1.

Zidovudine belongs to a class of drugs known as nucleoside reverse transcriptase

inhibitors-NRTIs. Zidovudine is used in pregnant women to prevent passing the HIV
virus to the unborn baby. This medication is also used in newborns born to mothers
infected with HIV to prevent infection in the newborns.
2.Koliti pseudomembranoz- vankomicina dhe metronidazole
3.edeme cerebrale- manitoli
4.propranololi- mjekimi I hipertireoze jo hipotireozen.
5.nitroglic . rrite GMPc

6.Klomifeni- trajtimi I infertilitetit.

7. Takifilaksia është një term mjekësor që përshkruan një ulje akute, të papritur të përgjigjes ndaj një
ilaçi pas administrimit të tij; dmth një fillim i shpejtë dhe afatshkurtër i tolerancës së ilaçeve. Mund të
ndodhë pas një doze fillestare ose pas një serie dozash të vogla. Rritja e dozës së ilaçit mund të jetë në
gjendje të rikthejë përgjigjen origjinale. EFEDRINA, OPIODET, B2 Agonistet.

8.  levofloxacin and other fluoroquinolone antimicrobials involves inhibition of bacterial

topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase (both of which are type II topoisomerases), enzymes
required for DNA replication, transcription, repair and recombination.
9.niacina inhibon lipolizen dhe krijimin e ac ynd.

10. Answer - Tolerance occurs when a regular user of a drug gradually becomes less

responsive to the drug. This can often lead to the person taking larger amounts of
the drug to achieve the same effect.
11. Norfloxacin is a quinolone/fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Norfloxacin is bactericidal
and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding
itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.
12.Kolkicina – gihtin, lidhet me tubulinen.
13. Abciximab is a Fab fragment of the chimeric human-murine monoclonal antibody
7E3. Abciximab binds to the glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor of human platelets and
inhibits platelet aggregation by preventing the binding of fibrinogen, von Willebrand
factor, and other adhesive molecules.
14. Linezolid is a synthetic antibiotic, the first of the oxazolidinone class, used for the
treatment of infections caused by multi-resistant bacteria including streptococcus and
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The drug works by inhibiting the
initiation of bacterial protein synthesis.

15.Polipragmazia-përdorimii pajustifikuar dhe i panevojshëm i njëkohshëm i disa

ilaçeve ose procedurave pa marrë parasysh ndërveprimet e mundshme të
kombinimeve të tilla, të cilat mund të rezultojnë në efekte anësore të
rrezikshme.
16.Beta-lactamase inhibitors are a class of medicine that block the activity of beta-
lactamase enzymes (also called beta-lactamases), preventing the degradation
of beta-lactam antibiotics. ... Clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam are all beta-
lactamase inhibitors.
17. Antibiotic prophylaxis is the use of antibiotics before surgery or a dental procedure to
prevent a bacterial infection. Psh vankomicina, klindamicina.
18. Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect a person's response to drugs. This
relatively new field combines pharmacology (the science of drugs) and genomics (the study of
genes and their functions) to develop effective, safe medications and doses that will be tailored
to a person's genetic makeup.

19.The inhibition of DHFR by folate antagonists (methotrexate) results in a deficiency in

the cellular pools of thymidylate and purines and thus in a decrease in nucleic acid
synthesis. Therefore, methotrexate interferes with DNA synthesis, repair, and cellular
replication.
20. Drugs that are administered orally (as opposed to intravenously, intramuscularly,
sublingually, or transdermally) must first pass from the intestine to the liver before
reaching the general circulation. Thus, for many drugs, much of the dose is
reduced by xenobiotic metabolism before reaching the tissues.