(rildayAyManzolimyehiDs (Helenyr4Asiog pn DY RIS (MichelleYG¥QuijanoygnDy Rly. Miguel yAquinoy gh Ds Bs fre Parposive Communication (op i TABLE OF CONTENTS ; Page PREFACE i COMMUNICATION PROG. \ CHAPTER ! PRINCIPLES AND ETHICS b COMMUNICATION AND CHAPTER 2 GLOBALIZATION SPOKEN AND WRITTEN { | CHAPTER 3 VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF \ REGISTERS t } CHAPTER 4 EVALUATING MESS, OR IMAGES OF DIF | TYPES OF TEXT f | DIFFERENT CULTURE: » AND/ ING 52 COMMUNICATION AIDS AND | CHAPTER 5 STRATEGIES USING TOOLS | AND TECHNOLOGY canseneerninarcnnn — Th CHAPTER 5 COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES messnasennssssnennieesien 86 CHAPTER 7 COmMMuNicaTioN For ACADEMIC PURPOSES eon ' 101 References 155 About the Authors 162Communication Processes, Principles ~ and Ethics ey * \ Objectives: By the end of this lesson, the students are expected to: 1. define and explain clearly the meaning of communication; and 2. describe the nature, elements and function of verbal and non-verbal communication in various and multicultural contexts.— nie Communication i“ POWMUNICATIDN: AN inrRODUGTION re You ne an to survive. As a student, you spend around #008 sf commusi® in communicating 0 ant atid Tealiaatee ‘Communication is very important because it also facilitates building jationship among people. As a student, you will later learn the process of Communication ‘and how verbal and non-verbal communication function in various multi-cultural context for better understanding. ~ Meaning of Communication means “to impart” or “ i Communication is a process by which between individuals through a of or (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2018). symbols, signs, or behavi Communication is defined as_ “the imparting, conveying, or * (Oxford Living Dictionary, Communication is a nding, in which participants not only exchange information, news, ideas, and feelings, but also (Business Dictionary, 2018). Three Basic Types of Communication Communication can be categorized into three basic types: () i ars to a person to understand cea @ , in which you heir a) | in which you person and infer meaning. (University of Minnesota, 2015). In order 4 ahaacatioa . you to have a better understanding of the categories of ; here are some examples: (Skills You Need, 2018). Verbal Communi nication: si =k ed othen medi ication: face-to-face, telephone, radio or televisionTir yusire Gommsicai we Nom-Verbal Communication: body language, gestures, how we 8 OF acl - ever your scent dre Written Communication; letters, e-mails, books, magazines, the Internet, and ofr media ‘ t Visualizations: graphs and charts, maps, logos and other visualizations ¢ n communicate messages. Communication Processes and Principles The different mos » of Communication are conceptual models which in the human communication process. are used to ex; jeveloped the published with an introduction by Warren! n the Bell System Technical Journal. for communication, It was ‘Th ShaninoneWeaver Model of Communication § Math Shannon, 2 Mathematician at“Bell Laboratories and professor at .the : cits Inctitute of Technology, and Weaver, a scientist, ”, which They were concerned with radio and telephone technology and developed a linear model of communication that could sed through various channels (West and Turner, plain how information pi 2010) Regarded as an , the Shannon-Weaver Model Jy applied in the field of human communication. Sender (information Source) ~ The originator of a message, produces a message or a sequence of messages to be communicated. The transmitter “hich oe TST like waves or binary data that can be transmitted through cables or satellites. ‘Channel ‘Ve meditim Used to transmit the signal from transmitter to receiver.re Fei nication (OBE) a | The reception place of the signal which convens sete the reverse process of encode, Destination ~ The person (or thing) for whom the message is intended, distortion not intended by the source (Shannon, 1948), | ee Wal o chr mae (Besos Souree (Encoder) Signal "| deceive L 7 Signal Message ‘ Message ‘ | Sag Concepts: I od Entropy : ‘ Redundancy Males Noise Source J Channel Capacity j (Shannon and Weaver, 1948, as cited in Donahue, 2017) In Postulated Berlo’s SendérMessage-Channel- model of communication from Shannon-Weaver’s Model of Communication. He Bananaman SHA ipcas in the communication Process making the communication more efficient. The model also d decoding which happens ten before the sender sends the message and. before receiver receives, the message, respectively, ’ Berlo’s Model has fi ; ibe co mainly fe its to descril “ erence Process. They are su acampeach ach of the co oan nd), Ponent is affected by many factors (Communication Theory, ‘ ‘ Dl ae a SeChannet Fa Receiver ‘Communication ‘sklt Content laments ‘Treatment seeing structure coae touching Knowledge ‘smelling Social System | | tasting | & Source encodes @ message for a channel to a recelver who decodes the message: SM-C-R Model communication theorist, developed Lasswell’s Lasswell’s model, also known as action of communication focuses on the cause and effect of communication (Communication Theory, n.d.). Regarded as one of the most influential communication models anda Lasswell’s model essentially describes who says something, what is said, which channel is used to send what is said, to whom the message is aimed at and what effect the message has.(Rahmanjmc, 2015) Lasswell’s communication model has evaluating the communication proce: these components, while the answers the communication between people. used for The {WOIGHESONS|are the basis for COMPONENT MEANING —_ | the communi | | source of m Ee Content Says What | the content of the mess Analysis | In Which Media ‘Chanhel the medium or media P Analysis — To Whom the receiver of the m an Audience audience ‘ * Analysis With What the feedback of the receiver to the Effect sender | Effect Analysis | | | | * Controlanatysis is « mansgeniadlGUliflanlysis that helps the Sender to have the power to communicate is related to the and/or the RANE ovs which mediu ively im sh¢ ffectively convey the message to the recein, ould be used to ecation (OBB) we + ‘Audience analysis shows who the messagevis intended TOF and they can be influenced. ideally done It is used to get population (Mulder, ver the 2018). Lasswell also brought the concept of Effective Communication Process. He talked about the relation between presentation of facts and how it generates different effects, a“ The use of the concept of effect makes Lasswell’s model non-linear unlike its name. It is because effect can also be taken as feedback. William MeGuire (1981, as cited in Health Knowledge, 2017) adds a further dimension to communication. Instead of having only an X axis with Source, Message, Channel, and Receiver which he calls "input factors", he adds a Y axis comprised of Attention, Liking, Comprehension, Yielding, Remembering, and Action, which he calls "output factors." Channel | Receiver Attention Liking Comprehension Remembering Action bines the traditional S-M-C-R uni-dimensional this is a more sophisticated way of thinking In fact, his two dimensional matrix is f persuasive communication both Since McGuire com| model with factors on the Y axis. about and analysing communication. useful for analysing the effectiveness 0 before and after the fact.| ee Co i Sy In addition to McGuire's dimensions, there are also. three oth, elements that are vital for all social or business interactions thio, These are as follows: € igh communication. - 1. Use of language. The understanding of what people hear can be changeg : by loudness, intonation, clarity, use of jargon, aggressive words, Ne d colloquialisms. 2. Behavior. In face to face meetings, body language‘can affect the Whole meaning of communication. For example, frowning, arms folded and legs apart, pointing fingers, and looking bored versus animated voice and eyes, smiling face, and positive arm movements. Ovid summed this up in this quote..."4 new idea is delicate. It can be killed by a sneer or g yawn. It can be stabbed to death by a quip and worried to death bya Srown on the right man's brow." 3. Other symbols, for example hand-outs, presentations, stage props, examples of work etc. Getting over the right message is complex as the meaning of the message may be: ° misunderstood © misinterpreted * misheard + ignored * perceived as irrelevant Delivering the ‘right’ message i Careful thought on how the message is delivered is required, taking into account: * What are we trying to convey? * What are we inadvertently conveying? Confucius wrote... ‘Uf language is not correct, then what is said is not what is meant. I what is said is not what i : fe remains undone’ int, then what ought to be doneMonroe's Motivation Sequence Alan Monroe's Motivated Sequence (1935, as cited in Agnes Scott College, n.d), while written to support people in making persuasive speeches, is a useful reminder of the key steps as they are the same for all communication and action, Attention Step * Get the attention of your audience, ‘This can be done with a detailed story, shocking example, dramutic statistic, quote, ete, ‘This is part of your introduction (in addition to stating your thesis, giving a preview of your main points, mentioning your credibility, and telling your audience why the topic is of concern to them), Need Step + Show the problem exists, that it is significant, and that it will not go away by itself. Document your statements with statistics, examples, etc. + Offer a clear and concis + This is the central idea. «Tell them what you are going to tell them + Establish expectation. statement of the need. Illustration + Present one or more illustrations and/or specific instances to give the audience an idea of the nature and scope of the problem, Ramification + Use supporting materials, statistics, testimony, ete., to drive the point home. Pointing * Point out how the issue or problem affects the audience's health, security, ete. Satisfaction © Offer solutions for the problem you have shown exists in the Need Step. These are solutions that the government or society as a whole can implement. You must satisfy the need. © Includes:re large Commit a) ¥ Initial Summary State in advance What your main ideas are, ¥ Detailed Information Discuss in order the information for each of the main; ¥ Final Summary ain ideas, ‘Tell them what you said. Visualization Step » State what will happen if we do not do something about i problem. Be graphic, . + The primuty strategy is (0 project the audience into the future ang aceept or deny your proposals. In informative speeches, this step may be used to suggest the pleasure that may be gained from this knowledge. Action Step ntial output. Required when action is ane # Offer alternatives that the audience can do personally to help solve the sts. Again, be very specific and very problem you have shown ey realistic. © Motivate staff to get out and do something! Wrap up loose ends by giving a review of points and restating your thesis, and then conclude the speech, Models of Communication | Model ot ae sens aa mT Communication Advantages Disadvantages inva «the managers ikely © dl have more of a voice > the individual has the opportunity to voice clear opinions without the influence of others One to one open to manipulation + only the leader gets the overall picture + time consumingCascade One to one endorsement within a group vy can reach more staff makes middle managers fee! involved the message becomes diluted, incorrect or forgotten some people will not hear the message at all the team has more control over the content of the decision and can therefore ensure that the rationale remains intact there are fewer hidden agendas to second guess and negotiate it is easier to achieve individual commitment and with each endorsement, to build a sense of a collective bandwagon beginning to roll people respond in a private capacity. Will they stand by their decision when a problem arises? Will they change their mind? the evidence itself is subject to rather less discussion than it would receive in a larger group Round table management led consensus o ensures that the message is heard the same by everyone everyone hears the opinions of others ‘open communication channels might not be candid about the obstacles and opportunities less likely to feel the need to defend their own comer professionals often feel obliged to disagree then come up with a consensus difficulty in getting everyone together at the same time.> Ensures that the message isheard the | + no leader to keeping | Round table same by everyone communication ed consensus fora | > Everyone hears the * no.control over the group decision opinions of others | BTOUP'S activities | > Open communication . | Potentially no | channel ¥ NO outcomes (Health Knowledge, 2017) Communication Ethics Communication ethics is concerned primarily with human communication mediated by communications technologies, from print to radio, television, and other advanced electronic media. As such, it assumes the importance of ethical responsibilities in direct or immediate communication, such as the obligation to speak truthfully, and seeks to reflect on how these carry over into the complex circumstances that arise with the development of communications, science, and technology. Because of the historical role played by reflection on ethics in relation to mass circulation print technologies in the form of newspapers during the first half of the twentieth century, communication ethics has its roots in journalism ethics. Because of the multiplicity of communications media during the last half of the twentieth century, the term media ethics is sometimes used as a synonym for communication ethics (Encyclopedia.com, 2016). For a better understanding of Communication Ethics, the students will have to watch a video from https://study.com/academy/lesson/ethical- communication-in-the-workplace.html. 12