Refiguring the Patriarchal Tradition: the Female’s Reaction towards her Objectification as

Identified in Lady Gaga’s Songs

Emerald Melissa Anthony1, Atifa Binth e Zia2

Abstract
The aim of this study is to scrutinize sexualization within the pop-culture music centered around
the image of the ‘new woman’ as depicted in the graphical representation and lyrical
composition of Lady Gaga’s songs. This paper also traces the evidence of conformity of women
to ‘Feminine notions’ such as negating ideal beauty, embracing sexuality, expressing sexual
desires without the need of a male gaze to it, and defying objectification by a male while
willingly objectifying female sex and body. All in all, it has led to an act of eroticized frenzy in
music commercialization which has shaped itself into a feminist drive through the notion of
‘écritureféminine’ proposed by French feminists. Former researches have raised concerns about
overt sexual content in music media and its impact on the target audience ever since the rise of
commercial music. However, this paper will interrelate the lyrical and graphical impact, hence
identifying and proving that objectification by male binary has served as a reason behind the
emergence of a transformed ‘new woman’ image through the overt sexual content.
Keywords: Sexualization, New Woman Image, Femininity, Objectification, Eroticism.

1
Department of humanities, University of management and technology, Pakistan
Email: atifa zia@umt.edu.pk
2
Department of humanities, University of management and technology, Pakistan
Email: atifa zia@umt.edu.pk
 Study of Language Change by the Promotion of Informal Language, Orthography and
Words with Multiple Meanings on Facebook

Tayyaba Saharoof1, Shafaq Shakeel2

Abstract
Facebook has promoted the use of informal language among both teens and adults. This social
website has resulted in the deterioration of orthographic knowledge of both the age groups due to
the use of non-standard spellings. This social media engine has also contributed to the
destruction of the word knowledge of users. Most of the users are aware of the context in which
the English words are employed on Facebook but are totally unaware of their standard dictionary
meanings. All these factors combine in effecting the formal academic writing and social
interaction of these users. This research aims at finding out the language change due to the use of
informal language, orthography and words with multiple meanings at Facebook and the study
will investigate the corrosion of formal language of Facebook users. The current study was
conducted by following mix-method approach in a way that twenty public pages administrated
by teens and adults were analyzed and also a questionnaire filled by the intermediate students
and graduate students. The results of both the questionnaires proved that teens are an easy victim
of this up thrust of technology as compared to adults. The results of the study gave a visual
display of the effect of orthography, the use of informal language and words with multiple
meanings on social interactions and formal writing of both teens and adults.
Keywords: Facebook, Language Change, Orthography, Informal Language, Words with
Multiple Meaning

1
MS Scholar, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
E-mail: tayyaba.saharoof@yahoo.com
2
MS Scholar, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
E-mail: shafaqshakeel04@gmail.com
 COARTICULATION EFFECTS ON URDU SPEECH CORPUS

Mahwish Farooq1,Dr. Asim Mahmood2

Abstract
Coarticulation is a fundamental feature of the connected speech as phonemes are overlapping,
interacting and consequently effecting the vocal tract configuration (Farnetani & Recasens,
2010). This research investigates coarticulation effects in Urdu speech corpus. Therefore, Urdu
speech corpus has been phonologically annotated at segment level. Various types of contextual
effects have been observed which triggered coarticulation effects in speech. During manual
annotation, different kinds of coarticulation effects have been observed; (i) assimilation, (ii)
nasalization, (iii) aspiration,(iv) insertion,(v) elision and (vi) voicing of adjacent segments. All of
them have been catered for corpus annotation as this would become the lexicon for the
development of Phonetic Recognizers.3This paper will demonstrate the phonological data for
explaining the coarticulation effects. It would ultimately become suitable generalization about
the nature of coarticulation in Urdu speech. In a language, sound patterns change phonetically
(synchronically) by changing the context or phonologically (diachronically) by changing the
sounds (Ohala, 1993). This paper investigates the coarticulation by considering (i) the phonetic
variation in different contexts, (ii) various types of coarticulation effects, (iii) contextual
(synchronic) causes and (iv) various strategies for their resolution. This paper has been organized
by following thesubsequent scheme. The previously done research about the coarticulation is
presented in section 2. The used methodology for the resolution of the coarticulation effects have
been given in section 3. Analysis has been done in section 4.Quality assessment for the
coarticulation effects on Urdu speech corpus have been catered in section 5. The current status
for the rate of coarticulation effects in annotated Urdu speech corpus is given in section 6.
Discussion is in section 7 while conclusion has been discussed in section 8.
Key Words: Coarticulation, Speech Corpus, Phonetic Recognizers

1
Department of humanities, University of Management and Technology, Pakistan
E mail: Mahwishfarooq4@gmail.com
2
Department of humanities, government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
E mail: asimrai@gmail.com
3
 Digging Sonic Patterns with Poemage Tool: An Endangered Language

Neelum1

Abstract
A Number of languages and dialects have been spoken in Pakistan including its remote regions
like Kashmir and Northern areas of Pakistan. A majority of these dialects have no composed
structure that is why, it is estimated that more than 40% of these languages will be wiped out in
years to come. Similarly, Shina is an endangered language, spoken in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan
as well as in some parts of Indian occupied Kashmir. Jan Ali is a Pakistani national, a poet and a
singer whose poetry and songs entertain Shina speakers all over the world; but unfortunately,
Shina poetry has been depicted by distortion, jokes, nonsensical and revolting thoughts. This
dissertation aims to provide documentation to an endangered language, as well as, to discover
major themes in Shina poetry, specifically poetry written by Jan Ali. This was a qualitative
research. The author applied poemage tool to analyze the sonic patterns and themes in the
selected songs. The study included five major steps: Firstly, songs were randomly nominated.
Secondly, the songs were written down in Shina script. Thirdly, the songs were romanized.
Fourth step was translation into English and lastly, the songs were analyzed with the help of
poemage tool.
Keywords: Endangered Languages, Poe mage Tool, Hermeneutics, Shina Poetry,Translation

1
Email: neelumasfund.1998@gmail.com
 A Critical Discourse Analysis of Chirstophene as a Sign of Racial Hegemony in Wide
Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys

AasmaIram1, Hurriya Zahra2

Abstract
The study expounds upon “A Critical Discourse Analysis of Chirstophene as a Sign of Racial
Hegemony in Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys”. This study signifies the black potential at the
backdrop of Creole Oriented Caribbean existence. Christophene as a leashed power extends her
commands over her Creole mistress, Antoinette to reduce her as puppet in her omnipotent hands.
This research aims at the excavation of primitive archetypical attitude of a black wedding gift
girl Christophene from her white master Mr. Cosway to his Creole wife Annette firstly as a
servant, and lately as a fate maker of the Cosway posterity. The pivotal focus of this study is to
unveil the assertive existence of Christophene. Her role of a surrogate mother to Antoinette,
complies her necromantic commands to strip down her role as a demi goddess of Jamaica and
Dominica. The Socio-Cognitive theory of Critical Discourse Analysis by Van Dijk (2009) will
be used to analyze the local meanings of text, where many forms of implicit meanings, such as
implications, presuppositions, allusions, vagueness, omissions, etc. are especially interesting,
moreover the analysis of specific linguistic realizations, for example, hyperbolas, litotes,
showing the power and hegemony of Black. This study finds the power positionality of not only
a black: but a woman who is traditionally taken as a sign of submissive weak life over not only
the white, but also onto the male gender for the gratification of her cherished sovereignty. This
study has further implications for the future researchers exploring the power hierarchy of black
amidst the presence of Creoles as well as the white cultures.
Key Words: Creole, Power Positionality, Racial Hegemony, Socio-Cognitive

1
Department of humanities, NUML, Pakistan
Email:Aasma.zirwa@gmail.com
2
Email: hzahra@numl.edu
 Critcal Discourse Analysis of Imran Khan’s Victory Speech after General Election 2018

Abbas Ali1, Dr. Tehseen Zahra2

Abstract
The current paper shows the critical discourse analysis of Imran Khan’s victory speech after
general election 2018. This speech was delivered by him right after the unofficial victory result
announcement of the PTI. According to Orwell (1969), most of the political speeches are
delivered on the purpose of defensing the indefensible. The researcher has taken the theory CDA
of Fairclough (1989) and explained the data in the light of this theory. The English format of
speech was downloaded from the internet for the analysis. Each paragraph was divided and
critical analyzed by the researcher. The analysis shows the future agendas, strategies and policies
of ‘Naya Pakistan’ by Imran Khan. The research aims at to know the Imran Khan’s presentation
of self-image, persuasive strategies, and ideologies to bring change in Pakistan.
Keywords: Critical Discourse Analysis, Political Discourse, Power, Language Game

1
M.phil scholar, Air University Islamabad, Pakistan.
2
Assistant Professor, Air university Islamabad, Pakistan.
 A Humanist Approach To the Psychological fracturing of ‘Womb’ In Toni Morrison’s
Beloved

Farah Shahid1

Abstract
This paper is titled as “A Humanist Approach to the Psychological Fracturing of ‘Womb’ in Toni
Morrison’s Beloved.” The broad range of the paper is aimed to develop the idea of female
agency explored through maternal bonds. With respect to women individuation and self, this
paper will investigate the objectification of ‘womb’ and exploitation of the whole concept of
fertility. As the ability to ‘reproduce’ is the major differentiation between a male and female.
However, my paper will also evaluate the intersection of the role of patriarchal structures in
shaping the psychological as well as physical existence of women. Moreover, the findings will
solely encapsulate the magnitude of psychological fracturing of a female followed by its impact
on the phenomenon of nurturing. Besides this, the contribution made by chauvinism and its
deeper rupturing of the psychological and physical existence of a woman will also be examined.
Lastly, the exploitation of the relation built and nourished through umbilical cord due to external
factors will be observed and explored at large.
Keywords: Female Agency, Womb, Maternity, Umbilical Suffering, Psychological Fracturing,
Women Fertility And Nature.

1
Mphil scholar, Lahore Garrison University.
 A Humanist Approach to the Psychological fracturing of ‘Womb’ in Toni Morrison’s
Beloved

Ms Farah Shahid1, Dr Farrah Fatima2

Abstract
This paper is titled as “A Humanist Approach to the Psychological Fracturing of ‘Womb’ in Toni
Morrison’s Beloved.” The broad range of the paper is aimed to develop the idea of female
agency explored through maternal bonds. With respect to women individuation and self, this
paper will investigate the objectification of ‘womb’ and exploitation of the whole concept of
fertility under the prospect of modernism. As the ability to ‘reproduce’ is the major
differentiation between a male and female. However, my paper will also evaluate the intersection
of the role of patriarchal structures in shaping the psychological as well as physical existence of
women. The objective is to explore and uncover a new dimension to the story in light of which
fracturing of a female’s mind is discussed, beginning from the conception of fetus in her womb
to the time of seeing her part of existence suffering at the hands of the wretched colonizers and
invaders of the oppressed. Moreover, the findings will solely encapsulate the magnitude of
psychological fracturing of a female followed by its impact on the phenomenon of nurturing.
Besides this, the contribution made by chauvinism and its deeper rupturing of the psychological
and physical existence of a woman will be examined. Lastly, the exploitation of the relation built
and nourished through umbilical cord due to external factors will be observed and explored at
large.
Keywords: Female Agency, Womb, Maternity, Umbilical Suffering, Psychological Suffering,
Women fertility, Nature.

1
Mphil scholar, Department of English Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
E-mail farahshahidkhan24@gmail.com
2
Professor, Department of Humanities ,Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
Email:mani.ff323@gmail.com
 Literacy events and literacy practices as discourse: An intersection of class, gender and
literacy

Dr. Snobra Rizwan1

Abstract
This article attempts to examine some of the literacy practices of middle class youth of Pakistan
and determine the relationship between literacy, gender, social class and social practice. Young
men and women of Pakistan acquire multiple literacies depending upon different social
institutions they find themselves in and different discourses they are exposed to during course of
their lives. These social institutions in turn shape their outlook and mould them into desired
individuals. The literacies which have been identified in the current research include school
literacies; home literacies, leisure time literacies, oral literacies, media literacies, and religious
literacies and media literacies. In order to achieve its ends, this research analyzed discourse
samples from the students of the department of English, bahauddin zakariya university, multan
which were collected using qualitative method of open-ended questionnaire. The questionnaire
was conducted with 20 research participants (10 male and 10 female students). The data analysis
was carried out utilizing two theoretical frameworks. First, literacy events and literacy practices
were identified using street’s (1984) autonomous and ideological models of literacy. Second,
fairclough’s model of critical discourse analysis (2001) was utilized to see the intersection of
class, gender and literacy.
Keywords: Multiple Literacies, Time Literacies, Intersection.

1
Assistant Professor, Department of English, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan.
 Acoustic Differences of Voice Onset Time between the Speech of Native Speakers’ English
and Sindhi Speakers’ English

Shafaq Shakeel1, Shahid Hussain2

Abstract
The acoustic features of stop consonants provide an insight into differentiating them from other
languages from the perspective of Voice Onset Time (Kessinger, 1998; Morris et al., 2008). The
current study hypothesized that the articulation of stop consonants in Sindhi accented English is
different from the English spoken by a native speaker. Acoustic cue of Voice Onset Time (VOT)
by Lisker and Abramson in 1964 is considered as the only cue which tells about the voicing
features of stop consonants. Twenty speakers from each language have been selected for the
study and the recorded samples of isolated CV words have been analyzed using computer
software for speech analysis, PRAAT. The current study is based on the Acoustic Theory of
Speech Production: A source Filter Model by Gunnar Fant in 1960. The VOT values of recorded
samples of Sindhi were compared with the standard values of English VOT given by Lisker and
Abramson in 1964. The results of the study indicate the significant differences among both the
languages. Zero VOT has been observed in the voiceless bilabial stop /p/ in Sindhi and voiced
stops sometimes produced with no voicing at all. The findings of the current research will
contribute to speech recognition and speech synthesis process and also it will help English
teachers to consider acoustic features of speech in teaching English pronunciation. In the future,
further research will be conducted by considering other major languages of Pakistan.
Keywords: Voice Onset Time, Acoustic Features, Stop Consonants, Sindhi Accented Speech

1
Email: Shafaqshakeel04@gmail.com
2
Email: Shafaqshakeel04@gmail.com
 Psychoanalysis of the Main Characters of “Kite Runner”

Aiman khan1, Farah Hanif2, AtifaBinte Zia3

Abstract
This paper explains the psychoanalysis of the novel “The Kite Runner” by Khaled Hosseini. This
paper interprets the child development on the major characters of the novel. In this paper, we
explore how character’s psyche is affected by fear, culture, social class, unresolved conflicts,
economic status, absence of female figure, single parenthood and relationships. The novel's
major characters switch at different stages of their lives. KhaledHossaini intends to show the
impact of discrimination made by the society on Hassan. There is variation in Amir’s psyche,
which is due to the redemption, betrayal and his guilt. This whole process is a journey of
psychological growth of Amir. We also illustrate that how the family and social condition of
Amir around him can cause his disloyalty and how it affects the psyche of both Amir and
Hassan. Aseff was considered a psychopath with his reasons that can do the crime to sustain his
self-satisfaction.This paper aims to reveal Hassan’s psyche, Amir’s inner world and Assef brutal
treatment with Hassan to sustain his self-satisfaction.
Keywords: Psychoanalysis, Kite Runner, Society, Culture, Conflict.

1
Research scholar, Institute of Liberal Arts, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Email: 017119019@umt.edu.pk
2
Research scholar, Institute of Liberal Arts, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Email: farah.irfan2004@gmail.com
3
Assistant Professor, Institute of Liberal Arts, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Email:atifa.zia@umt.edu.pk
 Sherman Alexie’s poem ‘What the Orphan Inherits’ as a post colonial projection

Ms Huma Ashraf1

Abstract
This research papers aims to look at the social, political, religious and cultural issues in the
context of Sherman Alexie’s poem ‘What the Orphan Inherits’. Alexie is one of the very well
known post modern authors in America. He is a famous poet among the Native American society
as well as in the whole community for representing the social reality of Natives in the present
era. This paper is segregated into various sections. Each section shows a benchmark of 21st
century social state of the Native Americans in the view of Alexie’s literary writings. It
scrutinizes the poem ‘what the Orphan Inherits’ with a view to present the original picture of
Native Americans in the light of some common issues is including alcoholism, disease, poverty
and racism. The objective of the paper is to highlight the aspects and impacts of colonization on
the lives of Native Americans of the United States of America as depicted in Alexie’s poems.
This research is significant in terms of portraying the realistic picture of modern American
society by focusing on the life style, traditions and cultures of the native Americans.The
qualitative research methodology has been followed to evaluate the text. A critical theory of post
colonialism by Frantz Fanon has been applied for the text analysis, with a purpose to unveil a
subtle literary affinity with Sherma Alexie’s works.
Key words: Alcoholism, Native Americans, Racism, Social Conflicts, Sherman Alexie.

1
 Evaluation of Punjab Education and English Language Initiatives (PEELI) Trainings in
the Context of Kasaur: Trainers Perspective

Malik Allah Dad1

Abstract
This research study was designed to evaluate Punjab Education and English language Initiatives
(PEELI). The trainers were selected and trained by the British Council to train the trainees from
teachers to officers whether in service or newly inducted.This research was based on three
objectives.First objective isto find out the competence of the trainers of this programme,
secondobjective is to evaluate the content of this training and third objective is to evaluatethe
teaching techniques of the trainers. This research was based on three research questions: “Are the
trainers of this programme competent?”, “Are the modules of the training properly designed?”
and “Are the teaching techniques of the trainers suitable for this programme?” Self-designed
questionnaire by applying likert-scale was developed comprising of twenty one questions. The
researcher used stratified strategies of random sampling type of probability and SPSSwas used
for statistical analysis. Data was collected from 25 respondents as sample from the population of
Kasur, for this study. Collected data was tested and analyzed with the help of SPSS. The results
proved that the trainers are competent, content of training is up to date and designed after need
analysis, and the teaching techniques of the trainers are up to the mark. The findings of the
present research recommend that by increasing the size of the sample, better results can be
achieved for the future researches.
Keywords: English language Initiatives; Evaluation; Punjab Education; PEELI; Trainers
perspective

1
Ph.D. Scholar, visiting faculty, University of Punjab, Pakistan
E-Mail: malikallahdad13@gmail.com
 Texting Influence on Students’ Writing Skills: An Impact of Social Media Language

Anum karim1

Abstract
This study aims to explore and uncover the impact of texting on academic writing of students
with special focus on usage texism. The current study focuses on two objectives that concentrate
on the impact of texting through the perception of students and as per teachers’ views. The
sample population of this study is 30 students of BS Level and 30 teachers and the tools of data
collection are questionnaires and worksheets (from students) and interviews (from teachers). The
study has followed the theoretical perspective of low road/high road Transfer of Situated
Learning by Perkins and Salomon (1992). This theory helps to understand the relationship
between the use of texism and students’ writing skills in a better way. The theory is interpreted in
two different ways low road (negative transfer) and high road (positive transfer) where learning
in one context enriches and in other damages. The perspective chosen and applied on our study is
of low road which shows how texism is hindering formal writings. The key findings of the
proposed study have shown that when students were given different options in worksheet they
opted the right spelling but when they were assigned a writing task almost majority of the
students were unable to write the correct spellings. Therefore, the results show that texism has
clearly a detrimental effect on writing skills of students and they commit spelling mistakes.
Keywords: Academic Writing, Perception, Texism, Texting, Writing skills

1
Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
 Capitalism, New Materialism, and Posthumanism in Don DeLillo’s Cosmopolis

Syeda Saba Zahra1, Atifa Binth e Zia2, Mahrukh Masood3

Abstract
This research paper tends to explore the questions that are raised when posthumanism and new
materialism engage with feminist, anti-capitalist, anti-racist, and trans-activism using Don
Delilo’s Cosmopolis. Posthumanism is the study that compels us to rethink and redefine our
understanding of the term ‘humanism’. According to humanism what distinguishes human
beings from machines, animals and other non-human entities is that human beings occupy a
natural space, they are exceptional, central and essential to the world. Posthumanism disagrees
with this notion and challenges man’s authority as the privileged being in the world. Althusser
wrote in For Marx that “the myth of Man is reduced to ashes by the mature science of historical
materialism” (Althusser 229). Posthumanism argues that the human being of twenty first century
is no different from animals, machines and other non-human entities. This paper also explores
the aspects of capitalism and anti-capitalism in Delilo’s Cosmopolis with the help of Karl Marx’s
theories of “The Working-Day” and “The Communist Manifesto” Technology, advancement,
and science have turned human beings into mere machines struggling for a future that
overshadows their present. Constant fear of an unpredictable future gives birth to existentialist
crisis and the protagonist of Cosmopolis suffers from sleeplessness, wariness, boredom and
extreme loneliness.
Keywords: Post-humanism, Colonialism, Materialism, Capitalism, Existential Crisis

1
Lecturer, institute of Liberal Arts University of Management and Technology, Pakistan
Email: saba.zahra@umt.edu.pk
2
Lecturer, institute of Liberal Arts University of Management and Technology, Pakistan
Email: atifa.zia@umt.edu.pk
3
Lecturer, institute of Liberal Arts University of Management and Technology, Pakistan
Email: mahrukh.masood@umt.edu.pk
 “Negotiation of difference”: A Study of the English Translations of Ghalib’s Urdu Ghazal

Dr. Muhammad Asif Khan1

Abstract
The present is a study in the domain of translation studies. The translation of poetry from one
language to another has always posed a great challenge to translators. The translation of Urdu
ghazal into the English language is a special case in this connection. The ghazal is a well known
genre of Urdu poetry with unique features of form and thematic associations. That is why
nothing like the ghazal is to be found in English literature. Ghalib is one of the greatest writers of
ghazal in the Urdu language. Ghalib’s Urdu ghazals have been translated by several translators.
They include translators from the Sub-continent, England and America. The present study is an
effort to evaluate the performance of six translators who rendered a particular ghazal of Ghalib in
the English language. Their translations have been analyzed on the basis of three research
questions which encompass the aspects of form, type of translation and the poetic appeal. The
study offers useful insights into the translation of Ghalib’s Urdu poetry into the English
language.
Keywords: Ghalib, literal translation, poetic form, sense-for-sense translation, translation
studies, Urdu ghazal.

1
Assistant Professor, Department of English, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Email: asif.khan@iub.edu.pk
 Was there really the American Dream in Postmodern America?: Critique on the reality of
the American Dream with reference to Edward Albee’s the American Dream and the
Sandbox

Faiza Zaheer1

Abstract
This paper aims to explore the failure of the American Dream that has turned into nightmare.
The researcher critically analyzes Edward Albee’s The American Dream and The Sandbox and
explores different aspects and dimensions of American Dream as envisaged by the older
generation as well as the new American Dream based on materialism, greed and utilitarianism
and indifference to filial and human bonds. Albee’s world of drama presents post war and
postmodern American society which is shattered and disintegrated socially, politically and
psychologically. This research focuses on the American society portrayed by Albee and attempts
to investigate the disparity, insensitivity and the spiritual death among different classes in
postmodern American society. The dream of liberty, equality and the pursuit of happiness have
been turned into a dreadful reality that has forced American people escapists. In this research, the
comprehensive study of Albee’s The American Dream and The Sandbox is an attempt to explore
the degeneration and collapse of family life and its impact on American society. This paper puts
special emphasis on the failure of language to communicate meaningfully and significantly. This
paper highlights on how Albee uses the language to deconstruct the idea of American Dream and
how he portrays the deterioration, disintegration and bleakness of postmodern American society.
Keywords: American Dream, Disparity, Spiritual Death, Disintegration, Postmodern America.

1
Assistant Professor, Department of English Language & Literature, Forman Christian College University, Pakistan
 Forgiveness as Desire to Unleash the Myth of Honor Killing in A Girl in the River: The
Price of Forgiveness by Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy

Farrukh Hameed1, Hafiz Kamran Farooqi2, Muhammad Salman3

Abstract
The study investigates forgiveness as desire to unleash the myth of honor killing
throughSharmeen Obaid Chinoy’s documentary A Girl in the River: The Price of Forgiveness.
Moreover, it highlights Lacanian concept of desire reflected through the decisions of the main
characters of the documentary. Additionally, it discusses the construction and deconstruction of
myth of honor killing through the insights of Roland Barthes. Chinoy has won many national and
international awards including Oscar. She has discussed the sensitive issue of honor killing in the
selected documentary. The research focuses the phenomenon that honor killing cannot be
resolved without eliminating forgiveness. Italso brings into light that social pressures are also
contributing in increasing honor killing which convertpeopleinto puppet. In addition, it claims
that honor killing cannot be associated with Islam and particularly with Pakistan as it has pre-
Islamic history.
Keywords:Honor Killing, Sharmeen Obaid Chinoy, Lacan, Objet a, Barthes, Myth

1
Phd scholar, GIFT University, Gujranwala, Pakistan
2
PhD scholar, GIFT University, Gujranwala, Pakistan
3
MPhil scholar, GIFT University, Gujranwala, Pakistan
 Language Practices of English Language Teachers at Secondary Level: A Comparative
Study of Public and Private Schools in Lahore, Pakistan

Farzana khan1, Iqra Rasool2

Abstract
This study aims at exploring the English language teaching practices of the teachers and
comparing the role of teachers in developing the linguistic construction of the students of public
and private schools of Lahore, Pakistan. Furthermore, it explores the major factors which are
contributing to create an uncomfortable linguistic environment in the government and private
schools. The study employs a qualitative research method to find the ELT practices in the
schools. By employing Purposive sampling technique, the data was collected from 8 English
language teachers of private and 8 English language teachers of government schools. The
interviews were taken from 3 teachers of government and 3 teachers of private schools. 5
teachers of government and 5 of private schools were observed. Thematic analysis of the
collected data revealed evident differences in the teaching practices of government and private
teachers in terms of their teaching approach, competency, and techniques. Teachers of
government schools were practicing the traditional teaching methods; they were having below
average linguistic competency; they were not concerned about diverse learning styles as
compared to the private schools, which have been the main reason for poor spoken skills of the
students of government schools. The study further concluded that teachers’ low communicative
skills in both government and private schools have exacerbated the situation.The findings
suggest that the Punjab Education system should bring uniformity in the curriculum and teaching
practices of the government and private schools.
Keywords: Teaching Practices, English Language Teachers, Public and Private Schools.

1
Lecturer of English Language, University of south Asia, Lahore, Pakistan.
Email. Mis.khan5051@gmail.com
2
Research Scholar, University of Lahore, Pakistan
Email. Iqrarasool6@gmail.com
 Ideological Resistance as a Colonized Subject in R.K Narayan’s The English Teacher

Hafiz Kamran Farooqi1, Dr.Muhammad Ajmad khan2

Abstract
The article investigates the ideological resistance in The English Teacher by R.K Narayan. It
shed lights on discourse of ‘literary curriculum’ in the sub-continent that reveals a colonized
subject is used as an imperial tool in order to propagate English literary canon as a ‘mask’ to
exploit the natives at cultural, economic and social level. This study argues that an English
teacher (colonized subject) is instructed, suppressed and forced to take English as a medium to
entertain the imperial interests of the British colonial Administrators in the selected text. In this
way, colonial masters bring English literature as ally in maintaining control of the natives under
the guise of liberal education. The study takes insight from a Viswanathan’s Masks of Conquest:
Literary Study and British Rule in India (1989) as a theoretical framework for the interpretation
of the text. The purpose of Viswanathan is to unveil cultural, social and economic exploitation of
the natives through literary curriculum of English literature in sub-continent. In this connection,
R.K. Narayan has made an effort to produce ideological resistance through the description of
Krishnan in the selected text.
Keywords: Discourse, English literature, Exploitation, Gauri Viswanathan.

1
PhD Scholar, GIFT University, Gujranwala, Pakistan
Email: Kamranfarooqi10@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor, GIFT University, Gujranwala, Pakistan
 Major problems causing the devolution of interest in English Literature among the
undergraduate students of English Studies.

Hafsa Nazir1,Gul e Zahra2

Abstract
The lack of focus on literary facets of a Language had lead nations crumbling down. In the last
few globalizing decades the disintegration ofnon-STEM subjects has become a universal
phenomenon due to which, according to ADE 2016-17 reports, Departments of English all over
the world have faced, since 2012, a decline in enrolments by 20%. “I have become convinced
that there may be existence (without Literature), but there cannot really be life. It may be that the
more stodgy a student is, the more he needs literature… A complex world calls for skills, but it
also calls for wisdom and judgment”. Hence, through the survey-research method, this paper
detects and analyses the major reasons for the devolution of students’ interest in English
Literature as an academic discipline. Using student-questionnaires and class-observation, as
survey-tools, a sample of 60 students were queried and 6 classes were evaluated in private-sector
universities. Conclusively, this study calls for reformation of English-Literature courses to beget
students’ interest, and eradication of the problems on an institutional level.
Keyword: Literary Facets, Devolution of language

1
Research Scholar, Jinnah University for women, Pakistan
Email: Hafsaaries97@gmail.com
2
Research supervisor, Jinnah University for women, Pakistan
 A Critical Discourse Analysis of Chirstophene as a Sign of Racial Hegemony in Wide
Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys

Asma Iram1, Hurriya Zahra2

Abstract
The study expounds upon “A Critical Discourse Analysis of Chirstophene as a Sign of Racial
Hegemony in Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys”. This study signifies the black potential at the
backdrop of Creole Oriented Caribbean existence. Christophene as a leashed power extends her
commands over her Creole mistress, Antoinette to reduce her as puppet in her omnipotent hands.
This research aims at the excavation of primitive archetypical attitude of a black wedding gift
girl Christophene from her white master Mr Cosway to his Creole wife Annette firstly as a
servant, and lately as a fate maker of the Cosway posterity. She projects her paranormal practices
of Obeah to conjure unpredictable emotions of those she fixes to do. The pivotal focus of this
study is to unveil the assertive existence of Christophene, a single maiden; mothered with three
kids from three different men outside the marital bond for showcasing her liberty and strength
beyond any masculine mastery. Her role of a surrogate mother to Antoinette complies her
necromantic commands to strip down her role as a demi goddess of Jamaica and Dominica. The
Socio-Cognitive theory of Critical Discourse Analysis by Van Dijk (2009) will be applied as a
frame work to carry out this research. This study finds the power positionality of not only a
black: but a woman who is traditionally taken as a sign of submissive weak life over not only the
white, but also onto themale gender for the gratification of her cherished sovereignty. This study
has further implications for the future researchers exploring the power hierarchy of black amidst
the presence of Creoles as well as the white cultures.
Key Words: Creole, racial hegemony, socio-cognitive, power positionality

1
NUML University, Lahore, Pakistan
2
NUML University, Lahore, Pakistan
 Internet Based Tools for Improving Socio-Linguistic Competence in CALL Classroom at
NUML

IramShehzadi Sabir1, Dr Ansa Hameed2

Abstract
This research is in the language teaching area and basically concerned with improving learner’s
Socio-Linguistic Competence through the use of computers and Internet which is commonly
known as Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL). Socio- Linguistic competence usually
means the knowledge and ability to use appropriate language skills in a given social context.
Using well-structured and appropriate language in the right social context has always been a
problem for second language learners and especially for English learners in Pakistan. One of the
basic reasons is that they are unable to interpret the sentence in the target language properly
which is most of the time misleading. On the other hand Computer Assisted Language Learning
materials use authentic as well as real life situations to improve students Socio-Linguistic
competence through making learners interact with native English speakers, by listening to
authentic dialogue and then responding to it, by reading authentic material close to social life and
then responding to it either orally or in the written form etc. Many language teachers in Pakistan
have started using computers and internet in their classroom for the sake of improving learners’
language skills and some are even using it just to make class interesting and motivating for them.
But it is very rare that teachers use computers and online activities for the purpose of improving
language generally and specifically how to use appropriate language in a given social context.
Unfortunately still the teachers prefer traditional classroom practice over CALL as a result of
which the classroom becomes autonomous and boring. The present research and presentation
will prove that CALL helps in learning target language which is both interesting and long lasting.
Keywords: Internet Based Tools, Socio-Linguistic Competence, Computer Assisted Language
Learning (CALL)

1
English Lecturer, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan
Email: Iram.hs.numl@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan
 Difficulties of Learning English Language at the Matric level : A Case Study of
Government High School Faisalabad(Pakistan).

Kiran Fatima1, Umar Farooq Akram2

Abstract
The purpose of the research to look at to investigate the complications of learning English among
the metric level students of Govt M.C higher secondary school Faisalabad under Govt of Punjab.
Many students do not get standard education due to financial issues lack of multimedia teaching
and learning system. Inappropriate language material. Inappropriate cultural representation and
inappropriate representation of language skill that two are receptive and two are productive. It’s
major focus to stimulate the young learner so that they can be able to develop basic knowledge
despite depriving of ultra-modern facilities. For this purpose, 15 questions containing
questionnaire is created for 50 students to find out the appropriate answers. The research is based
on qualitative method and questionnaire process. In this qualitative method data is collected from
the male learner who are learning English as a second language. Students responded that they are
weak in writing, listening speaking and vocabulary and after the research recommendations and
suggestions this study will show new dimensions to students and teachers.
Keywords: English language, language skills, cultural representation, matric class learner,
Government school.

1
Email: kiranfatima0301@gmail.com
2
Email: Omarfarooq091@gmail.com
 Language Shift from Mother Tongue to Other Tongue: A Socio-linguistic Perspective

Muhammad Akram1, Anser Mahmood2

Abstract
Language shifting is an unavoidable phenomenon. The present study aims to investigate the
process of language shift from mother tongue (Punjabi) to other tongue (English/Urdu) from a
sociolinguistics perspective. This study explores elements of destabilizing of Punjabi language in
Pakistan, and causes of dominating language shifting from mother tongue to other tongue using
triangulation technique. This process of language shift is quite evident in our social interaction
and communication. This rapid process of language shift poses a threat to the existence of
Punjabi in the local social context. This study identifies the obvious reasons of this language shift
and changing attitudes of language community. Triangulation (Questionnaires from n=97 and In-
depth interviews from n=5) was utilized for the sake of observing the causes and reasons of
language shift from the mother tongue to the other tongue. This study involves 97 participants
from two age groups i.e. old and young. A questionnaire as a research tool was designed to
collect data from the participants of the study. The findings of the study indicate that social
prestige and pragmatic utility are the major elements that cause a change in the attitudes of
language community and there occurs language shift from mother tongue to other tongue. The
study recommends that awareness must be given in order to avoid or at least minimize this
language shift.
Keywords: English, Language and power, Language shift, Punjabi, Social Prestige

1
Associate Professor of English, Govt. Postgraduate College Burewala
Email: drmuhammadakram80@gmail.com
2
HoD, Department of English, University of Lahore, Sargodha Campus, Sargodha
Email: anser.mahmood@ell.uol.edu.pk
 The Yellow Wallpaper: A Psychoanalytical parallelism between character and the author

M. Mohsin Manzoor1

Abstract
A literary work always carries the impression of its author. Every piece of writing reveals
something very essential about the person who creates it. However some works of literature are
considered to be autobiographical sketches of their authors. The Yellow Wallpaper was written
by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and this literary work has strong resemblance with her life.
Similarities between Charlotte’s life and the protagonist of the story are very evident. Protagonist
suffers from depression after giving birth to a child and she is on the rest cure. Charlotte Perkin
Gilman also suffered from the same kind of depression and she was advised the similar cure by
the Doctor. If literature is the expression of life then can’t the authors reflect the glimpses of their
lives through the characters? Can’t the mental agonies of the characters, be the mental agonies of
those people who create them? It can be observed that each and every thought of the narrator in
the story is actually the thinking pattern of Charlotte. This story has been open to many
interpretations but I want to interpret it through psychoanalysis. I intend to explore the
similarities between Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the protagonist of this story on the basis of
psychoanalytic theory.
Keywords: Psychoanalytical parallelism, autobiographical sketches, depression, mental agonies,
thinking pattern.

1
Lecturer, Department of English, FC College University, Lahore, Pakistan
 Dynamics of Surveillance and Discovery of Self in Musharraf Ali Farooqi’s The Story of a
Widow

Momal Zahra1

Abstract
This qualitative research identifies Foucault’s idea of panoptical surveillance (1997) based on
Jeremy Bentham’s ideal prison in The Story of a Widow by Musharraf Ali Farooqi. Research
draws parallel between ‘panopticon’ and societal surveillance which is in the form of traditions,
norms, male gaze and resistance strategies and traces behaviour of characters in response to
surveillance. The character of novel’s protagonist – Mona is particularly analyzed through
panoptic lens of theory. This study traces notion of “ideology” and “interpellation” from
Althusser’s essay “Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses” (1971) in order to depict
struggle of Mona against ideological surveillance. Social ideologies form identity of individuals
and thrust their power and subjection on Mona who in turn fights for creating her own identity.
The research endeavours to explore struggle of women in finding ‘Self’ under societal
surveillance and ideologies which hail people as ‘subjects’. It also aims to study whether it is
possible for a woman to attain self-satisfaction by rebelling against prevailing societal notions
which act as hurdle in practicing their rights or not. This research will further help to discover
dynamics of power and authority for both genders and shall establish humanistic approach of
gender equality. It will aid in inculcating the notion that societal surveillance should be
beneficial for growth of all individuals rather than restricting the autonomy of some (women) in
society which leads to social unrest.
Keywords: ideology, interpellation, panopticon, resistance, surveillance

Scholar MPhil English Literature, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan
1

Email: momalz110@gmail.com
 An Analysis of Significant Role of Technology in Education and Potentiality of Digital
Tools in Enhancing Literacy in Pakistan

Nadir Ali Mugheri1

Abstract
The word “Literacy” has stayed alive for decades with an unchanged meaning, connotation, use,
orientation and objectives. Its definition largely rests upon the teaching and learning of two basic
skills: reading and writing and a brief knowledge of arithmetic. The awe-inspiring emergence
and rife existence of digital tools, screen literature and digital media has significantly reshaped
the concept of learning and the definition of literacy, the academicians all over the world are
attempting to examine and if need be, redefine the term literacy in view of digital technology.
This study was undertaken to evaluate the scope, role and influence of technology in the context
of Pakistan. The data was collected from the students of English Linguistics studying at four
leading Universities of Pakistan including University of Sindh, Jamshoro, University of Karachi,
Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur and Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto University, Nawabshah by
applying random sampling technique. The data was processed through descriptive and inferential
statistics, and the results were drawn on the basis of achieved statistics. The results reveal that
students of English Linguistics in all four varsities are fast adopting digital technology
mode/form of literacy. The findings show that more than 90% students use digital media. 80%
students use digital tools for research and information. Only 10% students use technology for
editing and proofreading. It was also learnt from the findings that despite overwhelming use of
digital form of literacy by the individual youth population in Pakistan, there is however; a
significant need for the academic and other professional institutions also to adopt this innovative,
current and popularly proliferating form of literacy.
Keywords: Literacy, New Literacy, Multimodal Literacy, Digital, Reading, Writing,

1
Email: nadirmugheri@yahoo.com
 A Corpus-Assisted Study of Conjunction Devices in Pakistani Elite English Newspaper

Ms. Sadia Rafique1, Syeda Iqra Amjad2

Abstract
This research study seeks to analyze the logical connectors and cohesive devices in Pakistani
elite English print media as cohesive devices grasp more attention of readers in the text. This
study is quantitatively designed on the Halliday and Hassan’s cohesion framework (1976). The
significance of this study is to familiarize the reader with cohesive devices and apprise about the
coherence and comprehensiveness in newspaper articles through conjunctions. The present
research interrogates the occurrences and frequencies of four different kinds of conjunction
devices (additive, adversative, causal and temporal) in two leading Pakistani English newspaper,
The Dawn and The News from March to December (2019). The one of significant objectives of
this study is to identify the four kinds of conjunction devices which are used by the newspaper
article writers and other one is to explore frequency of these four kinds of conjunction devices in
Pakistani English newspaper articles. Likewise the objectives, two main questions are, which
kind of conjunction device has the largest and lowest frequencies? And how frequently have
conjunctions been used in Pakistani English newspaper? For this purpose, corpus of five hundred
articles is sampled through Laurence Anthony’s AntConc tool kit 3.5.8.0. The analysis
deliberately explains that additive conjunction “and” has the largest frequency with 5882
occurrences, wherein causal conjunctions “hence”, “if” and “firstly” from temporal conjunction
have lowest one with 563 occurrences. The immensity of cohesive devices are used for
uniformity, regularity, clarity and logicality as well. The future studies can analyze the coherence
in these news articles through cohesive devices.
Keywords: Cohesion, Coherence, Conjunction devices, Corpus, Pakistani English newspaper.

1
Assistant Professor, Department of English Literature & Linguistics, National University of Modern languages,
Lahore Campus, Pakistan
Email: sadiarafique11@gmail.com
2
Research scholar, NUML, Pakistan
Email: iqratirmazi786@gmail.com
 Move Analysis of Conclusion Section of Pakistani and English Research Articles

Sadiah Yasmeen1, Nimra Khalid2, Dr. Farzana Masroor3

Abstract
Research article is an academic genre that follows particular rhetorical pattern. Conclusion
section, being a sub-genre, deploys certain organizational pattern. This study aims to investigate
move analysis of conclusion section of Pakistani and English research articles. The paper focuses
on capturing the variations in organizational pattern followed by Pakistani and English
researchers in conclusion section of research articles. The data consists of 30 research articles: 15
Pakistani research articles and 15 English research articles. The category specified is linguists
and Applied Linguistics. The data analysing tool is Yang & Allison's (2003) Conclusion model.
The model offers three moves scheme along with steps. Summary, evaluation and deductions
from the research are the moves in model. The findings reveal variations in move patterns of
different articles. Pakistani research articles’ conclusion sections are highly conventionalized and
English researchers deviate from moves and steps and manipulate language as some other
features are observed in their articles. This study has pedagogical importance for teachers in
Pakistan. It will help them to teach academic writing according to organizational and rhetorical
patterns accepted by international discourse communities regarding conclusion section of
research articles.
Keywords: conclusion section, Pakistani and English research articles, moves and steps,
organizational pattern

1
Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Email: sadiayasmeen060@gmail.com
2
Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Email: nimrakhalid34@gmail.com
3
Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
 Internet Based Tools for Improving Socio-Linguistic Competence in CALL Classroom at
NUML

Iram Shehzadi Sabir1, Dr Ansa Hameed2

Abstract
This research is in the language teaching area and basically concerned with improving learner’s
Socio-Linguistic Competence through the use of computers and Internet which is commonly
known as Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL). Socio- Linguistic competence usually
means the knowledge and ability to use appropriate language skills in a given social context.
Using well-structured and appropriate language in the right social context has always been a
problem for second language learners and especially for English learners in Pakistan. One of the
basic reasons is that they are unable to interpret the sentence in the target language properly
which is most of the time misleading. On the other hand Computer Assisted Language Learning
materials use authentic as well as real life situations to improve students Socio-Linguistic
competence through making learners interact with native English speakers, by listening to
authentic dialogue and then responding to it, by reading authentic material close to social life and
then responding to it either orally or in the written form etc. Many language teachers in Pakistan
have started using computers and internet in their classroom for the sake of improving learners’
language skills and some are even using it just to make class interesting and motivating for them.
But it is very rare that teachers use computers and online activities for the purpose of improving
language generally and specifically how to use appropriate language in a given social context.
Unfortunately still the teachers prefer traditional classroom practice over CALL as a result of
which the classroom becomes autonomous and boring. The present research and presentation
will prove that CALL helps in learning target language which is both interesting and long lasting.
Keywords: Internet Based Tools, Socio-Linguistic Competence, Computer Assisted Language
Learning (CALL)

1
English Lecturer, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan
Email: iram.gs.numl@gmail.com.
2
Assistant Professor, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan
 The Current Relevance of Western Modernist Literature: Some Thoughts on the
Contemporaneity of Old Theoretical Relations

Muhammad Furqan Tanvir1

Abstract
This paper aims at reviewing how far it is possible for a contemporary literary critic to situate
high modernism in a chronological order and assign it to the dated category of the past. Drawing
on philosophers like Charles Taylor who reinforced our debt to “the old vocabularies” of the
Enlightenment and Romanticism at the end of the twentieth century, and literary critics like Kate
Mitchell who have considered in detailed the role of “memory texts” in shaping the
contemporary literary cultural sensibility, this paper argues for the abiding relevance of notions
in creative and critical writing that are frequently considered as the hallmark of the age of the
World Wars even though their roots can mostly be traced back to earlier ages. It will further be
argued that while departure from tradition has been widely accepted as the ruling spirit of
contemporary literature, it is impossible to assess this thought-current adequately without a full
recognition of reinventions of older terminologies. For example, temporal ambiguities inherent
in the very lexicology of terms like postcolonialism and postmodernism illustrate a dialectical
movement towards the past and the future. This paper is likely to draw attention to the underside
of the unrelenting focus of Pakistani literary academic research on locating “new canvas” and, as
such, reinvigorate, after a century, T. S. Eliot’s argument for blending tradition with innovation.

Keywords: Chronology, dialectical thought, modernism, reinvention, temporality

Assistant Professor, Department of English and Literary Studies, Institute of Liberal Arts, University of
1

Management and Technology, Lahore

Email: furqan.tanvir@umt.edu.pk
Attitude among Pakistani Undergraduate Engineering Students towards English Language
Learning: A Case Study

Quratulain Talpur1, Sajid Ali2, Junaid Ahmed Talpur3

Abstract
There are multiple factors that contribute effectively in learning English language. Among those,
Attitude for learning English language plays a very significant role to make students more
autonomous learners. A quantitative research design was used and in total 170 undergraduate
engineering students (N= 170) of MUET, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Campus Khairpur took
part in the research investigation. This study examined undergraduate students’ attitude for
learning English as a foreign language. Besides, gender differences were also investigated in
language learning process. For data collection, the questionnaire of Abidin, et al. (2012)
regarding Attitude was administered comprising of 30 items. However, Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (23.0 version) was employed for data analysis. The findings exhibited that
undergraduate engineering students possess positive attitude for learning English language.
Further, female learners attitude for English was higher as compare to their male counterparts.
However, it is recommended that language teachers should encourage undergraduate language
learners towards language learning, value students’ attitude in language learning process and
help them to change misconceptions of students regarding English language learning.
Keywords: Attitude, English as a Foreign Language, Undergraduate Engineering Students,
Gender.

1
Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Sciences & Related Studies, Mehran University of Engineering and
Technology, SZAB Campus, Khairpur
E-mail: quratulain@muetkhp.edu.pk
2
Lecturer, Department of Basic Sciences & Related Studies, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology,
SZAB Campus, Khairpur.
E-mail: sajid.manik@gmail.com
3
MS Scholar, English Language & Development Centre, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology,
Jamshoro
E-mail: talpurjunaid3@gmail.com
 Contriving an Individual Identity through Nietzsche’s Perceptual Relativism in Bilal
Tanweer’s The Scatter Here is Too Great

Ms. Qurat ul Ain Khalil1

Abstract
The study is titled as Contriving an Individual Identity through Nietzsche’s Perceptual
Relativism in Bilal Tanweer’s The Scatter Here Is Too Great. The motivation behind this study
is to contribute to the scarcity of criticism available on modern Pakistani fiction in English. The
study aims to highlight the shift Pakistani literature has taken through Bilal Tanweer’s novel. It
also aims to explore how Pakistani fiction in English is working towards reformation of an
identity by voicing their local concerns. The objective is to analyze the narrative structure of the
novel; its thematic construction and characterization and foregrounds how Tanweer’s novel is a
fiction of resistance, framing an identity of its own. Tanweer’s novel focuses on narrating issues
that are indigenous to Pakistan. The research gap explores of the novel through the theoretical
framework of post-colonialism while drawing upon Nietzsche’s concept of perceptual relativism;
opening up a new dimension for academic interdisciplinary study of the novel under discussion
as no prior study has been conducted on this novel. The research is concluded by evaluating that
the approach undertaken by Tanweer makes his novel a de-colonized text.
Keywords: Fragmented, non-conformist, multi-voiced, reformulation, resistance

Department of English Literature, Kinnaird College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
1

Email: qurat.khalil@gmail.com
 A Linguistic Study of Grammatical Errors in the Writing of Pakistani College Students

Sajid Ali1, Quratulain Talpur2, Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Shah3

Abstract
English language enjoys a great importance as the official language of Pakistan. Hence, it is
taught to the students from the 1st grade. Yet, the required level of language competence has not
been achieved. This problem remains constant due to several types of issues in English language
teaching and learning methods. In order to diagnose and resolve such issues, many research
contributions are made. Error analysis is considered one of the major diagnostic measures in the
process of second language acquisition. The current study is carried out firstly, to examine the
mistakes in English language made by 11th (HSC-I) and 12th grade ((HSC-II) students in their
writing and secondly, to recommend important measures to improve English language teaching
and learning process at college level. The mistakes made by the students were categorized
accordingly for their better understanding with reference to the causing factors. The data,
through essay writing competition, was collected from 150 students studying in different
colleges of upper part of Sindh province. The collected data were analyzed on the basis of
Corder’s Error Analysis Model (Corder, 1967). The study concluded that college students make
more mistakes in the use of tenses, subject-verb agreement, articles and prepositions than in
singular/plural forms, verbs, pronouns, and spellings.
Keywords: English Language Teaching and Learning, Second Language Acquisition, Error
Analysis, Essay Writing

1
Lecturer, Department of Basic Sciences & Related Studies, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology,
SZAB Campus, Khairpur.
Email: sajid.manik@gmail.com
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Basic Sciences & Related Studies, Mehran University of Engineering and
Technology, SZAB Campus, Khairpur.
Email: quratulain@muetkhp.edu.pk
3
Professor, Institute of English Language and Literature, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur
Email: zulfiqar.shah@salu.edu.pk
 Exploring trauma and social inequality in Brown’s Drinking From A Bitter Cup

Sara Shahbaz1

Abstract
The literary works can be seen as a site for representing traumatic experiences and its
consequences on individuals. The present study attempts to explore the traumatized
consciousness of ten years old black girl, Sylvia in Brown’s Drinking From A Bitter Cup (2014).
The ground-breaking implications of Salmona’s work (2013) explaining traumatic memory and
linking it to gender inequality and Balaev’s concepts of trauma (2014) are explored and used for
literary analysis. The findings indicate that Sylvia the protagonist of the novel is a literary
incarnation of social inequality and traumatization. As a result of the traumatic experiences in
life, she suffers from Stockholm syndrome when sexually molested by Uncle Charles. The study
also sheds light on the inner psychological state of Sylvia as a result of suffering, humiliation and
trauma. For example, after the death of her father she was unable to differentiate this horrible
reality from dream. However, by the end of the narrative she somehow recovers and accepts her
baby with love for her psychological well-being. The character of Sylvia is an emblem of
sufferings, humiliation, traumatization but survival as well. The novel unravels the individual
and social tragedy that how society fails to protect women and children from sexual abuse and
other atrocities.
Keywords: Psychological state, social inequality, trauma

The Women University Multan

1

Email: saras.wum11@gmail.com
A Case Study of Argumentative Genre at clause level: Functional Linguistic
Analysis

Mr. Shahbaz Haider1, Ms. Ayesha Asghar Gil2

Abstract
Academic argumentation needs the complex interaction between cognitive and linguistic
competence to achieve social purpose: persuasion. This research aims to investigate the
differences in the perception of argumentation through organization and packing of information
in the expository essays written by the students of English Native Learner (ENL) and English
Second Language Learner (ELL). This work is a case study to compare two analytical expository
essays: one of ENL and other of ELL drawn from International Corpus Network of Asian
Learners of English (ICNALE) with reference to linguistic differences in the construction of an
essay. The researcher used Hyland’s model of analytical expository essay as a reference for
minute functional linguistic analysis of all stages and phases by using three metafunctions:
ideational, interpersonal and textual metafunction based on Systemic Functional Linguistics
(SFL) framework for academic writing of analytical argumentative genre. The results
demonstrate that ENL employed transitivity, interpersonal and textual resources more efficiently
as compared to ESL learner in order to support their stance through cause-effect relationships,
negotiation of probability of a position for persuasion, and maintenance of discoursal coherence
throughout essay. Pedagogically, this work recommends genre analysis as a tool to identify
strengths and weaknesses of ELLs’ essay writing to improve the argumentative essay writing of
student.
Keywords: Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), Register Variables, Argumentative Writing,
Transitivity Metafunctional, Interpersonal Metafunction and Textual Metafunction

1
M.Phil. Scholar, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
E-mail: shahbazhaider@gmail.com
2
Lecturer, PhD Scholar, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad ,Pakistan
Email:ayesha.auaf@yahoo.com
 Synergizing Critical and Corpus Based Approaches in Studying Pakistani Lawn Fashion
Discourse

Sufia Maroof1

Abstract
The paper analyses the emerging discursive practices of Pakistani fashion discourse produced by
female apparel brands (delimited to lawn collections only) and interpolative role of language not
only in defining Pakistani feminine fashion reality but also fabricating the verbatim in
constructing the brand positioning among female consumers. The study examines the social
media verbal representation of apparel industry in Pakistani for which it delimits itself to female
eastern wear apparel specifically branded and designer lawn only. The paper draws its
framework from Roland Barthes’ theory of fashion system (Barthes's systeme de La Mode) that
describes the duality of fashion rhetoric to be reflexive and referential simultaneously(Barthes,
2013). I built a specific corpus after observing Instagram posts of eight highly followed brands to
define the rhetoric of Pakistani apparel fashion brands and the counter hegemonic discourse of
bloggers and fashion writers published online commenting on these designer lawn collections.
The linguistic analysis of this corpus reveals the functional and rhetorical components of these
posts. AntConc is used for corpus analysis of concordances, collocates and key words in context
(KWIC). The findings reveal that in Pakistan lawn is not a mere comfortable clothing fabric to
fight the soaring temperature in the hottest summer when temperature escalates up to 48 °C
rather in summer another war is wagged between the designers launching heavily embellished
expensive collections with foreign destination shoots. KWIC list of top 50 words include lawn,
design*, collection*, embroidery*, store*, fashion, festive, luxe but excludes comfort* and
simple* that reflect the emerging discourse of luxury collection of heavily embroidered designer
lawn. Verbal structure has been constructing a rhetoric in order to make a product more
fashionable than it is.
Keywords: Corpus, Concordance, Fashion, AntConc, Lawn

1
Lecturer, PhD Scholar, UMT, Pakistani Institute of Fashion and Design
Email:sufia@pifd.edu.pk
 Going Back on the Future of English in Pakistani Higher Education

Tayyab Zaidi1

Abstract
What should be the function and significance of the department of English at Pakistani
universities in 2019? While elsewhere in Anglophone nations, the moniker ‘English’ has evolved
drastically — departments of English at Pakistani universities are by and large out of sync not
only with international disciplinary trends but also with the vectors of academic capitalism
pulling at higher education. Moreover, the programs they offer do not reflect a strategic
engagement with the dynamics of power, identity and rights surrounding English in relation to
other languages in Pakistan. The primary data for the study comes from university websites, and
information published by the Higher Education Commission, Pakistan. Three factors compel the
need to rethink the academic, institutional and social parameters of the departmentalization of
English at Pakistani universities from the ground up. One, the emergence of a comprehensive
disciplinary category ‘English Studies’ that embraces regions of enquiry that had hitherto
remained straitjacketed in literary studies, applied linguistics, English Language Teaching
(ELT), stylistics, translation studies, media discourse and other interdisciplinary sectors of
interest within and across the social sciences and the humanities. Two, the corporatization of
public universities worldwide which on the one hand drives up demand for graduates skilled in
ELT, while questioning the “luxury” of maintaining the humanities (including English literary
studies). Three, Pakistan’s sociolinguistic landscape on which the ubiquity of English masks its
material and cultural hegemony over indigenous languages. I close with some policy
recommendations and practical proposals for shaping the future of English at public universities.
Keywords: Higher Education, English Studies, Linguistic Imperialism, Disciplinary Identity,
Curriculum Change.

1
Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Email:tayyabz@umich.edu
 Breaking Taboos: Anatomization of the Selected Poems of Lucille Clifton

Abeera Bukhari1

Abstract
This research anatomizes Lucille Clifton’s selected works. By focusing on how she breaks the
taboos through her words, this research paper explicates the female sense and sensibility. The
aim of this research is to decipher how Clifton breaks the barriers and celebrates the female body
and the processes that a female body undergoes. The objective of this research is to elucidate
Lucille Clifton as a woman exercising her agency and as one of those bold individuals who have
ventured to speak on things women are silenced about or remain silent about. This paper also
explains how Lucille Clifton has crossed bridges of courage by developing a capacity to write
beyond the point of pain, shame or political correctness and has emerged breaking the taboos.
This research also shows that there is no point in the concealment and confinement of anything.
It also shows that there are social codes. These codes are created, fabricated and disseminated by
those in power: Men. The technicalities employed by Lucille Clifton in her missional poetry are
analyzed and it is deciphered how they add to the subject matter of her works. This research is
unique as it fills the gap in research on Lucille Clifton and on the bodily concerns of women.
Thematic, biographical and feminist approaches are used. Future researchers can build their
research on the bodily concerns of women and Lucille Clifton as well, as is deciphered in this
study.
Keywords: Lucille Clifton, Feminism, Female Body, Taboos, Abeera Bukhari

1
Mphil scholar, English Literature, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore.
Email:abeershaw262@gmail.com
 Developing English Language listening skill in ESL Learners. A Mixed Method Study

Dr.Afsheen Salahuddin1

Abstract
The present study focuses on developing the English language comprehension in students while
they listen to English being spoken as this skill is often neglected. This small scale mixed
method study was conducted in one of the Private Sector Universities of Pakistan. Single group
pre-test post-test quasi experimental design was utilized in the study. The problem identified was
the lack of a developed English language listening skill in the university students. The rational of
the study was to devise a model based on listening activities for enhancing the English language
listening skill. An intact group of 25 first semester students from the private sector university
were included in the research. The English language listening test developed by the researcher
was conducted on the students before and after the intervention as pre-test and post-test to assess
their English language listening skill. During the intervention students were taught with the
listening activities for about a forty minutes session twice per week for one semester.
Researcher’s observations, during the intervention were also recorded. The results showed that
the student’s English language listening skill improved when they were taught utilizing the
model based on listening activities. This study is significant in term of providing a model based
on listening activities which can be utilized by the other English language instructors as well.
.
Keywords: English Llanguage, Ccomprehension, Llistening skill, listening aactivities

1
Visiting Lecturer, Department of English, Lahore College for Women University
Email:afsheensalahuddin50@gmail.com
 Investigating the Accuracy of Google Translate in Translating Urdu Linguistic Elements

Fakiha Iqbal Shah1, Zafar Ullah2

Abstract
This study aims to test the accuracy of Google Translate with regards to translating idioms,
proverbs and other linguistic elements from English to Urdu language and vice versa. The
theoretical framework of Antonio Berman’s twelve deforming tendencies has been used to
analyse these examples and Mixed Method design has been used for the evaluation in the study.
The shortcomings of Google Translate and the limitations of Neural Machine Translation have
also been pointed out after in-depth analysis of carefully chosen examples from credible sources
such as Oxford Urdu-English Dictionary. The results highlighted common mistakes committed
by the software. It facilitates at large but it has caused several types of errors. There is a dire
need to uproot these lexical and semantic errors such as transliteration, grammatical mistakes,
ignoring the context, and this study plays its diagnostic role to solve these problems. It
contributes in improving the quality of Machine Translation from Urdu to English and English to
Urdu. In the end, some practical suggestions for the effective advancements in the software have
also been provided.
Keywords: Google Translate, Machine Translation (MT), Neural Machine Translation (NMT),
Google Neural Machine Translation (GNMT), Translation Errors.

1
Research scholar, Department of English, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan
Email:fakhi.iqbal.96@gmail.com
2
Lecturer in English, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan
 Women Empowerment through Property Ownership: Studying the “House” motif in
Haseena Moin’s Tanhaiyaan and Dhoop Kinare

Muhammad Ali1,

Abstract
This paper aims at highlighting the “house” motif in Pakistani playwright Haseena Moin’s drama
serials. Taking Tanhaiyaan and Dhoop Kinare as the primary works, the paper argues that one of
the ways through which Moin empowers her female characters is property ownership, which
leads to one house or another becoming a recurrent element in her stories. Through this research,
an attempt has been made at finding answers to the following questions: What problems do the
protagonists of Tanhaiyaan and Dhoop Kinare encounter in attaining properties? When they
finally succeed in their endeavours, to what extent the properties emerge as important in these
women’s lives? Does property ownership render them idealistic characters or do the banes of a
patriarchal society remain there to keep the realistic element intact? The theoretical framework
adopted for this study is Socialist Feminism, particularly its strand connected to economic
independence as provided by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in Women and Economics which treats
financial freedom as one of the prerequisites of woman liberation. The research draws to a
conclusion with the idea that Haseena Moin’s feminism is more practical, telling that women’s
inclusion in the society calls for real steps to be taken outside the arena of home, and how
property ownership helps women in taking important steps for survival, references to which have
been given in the research.
Keywords: Economic Independence, House, Pakistani Drama, Property, Socialist Feminism

1
M.Phil Scholar (English Literature) at GCU, Lahore
Email:m.ali_aquarius85@yahoo.com
Propagation of Peace Through the Message of Love: A Case Study of Bulleh Shah’s Mystic
Poetry

Mehr Afroz1, Shafaq Shakeel2, Tayyaba Saharoof3

Abstract
With the social unrest in the world and especially in Pakistan, the Islamic elements in general
and poetry of mystics in particular can play an important role to create love and peace in the
society. The teachings of all the mystics can pull our succeeding generations from the inferiority
complexes and put them on the path of God. This study intends to determine how Bulleh Shah
promotes peace through the message of love in his mystic poetry and also to identify the effect of
mysticism on individual and society. He makes an irresistible appeal to all, irrespective of their
caste, color and creed. This study adopted a color wheel theory of love by Canadian psychologist
John Alan Lee (1973). The study has used qualitative method approach to explore the elements
that can bring peace and justice in the world full. The current study aims at analyzing the theme
of Love and how it propagates peace in Bulleh Shah’s mystic poetry. The findings of study
reveal that Love with Allah and his Creation promotes peace in the society. The teachings of
Bulleh Shah can purify man’s heart from evils and can bring him closer to God and after that he
gets courage to fight against the evils both inside him and outside him i.e. in the society. It will
give us the understanding to the common unjust conditions in the present time. This study helps
the readers to face all the trials of the world with tolerance and patience.
Keywords: Bulleh Shah Poetry, Message of Love, Peace, Spirituality, Social Unrest

1
MS Scholar, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Email:mehrafroz4@gmail.com
2
MS Scholar, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Email:shafaqshakeel04@gmail.com
3
MS Scholar, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Email: tayyaba.saharoof@gmail.com
 Use of Slang Language: Moving beyond Linguistic Barriers

Shafaq Shakeeli1

Abstract
Some previous decades have witnessed the development of social websites and the evolution of
language. Slang language is considered as the interesting and ‘cool’ language used by most of
the teens and adults of the society just to feel different from others. Increasing use of slang words
on different websites and in daily conversation effecting the academic skills of the students. The
current study aims to find out the reasons behind the increasing use of slang language and how it
is effecting the cultural norms and the language structure. The sample of 150 students from
Quaid-e-Azam University Islamabad have been selected to fill the questionnaire consisting of
questions regarding slang language and the cultural and linguistic values. The results of the study
shows that teens and adults feel pleasure and just to make their status high and different from
others, they most of the time use slang words in their conversation. Social websites are the major
source of spreading the knowledge of slang words and even people who have less knowledge of
slangs, are still using them just to be the part of society. Teens are the easy victim of those words
and use them inappropriately in their academic language. Due to its wide-spreading, people start
forgetting the difference between the formal and informal language. The intermingling of slang
words in any language will affect the standards roots of those languages. Teachers should bound
students to use formal language at least in the campus and in academic writings.
Keywords: Fascination, Cultural and Linguistic Values, Language Barriers, Slang language,
Social Status

1
MS Scholar, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Email:shafaqshakeel04@gmail.com
 Analysis of Gender Speech in Pakistani Television Show

Shahid Hussain1, Shafaq Shakeel2, Dr. Uzma Anjum3

Abstract
Gender usually refers to the characteristics that distinguish male and female but gender identity
is independent and related to one-self. Gender identity refers to the set of norms and social
behavior within specific culture and society. The aim of the current study is to investigate the
differences between the speech of men and women using the Robin Lakoff’s framework for
analyzing gender speech. The sample of ten episodes ‘Tonite with HSY’ has been selected for
the study in which celebrities talk about their personal and professional life in a question answer
session. The shows were carefully listened and transcribed to analyze under Lakoff’s framework
which marks out the language of men and women by using different features like hedges,
politeness forms, qualifiers, intensifiers and many more. The results of the current study indicate
that women often hesitate, indirect, and feel shy to answer whereas men are more bold and
confident. It is also observed from the analysis that women are more victim of interruptions and
overlapping by men. Furthermore, women use more hedges, intensifiers and adjectives in their
speech while men speech is full of humor. These gender differences in the speech appears
because of the fact that men and women socialize differently in the society and men are
considered to have more power and dominance whereas women are polite and socialized as
caretakers and supportive (Carter, 2014).

Keywords: Gender Language, Hedges, Identity, Robin Lakoff’s Framework, Socialization

1
MS Scholar, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Email:shahidsh2@outlook.com
2
MS Scholar, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Email:shafaqshakeel04@gmail.com
3
Assistant Prof, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Email: uzmaraja2000@gmail.com
 Necessity of mother tongue on Elementary School Level: The Significance of Punjabi
Language

Muhammad Adnan1, Iram Khalil2

Abstract
This article is related to the necessity of the mother tongue in elementary school level. It is quite
evident that our mother tongues are dying day by day. With the death of mother language, the
emerging generation are forgetting the rich culture which they possess. Being taught in a known
language is a key component of quality education for all learners - from the very early stages
right through to adulthood. Early education in the mother tongue can prepare children for school
and foster foundational skills, such as literacy and critical thinking, which are proven to
significantly increase learning later on. Likewise, mother tongue adult literacy programmer of
good quality need to be available in order to improve adult literacy levels, particularly in
developing countries; around 757 million adults cannot read or write a simple sentence, and a
quarter of those live in sub-Saharan African – one of the most linguistically diverse regions in
the world. Sometimes, the term "mother tongue" or "mother language" is used for the language
that a person learned as a child at home (usually from their parents). Children growing up in
bilingual homes can, according to this definition, have more than one mother tongue or native
language. Death of mother language cause the death of culture, tradition, custom etc. It is quite
evident that Punjabi language is not given significance on school level. It is considered the
language of lay men. It is reckoned the inferiority complex at school, College, and University
level. This primarily focuses on the significance of mother tongue on school level. The paper
also highlights the fear of native speakers, when they speak Punjabi language. The paper also
shares the attitude of the school teachers of Government sectors and private sectors, who neglect
the mother tongue during the teaching. They reckon it low level of language. The paper will
explore the richness of Punjabi language and it will also emphasize on the Punjabi Subject at
School level, College level for the protection of mother tongues. The findings will show, how
mother tongues are dying in general and how can Punjabi language can be preserved through
education system. The research would be quantitative in nature. Data would be collected by the
elementary school teachers.
Keywords: Punjabi language, Elementary, Necessity

1
M.phil Scholor, UOS, Pakistan
Email: Adanaaliuos@gmail.com
2
Lecturer, Govt. Post Graduate College for Women, Kasur, Pakistan
Email: Memo_10Pu@yahoo.com
 A psychological study of humour in Usman Ali’s plays The Flute and the Breath

Sumbal Nawab1

Abstract
The paper aims at exploring how humor, in Usman Ali’s play ‘The Breath and The Flute’,
reveals unconscious of the characters, unmasks their desires, intensifies their worse condition
and becomes social process. The humor in the play is analyzed in the light of Sigmund Freud’s
concept of humor and its relation to the unconscious. This study also accelerates the purposes
and techniques of jokes. The findings of this research throw light upon the fact how humor
allows the characters to overcome inhibition and say more about social life at a particular time.
As Freud says that “Our enjoyment is of the joke’ indicates what is being expressed. In addition,
this study accentuates the relation of humour to the unconscious of the characters, the writer and
the whole society. The researcher analyses that humour is a tool to criticise the shortcomings of
society indirectly. The Research paper showcases that humor is a way to unveil the social
practices and rituals. There is the manipulated use of language which facilitates the writer to
highlight the humour in the play. The humour unmasks the unconscious of the characters, society
and the writer. The miseries and sufferings are told indirectly in the play through humour. The
present researcher has tried to find out the unconscious and repressed derives of the characters
through the psychological study of humour in the play.
Keywords: Psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, The Breath and the Flute, psychic energy,
inhibitions, repressed desires.

1
Govt. Post Graduate College for Women, Kasur, Pakistan
Email: adnanaliuos@gmail.com
 Ali’s Theatre for Reason: Edwardian Analysis of Usman Ali’s plays

Muhammad Adnan1

Abstract
The current research study explores Edwardian Analysis of Usman Ali’s play The Last
Metaphor (2014) in the light of Edward Bond’s perspective of drama and theater. Usman Ali, the
emerging Pakistani playwright, actor, director and teacher has written five plays: The Guilt
(2014), The Last Metaphor (2014), The Odyssey (2016), The Breath (2017) and The Flute
(2017). He artistically highlights the emerging social issues of 21st centuries in his plays. He
talks about the social injustice and social madness in his plays. He also highlights the need of
theatre in society and reckons that theatre can bring change in the society. He also talks about the
War on terror in is play The Odyssey (2016). He emphasizes on the necessity of justice in the
society. He also talks about the emergence of theater in his writing and regards it the central part
in the society. He considers that theatre can construct the community. He also raises voice of
social madness and social injustice in his plays. Edward Bond the famous British playwright and
theorist has written many plays. He introduces the theory of drama and theatre in his famous
book The Hidden Plot Notes on Theatre and State (2000). In this work he gives the definition of
drama and theatre. He also talks about justice, social madness, theatre for reason, theater of event
and the function of imagination in the drama. He also focuses on the importance of theatre for
reason in The Hidden Plot Notes on theatre and State (2000). The Current article studies the
perspectives of Edward Bond through The Last Metaphor (2014) by Usman Ali. The findings of
this research show the Ali’s theatre for reason and different perspectives of Edwardian Analysis
through Ali’s plays The Guilt (2014), The Last Metaphor (2014), The Odyssey (2016), The
Breath (2017) and The Flute (2017). It also reflects how social madness, injustice and the need
of theatre are found in Ali’s play. Lastly, it settles the findings: Ali’s theater for Reason:
Edwardian Analysis of Usman’s plays : The Guilt (2014), The Last Metaphor (2014), The
Odyssey (2016), The Breath (2017) and The Flute (2017).
Keywords: The Guilt, Injustice, Social Madness, Edwardian, The Last Metaphor, Theater

1
Lecturer, English Department, University of Sargodha, Mandibauudin Campus
Email: Adnanaliuos@gmail.com
 A Partial Representation of Mustafa Khar as A Brutal Husband: A Critical Discourse
Analysis Of My Feudal Lord By Tehmina Durrani

Rimsha Ayesha Gul1, Muhammad Adnan2, Iram Khalil3

Abstract
The study explores Mustafa khar as brutal husband in the stance of Discourse Analysis. In the
novel My Feudal Lord by Tehmina Durrani, she describes her personal experiences and
encounter with Mustafa Khar. She explains the hidden side of feudal and elite society. She talks
about the brutality of Mustafa Khar and how she spends her life with the conservative mind of a
feudal lord. Discourse analysis focuses on knowledge regarding language beyond the word,
clause and phrase that is needed for communication. It is also considered the relationship
between language and social context in which it is used. Discourse analysis also examines both
spoken and written text. Through this study, the researcher investigates how Tehmina Durrani
uses the power of language and present her husband as brutal husband. The researcher seeks the
answer of the question that is Mustafa Khar is as savage as her portraits in the novel. The
contemporary research is based on model of Fairclough in the book Norman Fairclough
Analyzing Discourse. The models of Fairclough deals with dimension of language, power and
text analysis. The author of this theory is James Paul Gee. In his work in social Linguistics, Gee
explores the concept of Discourse. Gee’s 1999 text An Introduction to Discourse Analysis:
Theory and method are a foundational work in the field of discourse analysis. The finding of this
research will show the brutal representation of My Feudal Lord as partial narration by the
novelist in the light of Discourse Analysis. The discourse analysis of My Feudal Lord is
compatible. The result also shows that with the power of language Tehmina Durrani gives
prominence to herself as hegmonize and Mustafa as hegemony. Furthermore, the present study
will enable further researchers to see My Feudal Lord with different perspective.
Keywords: Feudal Lord, CAD, text analysis, partial narration, Hegmonize, Hegemony.

1
Lecturer, English Department, University of Sargodha, Mandibauudin Campus
2
Lecturer, English Department, University of Sargodha, Mandibauudin Campus
Email: Adnanaliuos@gmail.com
3
Lecturer, English Department, University of Sargodha, Lahore campus.
 Man, as a Victim of Social Vices: An Analytical Study of ‘The Adventures of Huckleberry
Finn’ by Mark Twain

Aamer Raza1, Umer Bukhari2, Dr. Aasia Nusrat3

Abstract
This article studies the novel ‘The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’ by Mark Twain about the
social vices. The framework which is used to analyze the work is the Theory of Migration
proposed by Ernst Revenstein. The article explores the factors of migration playing an active role
in the endeavors to escape from the social predicament faced by the character Huck Finn.
Migration becomes the reason of new social vices. The protagonist migrate in order to escape
from one social vice but it leads him to encounter more of them. Migration is responsible for the
psychological as well as the social maturity of the protagonist too.
Keywords: Huckleberry Finn, Social-vices, society, Migration, Materialism, immorality, Deep-
rootedness.

1
COMSATS University, Lahore
Email: aamerraza20@gmail.com
2
COMSATS University, Lahore
3
COMSATS University, Lahore
Email: aasianusrat@cuilahore.edu.pk
 Analysis of Prepositional Errors of Pakistani ESL Learners in Writing at Undergraduate
level

Zainab Asghar1

Abstract
Prepositions are essence of English and acknowledge us more about the relationships between
two elements or things (King, 2006). For ESL Pakistani learners it is really important to know
about all the elements of English and prepositions is one of them and try to minimize the ratio of
errors. This research based on the main objective to find out the prepositional errors of Pakistani
ESL learners and also compare the errors of arts students and science students keeping in view
their course outline of English subject at undergraduate and graduate level. Data is collected
from randomly selected students 20 from science subjects, 20 from arts subjects at University of
Management and Technology, Lahore. A questionnaire was adapted consists of 15 fill in the
gaps with multiple options for participants. The students of UMT at undergraduate level took
part in this study. After collecting the data, it was analyzed statistically by using formula of
frequency Part/ Whole × 100. From the analysis and results it is observed that science students
have just basic knowledge about prepositions but not depth of knowledge as compared to arts.
Science students commit fewer errors in position and direction errors but commit more errors as
prepositions get complex in types. It is also observed that the reason behind this difference is due
to the difference in the course outline of arts and science students. Arts students’ major is
English and with a full defined syllabus but science students just have basic knowledge about
English language. This affects the writing skills of science students at undergraduate level. This
study suggests the teachers to provide a proper course outline to science students and more
grammatical exercises for practice so that they would be able to compete at professional level in
future.
Keywords: Prepositions, Error Analysis, ESL learners, Science students, Arts Students

1
Email: zainabsarroya04@gmail.com
 Seeing Subjects: Recognition, Identity, and Visual Cultures in Literary Modernism

Adeel Ahmad1

Abstract
“Seeing Subjects plots a literary history of modern Britain that begins with Dorian Gray
obsessively inspecting his portrait’s changes and ends in Virginia Woolf’s visit to the cinema
where she found audiences to be “savages watching the pictures.” Focusing on how literature in
the late-19th and 20th centuries regarded images as possessing a shaping force over how
identities are understood and performed, I argue that modernists in Britain felt mediated images
were altering, rather than merely representing, British identity. As Britain’s economy expanded
to unprecedented imperial reach and global influence, new visual technologies also made it
possible to render images culled from across the British world—from its furthest colonies to
darkest London—to the small island nation, deeply and irrevocably complicating British identity.
In response, Oscar Wilde, Joseph Conrad, T. S. Eliot, and others sought to better understand how
identity was recognized, particularly visually. By exploring how painting, photography, colonial
exhibitions, and cinema sought to manage visual representations of identity, these modernists
found that recognition began by acknowledging the familiar but also went further to
acknowledge what was strange and new as well. Reading recognition and misrecognition as
crucial features of modernist texts, Seeing Subjects argues for a new understanding of how
modernism’s formal experimentation came to be and for how it calls for responses from readers
today.”
Keywords: Recognition, Identity, Visual Cultures, Literary Modernism

1
Lecturer, Department of English, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
Email: adeelenglish@gmail.com
 Over view of INTL standards of English Language Exams and that of National ones

Ayesha Saqib1

Abstract
Measuring difference between quality & standard of INTL examination(English Language
Exams)& that of administered here in Punjab ,the study has revealed how much do we fall
behind with the standards of INTL examination system? The Existing gap of quality has been
shown with the help of graphs and tables. The research was carried out in the backdrop of
structural functional as well as that of social conflict paradigm. The research design falls heavily
upon content analysis as both type of content is available in abundance. The findings are not
altogether difficult to get at as they are wide open for mindful view and demonstrating the
writing of the wall, coming out of the cause & effect, casting over the difference between two
pole apart schemes of examination. Interestingly enough, both systems exist side by side, on
same land at the same time, but they are worlds apart in terms of honour, social influence,
economic gain &loss and above all impacts of knowledge & understanding.
Social conflict paradigm draws on the social classifications, structuring the very basics of
Pakistani society. While structural functional Paradigm is spotlighting that change is the need of
hour, especially in the presence of plenty of bench mark examinations, prevalent in number of
civilised & developed countries such as Japan, Canada, Germany etc. All these benchmark
patterns, designed by other nations pretty laboriously are readily available to follow if
intellectual talent in Pakistan is diffident of its abilities to design its own examination system,
partly catering to the needs of Pakistani students and partly competing the international
standards. In the last ,The study strongly recommends that this discrimination in the quality of
education needs to be addressed accordingly appropriately by the authorities and should be
standardised, as was done around the globe by the developed countries in the due course of
history, following the golden principles of French Revolution-liberty, equality and fraternity.
Keywords: INTL standards, English Language Exams, National standards

1
Lecturer, Department of English, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
Email: ayeshasaqib@lgu.edu.pk
 The Influence of Schema Theory in Reading Comprehension

Kalsoom Jahan1, Tahseen Muhammad2, Sumaira Mukhtar3, Shumaila Ashraf4,

S. Maryam Naqvi5

Abstract
This study includes the schematic knowledge of the students in reading comprehension. The
academic background and the field of the study has been considered as schematic knowledge of
the students. The study observed the factors affecting reading comprehension of the learners by
using academic texts. Academic text is also compared with non-academic texts to determine the
relevance of academic schema in reading comprehension. This is a quantitative study and data
was collected from intermediate students of Lahore, Cantt. 160 students were selected from F.Sc
(pre-engineering), F.Sc (pre-medical) ICS, and I.Com, as participants of the study. Two reading
comprehension tests were settled, first test was, according to student’s educational field and the
second one was from an English newspaper. Both tests were conducted with the same
participants. Independent sample t-test, and paired sample t-test were conducted by the use of
Statistical Package for social sciences SPSS version 21. The results of the study reflected that
academic background knowledge helped the learners in activating academic schema for better
reading comprehension than using a general text.
Keywords: Academic text, Academic knowledge, Non- Academic text, Reading comprehension,
Schema theory.

1
Lecturer, Department of English, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
Email: kalsoomjahan@lgu.edu.pk
2
Senior Lecturer, Department of English, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
Email: tahseen@lgu.edu.pk
3
Senior Lecturer, Department of English, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
Email: Laureate_88@yahoo.com
4
Senior Lecturer, Department of English, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
Email: shumaila.ashraf@ymail.com
5
Lecturer, Department of English, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
Email: syedamaryamnaqvi@lgu.edu.pk
 An Exploration of the phases of consciousness in Nayantra Sahgal’s Rich Like us

Kiran Khalid1

Abstract
This research psychoanalytically explores the phases of consciousness in the major characters of
Rich like us by Nayantra Sahgal. The research draws on the Freudian theory of Ice Berg for the
psychoanalytical study of characters. The theory proposes three levels of consciousness which
include conscious, preconscious and unconscious. Female character Sonali is analyzed on
conscious level due to her keep and sharp understanding of the surroundings. Rose another
female character is analyzed on preconscious level of mind due to her diverse experience of
living in England and India. Her sufferings depict the marginalization of white female in Indian
context. The research is designed to understand their behavior in a postcolonial scenario to get an
insight into the dynamic post colonial Indian society. The study probes into the development of
feminine and masculine consciousness through in depth analyses of both male and female
characters. This research would analyze the psyche of both male and female to see their effects
under similar circumstances.
Keywords: Exploration, phases of consciousness, Nayantra Sahgal, Rich Like us

Lecturer, Department of English, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan

1

Email: kirankhalid@lgu.edu.pk
 The Futility of Modern Life in the novel The White Peacock by D. H. Lawrence

Ms. Amna Khalil1

Abstract
This research explores the strains of modernity and its effects on human life, portrayed by D. H.
Lawrence in his novel, The White Peacock. The futility of modern life that is evident in the
writer’s outlook of this novel and the influence of modernization has been outlined in this paper,
depicted through the lives of different characters that are struggling at various rungs of life and
society. This research explores how industrialization and materialism have manipulated the
thinking and decision making of human beings. It also determines that the moving away of
human being from nature and making the wrong choices to attain social gratification is a
consequence of materialized thinking. This leads to the conflict between self-fulfilment and
social-gratification which makes life so futile that it eventually leads to death. Even after such a
long time all the concerns that Lawrence explored in his works seem to be the problems of the
present age. The conflict between self-fulfilment and social-gratification leads to the failure of
man to realize his responsibilities that results in making the wrong choices and ends in disastrous
relationships that ultimately leave one lost and vulnerable. It is manifested through this research
report that if human being realizes his responsibilities rather than following his desires blindly,
the effort can be made to change the futility of life into a meaningful one.
Keywords: Lawrence, Modernity, Futility, Dehumanization, Modernization

1
Senior Lecturer, Department of English, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
Email: amnakhalil@lgu.edu.pk
 Gender Representation in PTB at Elementary Level: A Critical Discourse Analysis

Uzma Shaheen1

Abstract
This research explored how gender stereotypical representation still present in curriculum and
how these institutions of conventional depictions spoiled the actual image and roles of both the
sexes (female and male). For this purpose CDA (Critical Discourse Analysis) was applied to
analyze the text, three dimensional model of Fairclough was applied to uncover the relationship
between powerful (dominating, controlling) and powerless (feeble, submissive) social groups.
Secondly it exposed deconstructed identities from Textbooks to identify and comprehend gender
ideology. Moreover a questionnaire was developed for the teachers to explore their views and
opinions on gender disparity in society and in text-books. This research focused on the areas of
gender disparity in the existing textbooks of middle/elementary level of PTB. Thus three
textbooks; Urdu, English, and History of elementary level had been evaluated. This study
focused on the points that contribute to the construction of conventional images and stereotypical
behavior regarding gender ideology in children at their fledgling stage of life. The researcher
found that females had been disregarded and excluded from the textbooks and textbooks
portrayed a diminished image of women whereas the male were shown authoritative and
dominating in all socially prestigious fields, working and earning. The present study, thus
maintained that domination and power had gone with the male members of the society whereas
female were publicized feeble and submissive; working and serving at home, and maintaining
their domestic/conjugal images in the textbooks. Moreover this research calls for the revision of
educational policies, curriculum and textbooks to confer a balance world view in the mind and
psyche of the children.
Keywords: Gender equality, Gender Disparity, Gender in education, Curriculum and Text-
books, Critical Discourse Analysis.

Lecturer, Department of English, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan

1

Email: uzmashaheen@lgu.edu.pk
 The Need for a ‘National Translation Theory’ in the Pakistani Academic Discourse

Muhammad Saleh Habib1, Sharjeel Ashraf2, Adeel Ahmad3

Abstract
Dr. Nighat Shakur’s statistical research in the 2014 issue of Pakistan Journal of Language and
Translation Studies (PJLTS) highlights a major concern of the depletion of regional/local
languages of Pakistan. The reason for the depletion is due to the world (including Pakistani
academic discourse) moving forward with globalization and adopting English as the lingua
franca. With this concern in mind, a lingual-literary theory is required that provides practical
solutions towards keeping the Pakistani (national) and its regional cultural richness intact. This
can be helpful in order to keep pace with the ‘globalizing’ world – that is our only option. But we
need to hold on to our roots and pride as an independent Pakistani identity and we need to move
beyond the 200-year colonial legacy. The paper explores the need for a ‘National Translation
Theory’ which provides an overview of how regional/local languages, literature/s, and cultural
knowledge/s need to be disseminated in other languages (particularly English as lingua franca)
while keeping the sense and essence of nationalistic pride intact. Inversely, other languages,
literature/s, and cultural knowledge/s need to be translated into the local/regional languages of
Pakistan to promote the positive globalization from a transcultural perspective. Both these
attempts then need to be practiced in the academic discourse to promote its practicality. The key
research questions for this study include: How are we still suffering from the colonial identity
crisis? What are the good literary and translation examples that could serve as a precursor for
developing such a theory? What should be the policies/steps (monetary, challenges, government
support etc.) that can frame such a theory?
Keywords: Pakistan Academia, Post-Colonial Identity, Globalization, Translation Theory,
Cultural Knowledge 

1
Lecturer, Department of English, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
Email: salehhabib@lgu.edu.pk
2
Lecturer, Department of English, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
Email: sharjeelashraf@lgu.edu.pk
3
Lecturer, Department of English, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
Email: adeelenglish@gmail.com
 Marxist alienation in Daniyal Mueeunddin’s short stories

Nabiha Ishtiaque1

Abstract
The aim of this research is to discuss Marxist alienation in selected stories from Daniyal
Mueenuddin’s In Other Rooms, Other Wonders. These stories revolve around a rich Pakistani
landowner K.K Harouni, his family, and employees. These stories are set in the socio-economic
transitions in late 20th century. In them we find the exploitation between social classes. The
result of this exploitation is alienation. The Marxist Critical Theory is applied to highlight the
factors that create alienation between classes and show how this alienation leads to the
destruction of the individual.
Keywords: Marxism, alienation, Daniyal Mueeunddin

1
Lecturer, Department of English, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
 Reappropriation of Subaltern in Iranian Nights by Tariq Ali

Sundus Gohar1, Faiza Jabbar2

Abstract
This paper deals with the subalterns’ reclamation of their position as the ultimate response of
postcolonial mind in the play entitled Iranian Nights by Tariq Ali and Howard Brenton. This
reappropriation of subalterns’ position, through the literature produced in the third world
countries, is the counter attack on whites’ long hegemony in depicting them as uncouth, female-
like, childish, brute, baboons, illiterate, and uncivilized. Literally subaltern refers to any person
or group of inferior rank and station, whether because of race, cast, gender, sexual orientation,
ethnicity or religion. Moreover deconstructing the power structures and re-orienting the western
taboos about the ‘Third World’ countries, this paper traces the process of re-Orientalism that is
an attempt of the subalterns to renovate their history, reinstate their self-worth, and redefine their
identity through freedom of speech and writing back to the empire. Using Gayatri Chakravorty
Spivak’s notion of ‘Subaltern’ with reference to her essay “Can the Subaltern Speak?” this article
further extends its research compass by challenging the western construct of woman as passive
and inactive.
Keywords: Orientalism, Reappropriation , Subaltern, Spivak

1
Lecturer, Department of English, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
Email: sundusgohar@lgu.edu.pk
2
Lecturer, Department of English, APWA College for Women, Pakistan
Email: faizajabbar@ymail.com
 Role of Watching Movies in L2 Fluency at Advance Level in Pakistan

Tahseen Muhammad1, Sumaira Mukhtar2, Shumaila Ashraf3, Kalsoom Jahan4, S. Maryam

Naqvi5

Abstract
The present research is an action research with the purpose of investigating a relevant topic in the
area of Second Language Acquisition. It is argued that with the help of movies in second
language, proceduralization of linguistic knowledge can be achieved which is a change in
underlying cognitive mechanisms, and this change results in the improvement in observable
fluency. The focus of the study is to mark the considerable improvement in L2 fluency in
advance learners as a result of watching movies in the target language. To conduct the study, 30
learners were selected from the department of English in Lahore Garrison University, aged 18-30
years; they were made to watch English movies for the period of one month (one movie per day).
The results of the study showed the significance of using movies as a modern technology in
postgraduate classrooms to learn Second Language and its beneficial effect on all the four
language skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing. The study showed that movies assist
learners to become fluent in the foreign language faster than other ways. The improved language
skills, specifically listening and speaking skills, also contributed in getting the familiarity with
native speaker’s culture and language perspectives.
Keywords: Proceduralization, Second Language Acquisition, English as L2, Fluency training

1
Lecturer, Department of English, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
Email: kalsoomjahan@lgu.edu.pk
2
Senior Lecturer, Department of English, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
Email: tahseen@lgu.edu.pk
3
Senior Lecturer, Department of English, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
Email: Laureate_88@yahoo.com
4
Senior Lecturer, Department of English, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
Email: shumaila.ashraf@ymail.com
5
Lecturer, Department of English, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
Email: syedamaryamnaqvi@lgu.edu.pk
 Evaluating First year English text book: A qualitative study

Umar Farooq Akram1, Kiran Fatima2

Abstract
The purpose of the present research is evaluate the Intermediate English textbook part 1st recommended
by the Punjab Text Board. The aim and the objective of the evaluation is to identify the merits and
demerits of English textbook .The research is of quantitative and qualitative in nature.The textbook
analysis in this study considered eight factors, namely: (1) the availability of materials based on Standard
of Content 2006; (2) methodology; (3) language skills;(4) topics; (5) design and layout; (6) organization;
(7) language appropriacy; and (8) cultural aspects.The factors were developed based on textbook criteria
proposed by Sheldon (1988), and Harmer (2007). The sample for this research first year English
recommended by Punjab Text Board. Checklist and Impressionistic method will be used as research
instrument in this study. The findings of the study will be significant for the curriculum developers,
syllabus designers , learners and teachers .
Keywords: Textbook, evaluation, content analysis, checklist, impressionistic methods

1
Email: Omarfarooq091@gmail.com
2
Email: Kiranfatima0301@gmail.com
 Difficulties of Learning English Language at the Matric level : A Case Study of Govt High
School Faisalabad(Pakistan)

Kiran Fatima1

Abstract
The purpose of the research to look at to investigate the complications of learning English among
the metric level students of Govt M.C higher secondary school Faisalabad under Govt of Punjab.
Many students do not get standard education due to financial issues lack of multimedia teaching
and learning system. Inappropriate language material. Inappropriate cultural representation and
inappropriate representation of language skill that two are receptive and two are productive. It’s
major focus to stimulate the young learner so that they can be able to develop basic knowledge
despite depriving of ultra-modern facilities. For this purpose 15 questions containing
questionnaire is created for 50 students to find out the appropriate answers. The research is based
on qualitative method and questionnaire process. In this qualitative method data is collected from
the male learner who are learning English as a second language. Students responded that they are
weak in writing, listening speaking and vocabulary and after the research the author has given
some recommendations and suggestions this study will show new dimensions to student and
teacher..
Keywords: English language, language skills, cultural representation, metric class learner,
Government school.

Research scholar, GCUF, Pakistan

1

Email: kiranfatima0301@gmail.com
 Comparative Discourse Analysis of Pakistani English and Urdu Newspapers’ Headlines

Mr. Aurangzaib1, Dr. Muhammad Islam2, Mr. Adeel Ahmed3

Abstract
The present study aims to explore the discourse presented in the headlines of Pakistani Urdu and
English newspaper about a specific news event- Panama Leaks. In this regard, it investigated
whether the discourse and the policy of the media is manipulated by the powerful groups of
Pakistani society. It is a comparative analysis of the discourse of two Urdu and two English
Pakistani newspapers’ headlines about Panama Leaks. The collected data is analyzed
qualitatively in terms of textual and contextual analysis using the tools of page layout,
transitivity, word choice, referential strategies (framing), ideological standpoints, and
comparative-synchronic analysis. The findings revealed a disparity in the presentation of media
event by various Urdu and English newspapers. It investigated that media discourse may not
always represent public opinion as it may be exploited to support a particular government
perspective. In contrast, certain newspapers may exploit media discourse to expose the real face
of the government in a particular news event. The study suggests that it is necessary to expose
this exploitation to avoid the manipulation of public opinion and also to get unbiased and fair
news information.
Keywords: Discourse, referential strategies, ideological standpoint, transitivity, newspapers’
headlines, Panama Leaks.

1
Lecturer English Language, University of South Asia, Lahore.
Email: zaib_sidhu@hotmail.com
2
Assistant Professor (ELTE), Institute of Education & Research University of Punjab, Quaid –e-Azam Campus,
Lahore.
Email: islam950@hotmail.com
3
Research Scholar, Beaconhouse National University, Lahore.
Email: adeel_langrial@hotmail.com
“My Tongue Will Tell the Anger of My Heart”- Listening to Shakespeare’s ‘Shrew’ in The
Taming of the Shrew

Ms. Rabia Saadi1

Abstract
The relationship between Katharina and Petruchio in William Shakespeare’s renowned comedy
The Taming of the Shrew has been the center of interest amongst critics since the time of the
play’s inception. However, the focus has mostly been on what these characters do, rather than
what they say, and more significantly, what they do not say in the course of the play. The gaps in
Katharina’s speeches and her silences have largely been ignored by the majority of the
scholarship on the play. This study is an attempt to address this gap by analyzing in detail
Katharina’s complex character as sketched by Shakespeare through a close reading of several
significant passages of the play. It argues against the contention of critics like Germane Greer
who consider Petruchio to be a friend to Kate (Greer; 1971) by conducting a formalist analysis of
several instances of the play to suggest that Katharina uses rhetoric as a weapon to defend herself
from her family, Petruchio, and her society. A critical comparative analysis of the Induction
scene to the rest of the play, along with a historical analysis of Shakespeare’s time to understand
the definition of the term ‘shrew,’ is also conducted to identify Shakespeare’s own position to the
shrew taming practices of his time. The study concludes by comparing Katharina’s predicament
to the quandary experienced by women characters in some of the female-authored texts of the
nineteenth and twentieth century, thereby proving the relevance of Shakespeare’s works to this
day.
Keywords: Orienta Bianca’s Character, Formalist Analysis, Gender studies in Literature,
Induction Scene, Taming of the Shrewlism, Reappropriation , Subaltern, Spivak

1
 Riding different Crafts: How Mueenuddin fails to emulate Manto

Muhammad Arif Anjum1

Abstract
Ever since Daniyal Mueenuddin’s collection of shorty stories In Other Rooms, Other Wonders
appeared in 2009, the author has been compared to Sadat Hassan Manto because both write
about subalterns. But Mueenuddin’s background of a transnational writer of Pakistani origin has
been used to question the authenticity of his representation. Such judgements, which rely on
biographical context and depict the author as an outsider, appear biased. This paper, however,
compares the craft of the two authors by focusing on ‘narrative perspective’ or ‘focalization’ as a
discursive technique. It examines the effect that each of the two authors is able to produce by
employing ‘internal, character-bound focalization’ and/or ‘external, noncharacter bound
focalization’ and by shifting between the two. The concept of focalization or narrative
perspective and its effects on the audience have been explored by philosophers, literary theorists,
and narratologists, from Plato to Henry James and Percy Lubbock, and from Gerard Genette to
Mieke Bal. Bal’s Narratology (1985) informs the theoretical framework of this study. To draw
its results, the study relies on Matthew Arnold’s ‘touchstone method,’ taking Manto as the
touchstone. The study concludes that Manto’s preference for internal character bound
focalization in crucial passages evokes greater empathy from readers while Mueenuddin’s choice
of external focalization dehumanises his characters. The study proposes that for future
comparative analyses Manto’s craft and not merely his choice of subject-matter could be seen as
the real touchstone to evaluate newer generation of short story writers.
Keywords: Anglophone Pakistani short story; Comparison between Manto and Mueenuddin;
Craft of Short Story Writing; Focalization; In Other Rooms, Other Word.

1
Visiting Faculty, Department of English, University of Karachi, Pakistan
 Target Language Acquisition through Specific Features of Literature

Saman Bareen Ashraf1

Abstract
Language acquisition is a continuous process that leads to production and learning. For target
language, various objectives are set for its achievements through specific methods. It depends
upon a proper syllabus and a wider curriculum. The books of literature of various kinds are
introduced for understanding grammar mistakes, vocabulary improvement and a focus on
sentence structure capability acquisition. This all focuses on an elongated process of neurosis
called as neuro-linguistic programming. The objective is to specify features of literature for
target language acquisition. Literature of Novels of different authors focus on cohesion processes
of making stories for strength in sentence construction and formation of ideas. The understanding
of each notion in Literature depends upon understanding of concept and this concept is framed
by an ideology. In another manner, the grammar acquisition contains flaws in target language.
They can be corrected by adopting different amendment methods in its construction and
formation. The focus is on strengthening cohesion capability and grammatical correction in
target language. The purpose is to create interest among adults while acquiring language e form
of narrative compositions such as short stories, novels and proses. Language can be learnt
through theoretical frameworks of cognitivism and behaviourism is required for making
individuals more involved in learning. Learning process all depends upon theory of stimulus-
response, stimulus in the form of curriculum is provided, response in the form of learning will be
received.
Keywords: Anglophone Pakistani short story; Comparison between Manto and Mueenuddin;
Craft of Short Story Writing; Focalization; In Other Rooms, Other Word.

1
 Resurrection of the Self: A Comparative Thematic Study of Rumi’s Selected Poems and
Hesse’s Siddhartha

Shazia Liaqat1

Abstract
This research aims to deal with a person’s journey towards spiritual development. It underscores
different stages which are essential to pass for a mystic to reach his or her goal, i.e. self-
fulfillment, a higher state of a man’s existence in which Phenomenal Self immerses into the
Divine Self. In order to chart out the stages of such a journey, this research does a thematic study
of Hesse’s masterpiece, Siddhartha, and Rumi’s selected poems which has helped me to draw
similar themes from both writers. The objective of the study is to make inter-generic reading of
the mystical texts and derive common features from them. The motive behind the selection of
these texts is to highlight the phenomenon of resurrected self from two different perspectives i.e.
Eastern Sufism and Western mysticism and to merge them to propose a comprehensive
perspective to understand the Divine. Taking inspiration from Fowler, I have categorized the
spiritual journey into three stages and used Fowler’s theory as a framework to explore those
stages. I have named those stages as The Childhood Stage, The Adulthood stage and The Young
Stage. At the first stage, a person remains focused on his/her selfish desires such as the desire to
achieve reputation, honor and wealth which eventually leads him/her toward different
recalcitrant feelings like jealousy, anger and hatred. At the second stage when a person becomes
a little mature, s/he starts swimming against the current of childish attempts to attain happiness
and struggles to find the eternal source of happiness and peace. At the third and the last stage, he
achieves the ultimate source or truth of happiness and becomes a divine source for others.
Keywords: Hesse, Rumi, Self, Resurrection, Fowler, thematic analysis

1
Visiting Lecturer, Department of Linguistics and Communication, UMT, Lahore
 Causes of Unsatisfactory Performance in Academic IELTS Reading Module by
Intermediate Students of Hyderabad Board

Ghulam Shabbir Shaikh1, Saira Shabbir2, Dr. Habibullah Pathan3

Abstract
The statistics of past IELTS results divulge that Academic IELTS Reading Test (AIRT) has
always been an arduous task for Pakistani candidates. Especially the candidates belonging to
intermediate classes from government colleges face severe problems in AIRT. This study aims to
find out the causes of unsatisfactory performance in AIRT by the students of intermediate level
of Hyderabad Board and the impacts of teaching AIRT skills on their reading proficiencies.
Seventy students from different groups of study enrolled at Government Muslim Science Degree
College, Hyderabad, were given a part of AIRT from a standard Cambridge IELTS Book 6 as a
pre-test. Majority of the students fell below the performance of 4.0 Band score. Resultantly, 37
students ranging from four to five Band scores were included in the study. Later the students
were given training classes to provide effective skills required to attempt the AIRT. The post-test
exhibited a significant improvement in the overall performance. For the feedback participants
were given a questionnaire about their learning experience which was evaluated through SPSS
version 22. It revealed that the students learned many new reading techniques to attempt AIRT
which otherwise they had never learnt in their English language classes or preparations for their
formative and summative assessments.
Keywords: Academic IELTS Reading Test (AIRT), Intermediate Students, Band score,
Unsatisfactory Performance.

1
MS Scholar English Language Development Centre, MUET, Jamshoro
Email: shabbirrshk@gmail.com
2
Research scholar, M.A. English, University of Sindh, Jamshoro
3
Director English Language Development Centre, MUET, Jamshoro
Email: pathanhabibullah@yahoo.com
 Generic Patterns of Emails Exchanged in the Virtual Settings

Qurrat-ul-Ain1, Prof. Dr. Asim Mahmood2

Abstract
Electronic mail (email) is one the most commonly used medium of communication in this
technological age and when it comes to the virtual settings, perhaps it is sole formal channel
through which information is exchanged between the teachers and students. This study explores
the generic patterns of emails written in the virtual settings (Virtual University of Pakistan). Two
types of analyses have been furnished. On macro level, moves and steps of the target emails will
be seen keeping in view Bhattia (1993) and Swales’ (1990) model (modified and expanded to
accommodate of genre analysis. Macro level analysis reveals that seven moves (having one or
more steps under each) are most commonly used by the virtual university employees. On micro
level analysis, lexical and grammatical of the emails have been analyzed. The study of lexico-
grammatical features leads to interesting findings; for example, a variety of expressions could be
seen under ‘addressing’ move like ‘Respected Sir’, ‘Respected Madam’, ‘mam’, ‘Dear teacher’,
etc. Addressing someone in the ways mentioned above shows an element of respect one wants to
exhibit for the other. Moreover, the language used by the students is full of short forms very
frequently used during social media communication. Interestingly, sometime the whole email
body is adjusted in the ‘subject line’.
Key words: Genre analysis, moves, steps, lexico-grammatical, virtual settings

1
Government College University, Faisalabad and Virtual University of Pakistan
2
Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Competency Based Education: A Roadway to 21st Century English Language Curriculum
at Graduate Level

Farhana Yasmin1, Hina Javaid2, Muhammad Irshad-ul-Haq3

Abstract
Competency-based educational approach to curriculum is a roadway to 21st century English
language curriculum at graduate level. It is based on fostering discipline specific knowledge,
attitude and skills in the learners to make them life-long learners to address the challenges faced
by graduates in the rapidly changing world . It focused on designing learning outcomes, scheme
of studies, course contents, teaching practices, classroom activities and assessments in alignment
with the benchmark competencies for English language graduates. The benchmark competencies
of English language graduates were identified by qualitative research methodology. The criterion
based sample of the study was stakeholders including hiring authorities of various educational
and occupational institutes. The instrument of the study was semi-structured interviews. The data
was analyzed by grounded theory for generating themes to be used as benchmark competencies.
It may be implemented by incorporating benchmark competencies in the existing curriculum in
the perspective of competency based education framework. It may be a significant contribution
in the existing studies as it could address the issue of incompetency in graduates.
Keywords: Benchmark competencies; Competency Based Education; English Language
Curriculum; life-long learners; of incompetency in graduates

1
Assistant Professor, Department of English Language and Literature, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
Email: farhanayasmin@lgu.edu.pk , farhanayasmin069@gmail.com
2
Lecturer, Department of English Language and Literature, Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
Email: hinajavaid@lgu.edu.pk
3
Officer Academics & Coordination, Department of Linguistics and Communication, University of Management
and Technology, Institute of Libral Arts, Pakistan
Email: irshadul.haq@umt.edu.pk