Submitted by: Salina Ali

Enrollment no.: A6257419232

Batch:2019-2022

Semester: 2

Group-1

Subject: Arabic Grammar-1(ARAB102)

Programme: B.A.(Honours) Political Science Department: Amity

Institute of Social Sciences

Submitted to: Dr. Mohd Adnan Arif

 1:conjugation

First of all, there are two moods/tenses in Arabic.

the perfect/past (‫ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬al-maaDi) - used to indicate actions that have been
completed. This conjugation involves adding suffixes to the "base" form of
the verb.
the imperfect/present (‫ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع‬al-muDaari3) - used to indicate actions that
have not been completed yet. This conjugation requires the addition of
prefixes and, in some cases, suffixes as well.

Present tense (‫ اﻟﻣﺿﺎرع‬al-muDaari3)

‫ ﯾﻜﺘﺐ‬- ‫(ﻛﺘﺐ‬to write)

English Standard Arabic Egyptian Arabic
I write (aktubu) ‫أﻛﺘﺐ‬ (aktib) ‫أﻛﺘﺐ‬
you (masc.) write (taktubu) ‫ﺗﻜﺘﺐ‬ (tiktib) ‫ﺗﻜﺘﺐ‬
Singular you (fem.) write (taktubiina) ‫ﺗﻜﺘﺒﯿﻦ‬ (tiktibi) ‫ﺗﻜﺘﺒﻲ‬
he writes (yaktubu) ‫ﯾﻜﺘﺐ‬ (yiktib) ‫ﯾﻜﺘﺐ‬
she writes (taktubu) ‫ﺗﻜﺘﺐ‬ (tiktib) ‫ﺗﻜﺘﺐ‬
we write (naktubu) ‫ﻧﻜﺘﺐ‬
you write (taktubaani) ‫ﺗﻜﺘﺒﺎن‬
Dual
they (masc.) write (yaktubaani) ‫ﯾﻜﺘﺒﺎن‬
they (fem.) write (taktubaani) ‫ﺗﻜﺘﺒﺎن‬
we write (naktubu) ‫ﻧﻜﺘﺐ‬ (niktib) ‫ﻧﻜﺘﺐ‬
you (masc.) write (taktubuuna) ‫ﺗﻜﺘﺒﻮن‬
(tiktibuu) ‫ﺗﻜﺘﺒﻮا‬
Plural you (fem.) write (taktubna) ‫ﺗﻜﺘﺒﻦ‬
they (masc.) write (yaktubuuna) ‫ﯾﻜﺘﺒﻮن‬
(yiktibuu) ‫ﯾﻜﺘﺒﻮا‬
they (fem.) write (yaktubna) ‫ﯾﻜﺘﺒﻦ‬
Past tense(‫ اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‬al-maaDi)

‫ ﯾﻜﺘﺐ‬- ‫(ﻛﺘﺐ‬to write)

English Standard Arabic Egyptian Arabic
I wrote (katabtu) ‫ﺖ‬
ُ ‫ﻛ ﺘﺒ‬ (katabt) ‫ﻛﺘﺒﺖ‬
you (masc.) wrote (katabta) ‫ﺖ‬
َ ‫ﻛ ﺘﺒ‬ (katabt) ‫ﻛﺘﺒﺖ‬
Singular you (fem.) wrote (katabti) ‫ﺖ‬
ِ ‫ﻛ ﺘﺒ‬ (katabti) ‫ﻛﺘﺒﺘﻲ‬
he wrote (kataba) ‫ﺐ‬
َ ‫ﻛﺘ‬ (katab) ‫ﻛﺘﺐ‬
she wrote (katabat) ‫ﻛﺘﺒﺖ‬ (katabit) ‫ﻛﺘﺒﺖ‬
we wrote (katabna) ‫ﻛﺘﺒﻨﺎ‬
you wrote (katabtuma) ‫ﻛﺘﺒﺘﻤﺎ‬
Dual
they (masc.) wrote (katabaa) ‫ﻛﺘﺒﺎ‬
they (fem.) wrote (katabataa) ‫ﻛﺘﺒﺘﺎ‬
we wrote (katabna) ‫ﻛﺘﺒﻨﺎ‬ (katabna) ‫ﻛﺘﺒﻨﺎ‬
you (masc.) wrote (katabtum) ‫ﻛﺘﺒﺘﻢ‬
(katabtuu) ‫ﻛﺘﺒﺘﻮا‬
Plural you (fem.) wrote (katabtunna) ‫ﻛﺘﺒﺘﻦ‬
they (masc.) wrote (katabuu) ‫ﻛﺘﺒﻮا‬
(katabuu) ‫ﻛﺘﺒﻮا‬
they (fem.) wrote (katabna) ‫ﻛﺒﺘﻦ‬

2:Demonstrative pronouns

In Arabic, demonstratives are a bit more complicated (surprise!). They

function the same way as in English (pointing at nouns/pronouns), but with
a few added bonuses.

Like in English, Arabic demonstratives are distinguished by number and

proximity. One thing, plural thing. Near, far.
However they also have a subcategory within plural (dual). Plus a new
category: gender.

All together:
- number (one thing, two things, or more than two things)
- proximity (near or far)
- gender (masculine or feminine)

Dual and gender are woven through the Arabic language, so no one should
be shocked by this information. If you are shocked, please have a little lie
down before looking at the next flowchart.
 3:Interrogative particles
We have covered yes/no questions, and seen that they were formed by
means of interrogative particles. The rest of the words used in interrogation
are all pronouns (nouns in Arabic grammar). They are used to form questions
about such details as what, who, when, where, etc.

When ‫ أ َﯾّﺎَن‬/ ‫َﻣﺘ َﻰ‬

What ‫ ﻣ ﺎذا‬/ ‫ﻣ ﺎ‬
Why ‫ ِﻟﻤﺎ‬/ ‫ِﻟﻤﺎذا‬
How َ ‫َﻛْﯿ‬
‫ﻒ‬
From where / how ‫أ َﻧّﻰ‬
Who ‫َﻣْﻦ‬
Where ‫أ َْﯾَﻦ‬
How many ‫َﻛْﻢ‬
About what ‫ﻋﱠﻢ‬ َ
Which ‫ي‬‫أَ ﱡ‬
Whose ‫ﻟﻤ ﻦ‬

Examples:

‫ﻣ ﺘ ﻰ ﺳ ﺎﻓ ﺮ ت إ ﻟ ﻰ ا ﻟﻘ ﺎ ھ ﺮ ة ؟‬

When did you traveled to Cairo?

‫ﻣ ﺎ ذ ا ﺗﻔ ﻌ ﻞ ؟‬

What are you doing?

‫ﻣ ﺎ ط ﻮ ﻟﻚ ؟‬

How tall are you?

‫ﻟﻤ ﺎذ ا ﻛ ﺴ ﺮ ت اﻟﺰ ﺟ ﺎج ؟‬
 Why did you break the glass?

‫ﻛ ﯿﻒ ھ ﺮ ﺑﺖ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺸ ﺮ ط ﺔ ؟‬

How did you escaped from police?

﴾‫ﺎ‬f‫ﺸٌﺮ َوﻟَْﻢ أ َُك ﺑَِﻐﯿ‬ ُ ‫ﺖ أ َﻧﱠﻰ ﯾَُﻜﻮُن ِﻟﻲ‬

َ ‫ﻏﻼٌَم َوﻟَْﻢ ﯾَْﻤ‬
َ َ‫ﺴْﺴﻨِﻲ ﺑ‬ ْ َ‫﴿ﻗَﺎﻟ‬

She said, “How can I have a boy while no man has touched me and not
been unchaste?” (19:20)

‫ﻣ ﻦ أﻛ ﻞ اﻟﺠ ﺒﻨﺔ ؟‬

Who ate the cheese?

‫أ ﯾ ﻦ أﺟ ﺪ أﻗﺮ ب ﻣ ﺤ ﻄ ﺔ ﻗﻄ ﺎر ؟‬

Where can I find the nearest train station?

‫ﻛ ﻢ ﻋ ﺪ د اﻟﺨ ﻄ ﻮ ات اﻟﺘﻰ ﻣ ﺮ ر ﻧﺎ ﺑﮭ ﺎ ﺣ ﺘﻰ ﻧﺼ ﻞ ﻟﮭ ﺪﻓﻨﺎ ؟‬

How many steps did we take to achieve our goal?

‫ﻟﻤ ﻦ ھ ﺬ ه اﻟﺴ ﯿ ﺎر ة ؟‬

Whose is that car?

4:The Prepositions - ‫ف اْﳉَِّﺮ‬

ُ ‫ُﺣُﺮو‬

A preposition is a word which shows the relation of one word to another. For

example, "the key is in the car.

A preposition (‫ف اْﳉَِّﺮ‬

ُ ‫َﺣْﺮ‬- called /harf ul ĵarr/ in Arabic) is a single letter or a

word which connects two nouns, or a verb and a noun to form a sentence. As
above this is generally showing the position of one word to another. It always

precedes a word and never follows the word.

Some of the most common prepositions are:

Preposition (English) Preposition (Arabic)

In ‫ِﰲ‬

On ‫َﻋﻠَٰﻰ‬

From ‫ِﻣْﻦ‬

To ‫إِ َ ٰﱃ‬

We will also learn about the rule applied for the use of prepositions in Arabic

Language. The following rules are applied for the use of prepositions:

A preposition always comes before a noun and it does not come before a

verb.

The noun following a preposition is changed from nominative case to

genitive case. This means that the last letter of the word will be changed

from a /đammah/ or /đammatain/ to a /kasrah/ or /kasratain/.

The noun following a preposition is called /Maĵrūr/ ‫ َْﳎُﺮوٌر‬which means the

preposition has caused a change in its case (from nominative to genitive

case) as mentioned in the previous rule.

Let’s look at an example (please read from right to left)

Phrase (preposition before word) Word without preposition Preposition

ِ ‫ِﰲ اﻟْﺒـْﻴ‬
‫ﺖ‬ ُ ‫اﻟْﺒَـْﻴ‬
‫ﺖ‬ ‫ِﰲ‬
َ

In the house The house In

• Let’s look at an example (please read from right to left):