 Unable to adapt will result to extinction of the

Evolution species
Catastrophism
 Belief that periods of catastrophic extinction
'It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the
most intelligent; it is the one most adaptable to change' occurred
– Charles Darwin(1809)   After the mass extinction, repopulation of surviving
species took place, giving the appearance of change
through time
2.. Jean de Lamarck (1744-1829)
 French invertebrate zoologist and botanist
 Proposed the theory of inheritance acquired
characteristics
Theory of Inheritance of Acquired
Characteristics
 Characteristics can be passed on to the
offspring
 Classic example is the long neck of
giraffe
B. Darwinism
 The explanation of evolution proposed by Charles
Darwin in his book The Origin of Species by Means
of Natural Selection. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
 British naturalist
 Father of Evolution
 Formulated the process of evolution in his book.
DARWIN’S THEORY OF EVOLUTION
1. Organisms have changed overtime
2. All organisms are derived from common ancestor
by a process of branching
3. Change is gradual and slow, taking a place over a
long time
4. The mechanism of evolutionary change is natural
selection
What is Evolution? Process of Natural Selection
 Process whereby earth’s life changes over time Natural Selection- the process by which
through changes in the genetic characteristics of environmental effects lead to varying degrees of reproductive
population. success among individuals of a population of organisms with
. different hereditary characters, or traits.
Theory Of Evolution
Fossils
 Mineralized and petrified remains Reproductive
Ability (Tendency
Struggle for
Existence
Natural Selection
 Skeletons, bones, and shells, leaves and seeds for geometric
increase in number)
(Competition)
(Persistence of
Adaptive Traits) Evolution (Change
 Impressions in rocks + +
Variability in
+ in a trait)
Environmental Environmental
 Fossil record incomplete: ~1% of all species Restrictions Structure &
Behaviors
Changes
(Limited Resources)
All descended from earlier, ancestral species
History Of Evolution
A.Before Darwin
1. Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)
 French vertebrate zoologist, comparative anatomist Agents Of Natural Selection
and paleontologist Adaptation -Characteristic that help an individual survive and
 Named as the father of Comparative Anatomy and reproduce
Paleontology Competition -Common among members of common species .
 Proposed fixity of species and catastrophism Compete for food and other requirements for survival.
Fixity of Species Coevolution -constant mutual feedback wherein
 No changes occurred in the structure of species due WHEN ONE EVOLVES A NEW FEATURE OR MODIFIES
to adaptation AN OLD ONE THE OTHER TYPICALLY EVOLVES NEW
ADAPTATION IN REPONSE.
Predation - most common type of coevolution
-situation in which one organism eats another.
-Predator (those who do the eating)
prey (those who are eaten) relation.
Example: WOLVES AND DEERS
Evidence Of Biological Evolution
Fossils
 A record of the history of life that shows that
organisms have changed over time.
 Remains of animals and plants found in sedimentary
rock deposits
Anatomical similarities
 Many groups of species share the same types of body
structures because they inherited them from a
common ancestor that had them.
 Comparative Anatomy: scientific study of the
similarities and differences in the structure of living
Homologous Structure= internally similar structures.
Analogous Structure= outwardly similar but nonhomologous
structure.
Comparative embryology
 The embryos of organisms that share a recent
common ancestor are very similar in appearance
Molecular similarities
 Almost all living organisms have DNA, and in each
case it consists of different pairings of the same
building blocks: four nucleotide bases called
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine.
Geographic distribution of Related Species
 Another clue to patterns of past evolution is by
studying how different species of plants and animals
are geographically distributed in nature, and how they
relate to their environment and to each other.
 Island biogeography= study of evolutionary
relationship within a population in an island that
provide clues for patterns of evolution
Types of biological evolution.
Microevolution
 Individuals with some traits survive and reproduce
better than do individuals with other traits
 Those traits will be passed through generation to
generation, and individuals are expected to survive
Macroevolution
 Species are defined as groups of organisms that are
similar to each other that they can reproduce healthy
fertile offspring
 If organisms belong to different species, they can’t
reproduce with each other, or if they do so, their
offspring die or are sterile