

5 9
C 104  32
or , 
5 9
C 72
or , 
5 9
C
or , 8
5
or , C  40
The temperature is 40ᅌC
Example-2: When the temperature in Celsius scale and Fahrenheit scale is
same?
Let the temperature is = x
Solution:
F  32
Now we know, C

5 9
x x  32
or , 
5 9
or , 9x  5( x  32)
or , 9 x  5x  160

or , 9 x  5x  160

or , x  40

The temperature is (– 40)

 Heat
Heat is one kind of energy that is used to know if a
matter is cold or hot. Normally it is denoted by Q.
The SI unit of heat is calorie (C). Heat is also
measured in joule unit. The relation between joule
and calorie is,
1 calorie = 4.2 J
 Specific Heat
The specific heat is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the
temperature by one degree Celsius. The relationship between heat and
temperature change is usually expressed in the form shown below where c is the
specific heat. The relationship does not apply if a phase change is encountered,
because the heat added or removed during a phase change does not change the
temperature. Q  C mT
Where,
Q = Heat added
C = Specific Heat
m = mass
 T= Change in temperature

The specific heat of water is 1 calorie/gram °C = 4.186 joule/gram °C which is

higher than any other common substance. As a result, water plays a very
important role in temperature regulation. The specific heat per gram for water is
 Table of specific heats

Name Specific Heat (JKg-1 K-1) Name Specific Heat (JKg-1 K-1)

Aluminium 900 Lead 130

Copper 400 Mercury 140

Ice 2100 water 4200