Eng .Hassan Hammami: This Note Is Allowed Only For Personal Use Not For Commercial Use

© copyright Eng .
Hassan Hammami All copyrights reserved

This note is allowed only for personal use not for Commercial use
Facebook : Eng.Hassan Hammami , Youtube : Eng.Hassan Hammami Page 1
The Deflection In Concrete Slabs And Beams As Per ACI Code
And Other References
The Contents :
1. 1. Why we have to control the deflection? 5
2. 2. What is the concept of the allowable value of the deflections and what are the corresponding 5
type of the deflection ?
5
2.1 - Type1 , Visually offensive sag and Ponding of water on the roof , Controlled by the Total deflection
5
2.1.1 - The concept of the total deflection and its limits
2.1.2 - The Total deflection limits in ACI code and other references 6
2.1.2.1 - Relative deflection limits for the Total deflection 6
2.1.2.2 - Absolute deflection limits for the Total deflection 6
2.2 - Type2 , Damage to ceiling or floor finishes, cracking of masonry walls and other brittle partitions, 7
improper functioning of sliding windows and doors, tilting of storage racking and so on ,
Controlled by the Incremental Deflection
7
2.2.1 - The concept of the incremental deflection and its limits
o incremental deflection for the partition dincrt (part) 8

9
o incremental deflection for the finishes dincrt (finish )
2.2.2 - The incremental deflection limits in ACI 318 code and other references
9
2.2.2.1 - Relative deflection limits as per ACI 318 code for The incremental deflection 9
Are concrete block partitions considered as brittle or non-brittle elements ? 10
2.2.2.2 - Absolute deflection limits as per ACI 318 code for The incremental deflection 12
2.2.2.3 - Relative and Absolute deflection limits as per other references for The incremental 12
deflection
2.3 -Type3 , The perceptible springy vertical motion of floor systems and other vibration-related problems , 13
Controlled by live load deflection
- The concept of the Live load deflection and its limits
3. 3. What are the minimum thickness of the Slab/Beams to control the deflection without checking 13
the deflection ?
4. 13
3.1 - For Beams and one-way Slabs
3.2 - For Two way having a ratio of long to short span not greater than 2 ( otherwise follow the value of Beams 13
and one-way slabs )
13
3.2.1 - if the slabs are without interior beams spanning between the supports
3.2.2 - if the slabs are with beams spanning between the supports on all sides 13
© copyright Eng .Hassan Hammami All copyrights reserved

5. 4. What is the Procedure to calculate the deflection as per ACI 318 and PCA Notes on ACI 318-11 14
6.
4.1 - The applied Loads 14
4.2 - The main Load cases considered for deflection calculation 14
4.3 - The specification of the section and materials 14
4.4 - The effective moment of inertia Ie 15
4.5 - The immediate deflections (Di)
16
4.6 - The long term deflection ( creep deflection ) (DLT)
16
4.6.1 - Method1 ( ACI 318 Method )
17
4.6.2 - Method2 (ACI Committee 435 modified method )
4.7 - The Live load deflection (DLL)
19
4.8 - The incremental deflection (Dinct)
19
7. 5. What are the techniques to control the deflection ? 19
5.1-Design techniques 19
5.2-Construction techniques 20
5.3-Materials selection 20
8. 6. What are the special requirements to check the deflection at a Planted column ? 20
6.1 – The deflection at the slab / beam below the planted column 20
6.2 – The differential settlements in the levels above the planted column 20
21
7. How to calculate and check the deflections using SAFE software ( with solved example ) ?
7.1 The analysis method of SAFE software 21
7.2 The calculation of the deflection in SAFE software , Solved Example 22
7.2.1 – Input Data 22

22
7.2.2 – The slab dimensions and load definitions
23
7.2.3.a – CSI Procedure to calculate the long term deflection ( First method - Total deflection ) :
24
 The immediate deflection of un-sustained Live loads di,LL unsus :
25
 The long-term deflection ( including creep and shrinkage ) of sustained loads :
25
 The Total Deflection (dtot ) :
7.2.3.b – CSI Procedure to calculate the long term deflection ( Second method - Incremental deflection ) 26
 The Immediate deflection before attachment of non-structural elements di (sw+ a SDL ) 27

 The Incremental Deflection (dinct ) 28
7.2.3.c – The Procedure to calculate the Live deflection 29
7.2.4 – The definition of effective parameters for the deflection calculation in SAFE . 30
7.2.4.1– Modulus of rupture fr 30

7.2.4.2– the tension and compression reinforcement 31
Note 1 : For the cover of the reinforcement
Note2 : For the deflection calculation of the beams ( frame elements ) 32
Note3 : For the deflection calculation of the ribbed / waffle slabs 33
33

7.2.5 – The results of the deflections and the comparison with the deflection limits 33
34
7.2.5.a – The Total deflection 34
7.2.5.a.1 – The Total deflection At mid spans of the panel 36
7.2.5.a.2 – The Total deflection At the cantilever
7.2.5.b – The incremental deflection 37

7.2.5.a.1 – The incremental deflection At mid spans of the panel 37
7.2.5.a.2 – The incremental deflection At the cantilever 39
7.2.5.c – The Live load deflection 41
9. Reference 41

The Deflection In Concrete Slabs And Beams As Per ACI Code
And Other References
1. Why we have to control the deflection?
Even through the building may be perfectly safe , Excessive deflections may cause severe serviceability problems , such as :
1- Visually offensive sag .

2- Damage to non-structural elements ( partitions , plastered ceiling , glass windows and doors … etc. )
3- Disruption of function ( Poor fitting of doors and windows , Poor roof drainage , Misalignment of sensitive machinery and
equipment … etc. )
4- Excessive vibration .
5- Ponding of water on the roof .
2. What is the concept of the allowable value of the deflections and what are the corresponding type of the deflection ?
The most common deflection problems could be classified by three Types :
Type 1 : Visually offensive sag and Ponding of water on the roof , Controlled by the Total deflection
Type 2 : Damage to ceiling or floor finishes, cracking of masonry walls and other brittle partitions, improper functioning of
sliding windows and doors, tilting of storage racking and so on , Controlled by the Incremental Deflection
Type 3 : The perceptible springy vertical motion of floor systems and other vibration-related problems , Controlled by live
load deflection
2.1 - Type1 , Visually offensive sag and Ponding of water on the roof , Controlled by the Total deflection :
They include visually unacceptable sagging (or hogging) of slabs and beams and ponding of water on roofs.
Type 1 problems are generally overcome by limiting the magnitude of the Total deflection to some appropriately low
values .
2.1.1 - The concept of the total deflection and its limits :
The Total Deflection ( dtot ) of a beam / slab in a building is the sum of the short-term and long-term
deflections caused by all loads (including the self-weight) .
Short-Term deflection ( immediate deflection ) is the deflection which occurs immediately after application of
service load .
Long-Term deflection ( creep deflection ) is the deflection which occurs over a long period of time due to creep
and shrinkage (does not include the immediate deflection )
dtot = di , sw +di , SDL +di,LL + dcr ,sw+SDL+LL sus
di,sw : immediate deflection of the Self-weight.

di,SDL : immediate deflection due to super-dead loads .
di,LL : immediate deflection due to Total Live loads .
dcr,sw+SDL+LL sus : Long Term deflection due to The creep and shrinkage due to the application of all
sustained loads ( Self-weight , super-dead loads and sustained Live loads ) over a long period of time
When the total deflection exceeds about span/200 below the horizontal Structures it may become visually
unacceptable [Ref1] . Total deflection limits that are appropriate for the particular member and its intended
function must be selected by the designer The codes suggest deflection limits which should be respected also
as per the studied condition

2.1.2 - The Total deflection limits in ACI code and other references :
There are two kinds of deflections limits , Relative deflection limit and Absolute deflection limit.
Relative deflection limit is The unitless limit of the deflection which related to L length of the span .
Absolute deflection limit is The unit limit of the deflection ( not related to L length of the span )
Most codes and references have Relative deflection limits but only a few of them have Absolute deflection limit
2.1.2.1 - Relative deflection limits for the Total deflection :
ACI 318 code doesn’t put limit for the total deflection , but it is mentioned in ACI 435R-95 -2.4.3. that “ Where
excessive deflection may result in a functional problem , such as visual sagging or ponding of water, the total
deflection should be considered. “ Without specifying limit for the total deflection
AS 3600-2009 (Australian code ) requires that a limit on the total deflection be selected that is appropriate to the
structure and its intended use, but that limit should not be greater than L /250 for a span supported at both ends and
L/125 for a cantilever .
Eurocode 2 and BS 8110-2 recommends limits on total deflection of L/250 for a span supported at both ends and
L/250 for a cantilever .
where L for the Relative deflection is any Critical distance could be visible and observable along any direction :
- For Beams L is the Length between supports

- For one way slabs L is the Length between supports along the work direction ( short direction if beams there
are at all boundaries )
- For cantilever L is the length of the cantilever ( for the values above )
- For two way slab ( including flat slab ) L should be considered along all critical directions , it means between
the columns ( column strips ) , the diagonal directions and middle strip directions .
in most cases ( and as per explained in the example in chapter 7 ) , checking the diagonal directions and long
column strips is enough .
Note : For spans have differential deflection at their ends ( Like middle strips and secondary beams and
cantilevers supported on deflected beams ) the deflections could be measured from the deflected ends ( see
figures 2.1.2.1.a & 2.1.2.1.b)
Fig 2.1.2.1.a – The parameters to check the total deflection for Type1– without deflected ends
Fig 2.1.2.1.b – The parameters to check the total deflection for Type1– with deflected ends
2.1.2.2 - Absolute deflection limits for the Total deflection :
Only a few references have Absolute deflection limits for the Total deflection dtot .
ACI , Eurocode and BS 8110 Codes do not have Absolute deflection limits for Total deflection .
in ISO 4356 The deflection limits are 30 mm for mid span and 15 mm for cantilever [Ref2] .
The Total deflection dtot for the beam/slab with deflected ends could be measured as mentioned in figures
2.1.2.1.a & 2.1.2.1.b

2.2 - Type2 , Damage to ceiling or floor finishes, cracking of masonry walls and other brittle partitions, improper
functioning of sliding windows and doors, tilting of storage racking and so on ,
Controlled by the Incremental Deflection :
To avoid these problems, a limit must be placed on that part of the deflection that occurs after the attachment of the non-
structural elements , which called Incremental Deflection.
2.2.1 - The concept of the incremental deflection and its limits :
The non-structural elements do not be affected by Nor the deflections which happened before their installation and
Neither the immediate deflection due to themselves-weight because it could be arranged during the installation
As example and for more clarification , the incremental deflection affecting the behavior of the partition consist of the
following components : [Ref3]
“ 1− Long term deflection under the already present permanent loads (self-weight, other building elements)
2− Long term deflection under the new permanent loads (self-weight of the wall, other building elements)
3− Elastic deflection under the permanent loads placed after the erection of the partitions
4− Elastic deflection under the transient loads “
Actually The non-structural elements consist of many components ( ceiling , floor finishes ,masonry walls etc. )
To simplify the calculations , Most of the codes and references deal with The non-structural elements as package
( Super dead loads) so that they will be installed almost at the same time .
As per ACI 318 Code and PCA NOTES ON ACI CODE , The incremental deflection ( dincrt ) is
{ The long-term deflection ( creep deflection ) due to all of the sustained loads + the short-term deflection due
to the transitory (non-sustained) live load }
The concept of The incremental deflection could be clarified in figure 2.2.1.a
Fig 2.2.1.a – load-time history and corresponding deflection-time history - simplified assumptions of ACI code .
dincrt = di,LL sus + d(cr,sw+SDL+LL sus) + di,LL unsus = d(cr,sw+SDL+LL sus) + di,LL
di,LL sus : immediate deflection due to sustained Live loads .

di,LL unsus : immediate deflection due to non-sustained Live loads ( transitory live load )
di,LL : immediate deflection due to Total Live loads .
dcr,sw+SDL+LL sus : Long Term deflection due to The creep and shrinkage due to the application of all
sustained loads ( Self-weight , super-dead loads and sustained Live loads ) over a long period of time .

For the actual case considering the stages of applying the components of the non-structural elements see Example 2.2.1
below .
Example 2.2.1 : discuss the formula of the incremental deflection equation considering two components [ Partitions
and floor finishes ] for the non-structural elements :
Assuming the Partitions will be installed at time ( t1) and the floor finishes will be installed after the
Partitions at time ( t2) , the incremental deflection formula could be expressed as the following using
Fig 2.2.1.b ,
Fig 2.2.1.b – load-time history and corresponding deflection-time history – detailed stages
We have two incremental deflections should be checked , incremental deflection for the partition and incremental
deflection for the floor finishes
o incremental deflection for the partition dincrt (part) :
The partition will be affected by the parts of deflections which happen after the installation of the partition
dincrt (part) = dcr 2 ,sw + part + di,finish + dcr 3 ,sw + part + finish + di,LL sus + dcr 4 ,sw + part + finish + LLsus
+ di,LL unsus
di,sw : immediate deflection of the Self-weight.

dcr 1 ,sw : Long Term deflection due to The creep and shrinkage due to the application of Self-weight
up to the time of the partitions installation .
di,part : immediate deflection due to partitions loads .
dcr 2 ,sw + part : Long Term deflection due to The creep and shrinkage due to the application of Self-
weight and Partitions which occurs after the partition installation up to the finishes
installation .
Note1 : the part of the creep deflection of Self-weight which happen before the
partition installation is not included in dcr 2 ,sw + part .
Note2 : assuming the partitions will be installed after 1 months of removing shoring ,
almost 25% of the final Long Term deflection due to the self-weight will be already
occurs before that .
if t1 = 1 months , dcr 1 ,sw = 25% of final dcr ,sw
if t1 = 3 months , dcr 1 ,sw = 50% of final dcr ,sw
So the delay of the partition installation has sufficient reduction for the deflection
which effects on the partitions

di,finish : immediate deflection due to finishes loads .
dcr 3 ,sw + part + finish : Long Term deflection due to The creep and shrinkage due to the application of
Self-weight , Partitions and finishes loads which happen after the finishes
installation up to the applying the sustained live load . see Note 1 and Note 2
above for the same concept .
di,LL sus : immediate deflection due to sustained Live loads
dcr 4 ,sw + part + finish + LL sus : Long Term deflection due to The creep and shrinkage due to the
application of Self-weight , Partitions and finishes loads which
happen after applying the sustained live load . see Note 1 and Note 2
above for the same concept
di,LL unsus : immediate deflection due to non-sustained Live loads ( transitory live load )
o incremental deflection for the finishes dincrt (finish ) :
The finishes will be effected by the parts of deflections which happen after the installation of the finishes
dincrt (finish) = dcr 3 ,sw + part + finish + di,LL sus + dcr 4 ,sw + part + finish + LLsus + di,LL unsus
We can see that the calculations as per the actual situation is more complicated than the simplified calculations
based on the assumptions of the codes . but the actual calculations could result less values because it remove the
part of the long term deflection which happen before installation the considered element .
2.2.2 - The incremental deflection limits in ACI 318 code and other references :
2.2.2.1 - Relative deflection limits as per ACI 318 code for The incremental deflection :
In ACI 318 - Table 9.5 (b) , ACI 318 gives Relative limits for the incremental deflection :
The specification of all used non-structural elements should be known to classify them as sensitive or insensitive
elements for large deflection , the deflection should be not greater than nor the code limits neither the
specification limits .
To discuss the table above , we will talk about two of the main non-structural elements ( floor finishes and the
partitions )
 For floor finishes , usually they are considered as insensitive elements for large deflection and L/240 is
enough to control the deflection , L should be check for any critical directions
( see 2.1.2.1 ) , In table 9.5 (b) L could be considered as the following :
- for Beams L is the Length between supports

- for one way slabs L is the Length between supports along the work direction ( short direction for beams
at all boundaries )

- for cantilever L is the twice of the cantilever length
Ref. 1 : IBC 2018 code , Table 1604.3 , note i
Ref. 2 : ASCE 7 -16 code , in Page 801 it considers the deflection of cantilever L/150 while the
deflection of midspan L/300 , it is equivalent to consider ( l ) as twice the length of the cantilever.
- For two way slab ( including flat slab ) L should be considered along all critical directions , it means
between the columns ( column strips ) , the diagonal directions and middle strip directions .
in most cases ( and as per explained in the example in chapter 7 ) , checking the diagonal directions and
long column strips is enough . as per ACI 435R (L) is the diagonal direction for flat slab
Note : For spans have differential deflection at their ends ( Like middle strips and secondary beams and
cantilevers supported on deflected beams ) the deflections could be measured from the deflected ends
( see figures 2.2.2. a & 2.2.2.b)
Fig 2.2.2. a – The parameters to check the incremental deflection– without deflected ends
Fig 2.2.2. b – The parameters to check the incremental deflection– with deflected ends
 For the brittle partitions , the specification of the used partition should be known to classify the partition as brittle or
non-brittle ) to know the deflection limit L/240 or L/480
If we know exactly the locations of the partitions and we ensure that these locations will not be changed we can check
L to be along each partition location otherwise we have to check L in all critical direction same as explained above
Are concrete block partitions considered as brittle or non-brittle elements ?
Usually most references deal with the plain ( unreinforced ) concrete block masonry partition as brittle and small
deflection limit ( like L/480 ) should be achieved .
Actually , It is impossible and not economic to provide supports stiff enough to exclude cracks occurring Completely
, It is also important to improve the construction details.
there are Practical means to protect partitions from cracking [Ref3] :
a) Make the partition independent of the structure :

This is the most efficient method (Figure 3.21) The partition is separated from the bearing slab or beam with
a damp proof membrane (dpc/dpm) or some other layer and with reinforcement placed in the mortar joints of
the wall. Also the top of the wall must be separated to allow the deflection of the upper slab to take place
without any significant loading on the wall, and the lateral stability should be ensured. The partition then
behaves like a separate, reinforced wall beam and no longer follows the movement of the floor or the beam.
The eventual opening between floor and partition is covered by a decorative strip at the
bottom.

b) Opening in the wall
Provide joint reinforcement above the opening (Figure 3.22). Try to make a joint close to the opening (Figure
3.23). In this case the two walls will deform separately, thus avoiding corner cracks.
c) Erection of the walls

Try to do it as late as possible after the construction of the structure so that part of the deflection has already
occurred. When walls are built above each other on different levels, Figure 3.24 shows two possible ways to
progress the masonry construction.

If Special building details are provided to separate or reinforce the interfaces between the structural element
and the partition wall, the recommended limits are exceeded.
So The use of low amounts of reinforcement for crack control is recommended to increase the deformation
ability of unreinforced masonry without sustaining any visible cracking, given that severe deflection limits may
be unaffordable. (e.g. use of bed joint reinforcement in horizontal mortar layers and mesh reinforcement
renderings in general, near openings, intersection of walls or other interfaces with other elements) and this
procedure can be combined with provision of joints at the top/bottom of the partition/infill walls, in order to
allow the deformation of the support structure, without compromising the stability of those walls “
2.2.2.2 - Absolute deflection limits as per ACI 318 code for The incremental deflection :
ACI 318 does not give Absolute limits for the incremental deflection
2.2.2.3 - Relative and Absolute deflection limits as per other references for The incremental deflection :
 BS 8110-2: Unless partitions, cladding and finishes, have been specifically detailed to allow for the
anticipated deflections, some damage can be expected if the deflection after the installation of such finishes
and partitions exceeds the following values:
a) L/500 (Relative) or 20 mm (Absolute) , whichever is the lesser, for brittle materials;
b) L/350 (Relative) or 20 mm (Absolute) , whichever is the lesser, for non-brittle partitions or
finishes;
where L is the span and the length of a cantilever .
Note : These values are indicative only.
 EUROCODE2-2: Unless partitions, cladding and finishes, have been specifically detailed to allow for the
anticipated Deflections that could damage adjacent parts of the structure should be limited. For the deflection
after construction, span/500 is normally an appropriate limit for quasi-permanent loads.

2.3 -Type3 , The perceptible springy vertical motion of floor systems and other vibration-related problems , Controlled
by live load deflection :
Very little quantitative information for controlling this type of deflection problem is available in codes of practice.
The codes limits provide a minimum requirement on the stiffness of members that may, in some cases, be sufficient to
avoid type3 problems [Ref1].
- The concept of the Live load deflection and its limits :
The Live load Deflection ( dLL ) is the immediate ( short-term) deflection due to the total live
ACI-318 places limits In Table 9.5 (b) for the short-term deflection due to live load (di,LL ) For a floor that is not
supporting or attached to non-structural elements likely to be damaged by large deflection of L/360 , and L/180 for a
flat roof .
Since the Live load is not applied at the beginning of the construction, the calculations of the live deflection should
include the effective inertia of the beam / slab after applying all other loads. so it is considered as the difference
between the total deflection d i, SW+SDL+LL and the dead load deflection d i, SW+SDL
di, LL = d i, SW+SDL+LL - d i, SW+SDL
the considerations of L in Table 9.5 (b) are same as explained in ( 2.2.2.1 ) for the incremental deflection
3. What are the minimum thickness of the Slab/Beams to control the deflection without checking the deflection ?
3.1 - For Beams and one-way Slabs , Minimum thickness stipulated in ACI 318-11 Table 9.5(a) shall apply .
Note 1 : The designer should especially note that this minimum thickness requirement is intended only for members not
supporting or attached to partitions or other construction likely to be damaged by large deflections. For all other members,
deflections need to be computed ( ACI 318-11 , 9.5.2.1 ) and only for normal loads
( ACI 435R-95 , 2.4.2 )
3.2 - For Two way having a ratio of long to short span not greater than 2 ( otherwise follow the value of Beams and
one-way slabs ) :
3.2.1 - if the slabs are without interior beams spanning between the supports and, the minimum thickness shall be in
accordance with the provisions of ACI 318-11 Table 9.5(c) and shall not be less than the following values:
(a) Slabs without drop panels as defined in ACI 318-11 , 13.2.5................................................ 125 mm
(b) Slabs with drop panels as defined in ACI 318-11 , 13.2.5 ............................................... 100 mm
Note 2 : The minimum thicknesses in Table 9.5(c) are those that have been developed through the years. Slabs
conforming to those limits have not resulted in systematic problems related to stiffness for short- and long-term loads.
These limits apply to only the domain of previous experience in loads, environment, materials, boundary conditions, and
spans.
3.2.2 - if the slabs are with beams spanning between the supports on all sides, the minimum thickness, h, shall be as the
formulas 9-12 & 9 13 in ACI 318-11 .
From Note 1 & Note 2 , we can conclude that the minimum thickness method may be applied only in case the normal loads and no
non-structural element sensitive to deflection are attached . these values had been made based on the previous experience , So the
limiting computed deflections method can avoid any unacceptable result could be happen due to using the minimum thickness
method

( l ) for the cantilever is the clear projection of the cantilever ACI SP-17M(14) - Table 13.2
4. What is the Procedure to calculate the deflection as per ACI 318 and PCA Notes on ACI 318-11 ?
As per ACI 318-14 and PCA Notes on ACI 318-11 , The Procedure to calculate the deflection will be explained as the following :
4.1 - The applied Loads :
Self-weight (sw )
Super dead loads ( SDL )
Live load ( LL )
Sustained live load ( LL sus) = α LL : is the ratio of the sustained part from the total live load .
Un-Sustained live load ( LL unsus) = LL - LLsus : is the ratio of the un-sustained part from the total live load .
4.2 - The main Load cases considered for deflection calculation :
dead loads ( DL ) = sw + SDL

Sustained loads (sus ) = sw + SDL + LL sus
Total loads ( total ) = sw + SDL + LL
4.3 - The specification of the section and materials :
(Es ) Modules of the elasticity of the reinforcement

(fc’) Concrete strength
(Ec ) Modules of the elasticity of the Concrete = Ec 4700 √𝒇𝒄′ Mpa ACI 318-14 19.2.2.1
(fy) reinforcement strength
(As) Area of the tension reinforcement, ( ρ ) Ratio of the tension reinforcement (ρ= As / b d)
(As’) Area of the compression reinforcement, ( ρ’ ) Ratio of the compression reinforcement ( ρ’= As’/ b d )
(d ) Effective depth , the distance from the tension fiber to the centroid of the reinforcement
( fr ) Modulus of rupture , fr = 0.62 √𝒇𝒄′ Mpa ACI 318-14 19.2.3.1
Note : the field-measured deflections for nominally slab panels in 28-story building ( Jokinen and
Scanlon,1985) show that the best estimate of the mean deflection was obtained using an modulus of
rupture of fr = 0.32 √𝒇𝒄′ Mpa (4 √𝒇𝒄′ psi ) The calculated deflection based on the ACI 318 specified
value , fr = 0.62 √𝒇𝒄′ Mpa (7.5 √𝒇𝒄′ psi ) was found to lie at the low end of the range of measured
deflections. The calculations included effects of construction loads. Ref : ACI 435R-95 , 4.7

4.4 - The effective moment of inertia Ie :
≤ Ig ACI 318-14 , 24.2.3.5a
Ie : The effective moment of inertia , should be calculated for each main load case (DL , sus , total ) .
For prismatic members Ie may be considered at the mid span for the simple beams and at the support section for the
cantilever , For continuous prismatic and non-prismatic members PCA 9.5.2.4 suggests using the average Ie at the
critical positive and negative moment sections.
Ig : The gross moment of inertia for uncracked section .
Ma : The unfactored moment should be calculated for each main load case (DL, sus , total )
Mcr : The cracking moment , it is the moment value when the section starts cracking .
ACI 318-14 , 24.2.3.5b
yt : distance from centroidal axis of gross section , neglecting reinforcement, to tension face .
Icr : Moment of inertia of full cracked section .
 For rectangular section :
Icr = b ( Kd )3 / 3 + n As ( d - Kd )2 + ( n – 1 ) As’ ( Kd – d’ )2
(𝑛−1)𝐴𝑠′ 𝑏
Where : n = Es / Ec , r = , B= , d’ = the cover to the centroid of the compression reinforcement
𝑛 𝐴𝑠 𝑛 𝐴𝑠
𝑑′
√ 2𝑑𝐵 ( 1+𝑟 )+ (1+𝑟)2 − (1+𝑟)
𝑑
Kd =
𝐵
 For Flanged section : see Table 10-2 in PCA Notes
Figure 10-1 in PCA Notes shows the concept of Ie , Icr , Mcr :

4.5 - The immediate deflections (Di) :
a- For simple beam , cantilevers and continuous beams between inflection points with uniformed load w :
𝐾 .5/48 . 𝑀𝑎 . 𝐿2
Di =
𝐸𝑐 . 𝐼𝑒
Ma : the support moment for cantilevers and the midspan moment (when K is so defined) for simple and
continuous beams
L : the span length
K : the deflection coefficient For uniformly distributed loading w, the theoretical values of K are shown in
Table 10-3 in PCA
b- For other cases : The deflection should be calculated by the analytical equations or by the computer .
Then , The immediate deflections should be calculated for the following cases :
(Di) DL for w = DL using Ie DL

(Di) sus for w = sus using, Ie sus
(Di) tot for w = tot using Ie D+L
4.6 - The long term deflection ( creep deflection ) (DLT) :
The long-term deflection ( creep deflection ) D LT is the additional deflection caused by the effects of shrinkage and creep.
Two approximate methods for estimating long-term deflection appear below :
4.6.1 - Method1 ( ACI 318 Method ) :
DLT = λD.(Di) sus
ACI 318-14 , 24.2.4.1.1
λD : long-term multiplier
ρ′ : compression reinforcement ratio , shall be calculated at midspan for simple and continuous spans, and
at the support for cantilevers.
ξ : the time-dependent factor for sustained loads shall be in accordance with ACI 318-14 Fig 24.2.4..1

4.6.2 - Method2 (ACI Committee 435 modified method ) :
If it is desired to consider the deflection of creep D cp and shrinkage D sh separately, approximate equations provided in
Branson (1965, 1971, 1977) and ACI Committee 435 may be used , This method is explained in PCA Notes ,
ACI 435R-95 has more details :
DLT = D cp + D sh
: D cp = λcp (Di) sus
λcp = 0.85/ (1+50ρ’ ) Ct
𝑡 0.6
Ct = ( ) Cu
10+𝑡 0.6
Ct creep coefficient at time t (days ) after application the load
Cu ultimate creep coefficient = 2.35γc
γc creep correction factor = Khc c c c c
Kd Ks Kf Kac Kto
c
Fig 2.1 , ACI 435R-95 – Creep correction factors for nonstandard condition
the ultimate creep coefficient is dependent on six factors :
factors Standard conditions

1. relative humidity 40% R.H
2. age of concrete at load application 3 days (steam cured) or 7 days (moist cured)
3. minimum member dimension 6 in. least dimension
4. concrete consistency 3 in. slump
5. fine aggregate content 50% fine aggregate
6. air content 6% air content

Assuming that in normal construction , the relative humidity of 70% and load application taking place
at an age of 20 days and all other conditions remain constant , the correction factor γc could be
estimated as ( 0.80 ) (0.865) = 0.692 then Cu = 1.63 .
“The value for Cu suggested in the 1978 edition of ACI 435, based on relative humidity of 70%,
age at load application of 20 days and minimum dimension of 6 in. was Cu = 1.60 “ PCA Notes On
ACI 318-11 - 9.5.2.5
: D sh = Ksh . ∅sh . L2
Ksh the shrinkage deflection constant :
0.125 for simple beam
0.50 for cantilever
0.09 for Spans with one end continuous (multi spans)
0.08 for Spans with one end continuous (two spans)
0.07 for Spans with both ends continuous
∅sh = Ash . zsh / h
∅sh : curvature due to the shrinkage
h : overall thickness of a member
Ash : shrinkage deflection multiplier , from Fig 10.3 in PCA Notes
𝑡
zsh = ( ) z(sh) u for moist-cured concrete
35+𝑡
𝑡
zsh = ( ) z(sh) u for steam cured concrete
55+𝑡
z(sh) : shrinkage strain at time ( t )
where t (days ) is the time after 7 days from placing the concrete for moist-cured concrete and after 1-3 days
from placing the concrete for steam cured concrete
z(sh) u : ultimate shrinkage strain = 780 x 10 -6 γs
γs shrinkage correction factor = Khs s s s

Kd Kf Kb Kac Ks
s s
Fig 2.2 , ACI 435R-95 – shrinkage correction factors for nonstandard condition

“ Keeping all applicable conditions the same as used in evaluation of the ultimate creep and use of a cement factor
of 6 bags per cubic yard (335 kg/m3) , calculation of the appropriate correction factors yields:
Khs = 1.4 – 0.01H = 1.4 – (0.01)(70) = 0.70 (relative humidity)
Kbs = 0.75 + 0.000214B = 0.75 + (0.000214)(335) = 0.82 (cement content)
Application of the product of the two corrections to the standard value gives :
z(sh) u = (0.70)(0.82)(780 x 10-6) = 448 x 10-6
This value compares with z(sh) u = 400 x 10-6 suggested in the 1978 edition of ACI 435 “ PCA Notes On
ACI 318-11 - 9.5.2.5
Note : The procedure which illustrated above is for One way Slab and beams , same procedure could be used for
two-way slab where the procedure is applied on the column strips and middle strips , it is illustrated in PCA
Notes on ACI in details , Nowadays using the computers and FEM softwares can calculate the deflections
faster and more accurate .
4.7 - The Live load deflection (DLL) :
Di LL = Di tot – Di DL
Di LL should be compared with L/180 or L/360 based on Table 9.5 (b)
4.8 - The incremental deflection (Dinct) :
Dinct = DLT + Di LL
Dinct should be compared with L/240 or L/480 as per the non-structural specification based on Table 9.5 (b)
5. What are the techniques to control the deflection ?
5.1-Design techniques :
1. Increasing section depth :

Increasing the depth increases the inertia of the member and also reduces the effects of the creep Cu and z(sh)u shrinkage
2. Increasing section width for beams :

Increasing the width increases the inertia but the effect is usually very smaller than Increasing the depth .
3. Addition of compression reinforcement:

compression reinforcement reduces mainly the incremental deflection , and reduces also the total deflection but with less percentage .
4. Addition of tension reinforcement:

Tension reinforcement reduces all types of deflections by increasing the effective moment of inertia .
5. Prestressing application:
in case it is used , A prestressing force sufficient to produce satisfactory deflection response should be provided .
6. Revision of structure geometry :

Like increasing the number of columns in order to reduce the length of the spans, adding cross members to create two-way systems, and
increasing the size of columns to provide more end restraint to flexural members.
7. Revision of deflection Limit criteria :

the well knowledge for the building situations could allow the designer to reduce the deflection limits .
8. Revision of deflection calculation :

using accurate deflection calculation like considering all parts of the deflection happened before the installation of the non-structural
elements including the creep and shrinkage , will remove any conservative value considered in the deflection calculation.

5.2-Construction techniques :
1. Concrete curing to allow gain in strength and to reduce shrinkage and creep :
The effect of good curing is very important to increase the strength which effect on the immediate deflection of the cracked/uncracked
section and to reduce the deflection due to the creep and shrinkage which effect on the long term deflection
2. Delay of the first loading :

This allows the concrete to gain more strength before loading or helps to reach its design strength.
3. Delay in installation of deflection-sensitive elements or equipment:

By Such delay , The incremental deflection will be reduced , because it reduce the effect of the creep and shrinkage after installation of
the sensitive elements or equipment due to the loads applied before installation of the sensitive elements or equipment .
4. Location of deflection-sensitive elements :

Equipment such as printing presses, scientific equipment and the like must remain level and should be located at mid-span where the
change in slope is very small with the increase in deflection. On the other hand, because the amplitude of vibration is highest at mid-
span, vibration-sensitive equipment may be best located near the supports.
5. Provision of architectural details to accommodate expected deflection :

windows, walls, partitions, and other nonstructural elements supported by or located under deflecting concrete members should be
provided with flexible or slip joints in order to accommodate the expected deflections or differential deflections between concrete
members above and below the non-structural elements.
6. Building camber into floor slabs:

Camber has no effect on the computed deflection of a slab. However, cambering is effective for installation of partitions and equipment,
if the objective is to have a level floor slab after deflection takes place
5.3-Materials selection :
1. Selection of materials for mix design that reduce shrinkage and creep or increase the moduli of elasticity :
as explained in 4.6.2
2. Use of concretes with a higher modulus of elasticity :

by use of concretes with a higher modulus of elasticity , the stiffness of an uncracked member increases in proportion to the elastic
modulus which varies in proportion to the square root of the cylinder strength
6. What are the special requirements to check the deflection at a Planted column ?
To control the deflection at a planted column , we have to study the deflection at the slab / beam below the planted column and the
differential settlements in the levels above the planted column.
6.1 - The deflection at the slab / beam below the planted column :
For the slab / beam below the planted column ( Transfer system ) , The calculation and the checking of the defection is similar
to the normal procedure which explained in chapter 1 to chapter 5 .
The calculations of deflection should include all reactions of the planted column from all levels above considering the
construction sequence . ignoring the construction sequence in the calculation makes the structure behavior as if it all levels
constructed at the same time , this assumption reduces the calculated deflection because some value of the column reactions
will be resisted by the elements above .
Figure 6.2 below shows the case of planted column and its effects on the structure , L1 is used to check the deflection for the
direction in the Figure plan .
6.2 - The differential settlements in the levels above the planted column:
Because of the deflection in the slab / beam below the planted column , a settlement will happen in this column and the
differential settlements will happen between the the planted column and the adjacent columns . this differential settlements is
similar to the differential settlements of the footings where the both of them have same effects on the upper levels .
The differential settlement should be considered in the design of the upper elements. especially if its value is sufficient and
cannot be ignored .

Some references put limit for the total deflection to control the differential settlements
ISO 4356 put allowed limits to the differential settlements due to the total deflection :
dtot < L/100 to control the floor slop ( L in the span length )
dtot < L/100 to control the damage at supports ( L in the span length )
dtot < L/500 to control the damage in the brittle partition ( L in the span length )
as per Serviceability Criteria For Building By Cooney And King dtot < L/300 to control the damage in the brittle
partition ( L in the span length )
as per Australian code and many references dtot < L/400 to control the damage in the brittle partition
Note : L should be checked for each span between the planted column and each column around it
( in Figure 6.2 , L which used to check the differential settlements is expressed as L2 )
Figure 6.2 – The case of planted column and its effects on the structure
7. How to calculate and check the deflections using SAFE software ( with solved example ) ?
7.1 The analysis method of SAFE software :
“ The analysis method of SAFE software is based on the reference Concrete Structures, Stresses and Deformations, Third Edition,
A Ghali, R Favre and M Elbadry “ [Ref4]
Ghali-Favre approach is mentioned as Other method in ACI 435R-95 in addition to method1 and method2 which used in ACI and
PCA .
Method2 is similar to Ghali-Favre approach more than Method1 in the concept of that it considers the effects of the creep and the
shrinkage separately .

7.2 The calculation of the deflection in SAFE software , Solved Example :
We will explain the deflection calculation and the deflection check in SAFE software using the following example for flat slab with
external beams .
7.2.1 – Input Data :
Thickness 220 mm , fc’ = 30 MPa , fy = 460 MPa , main reinforcement mesh = T12@200 top/bot both direction
finishes load = 2 KN/m2 , Partitions load = 4 KN/m2 , Live load = 2 KN/m2
7.2.2 – The slab dimensions and load definitions :
Figure 7.2.2.a – Plan of the slab and beams ( extruded view )
Figure 7.2.2.b – Plan of the slab and beams ( un-extruded view )

Figure 7.2.2.c – Load Patterns
Figure 7.2.2.D – Load Cases
Note : SW is the self-weight of the concrete slab
7.2.3.a – CSI Procedure to calculate the long term deflection ( First method - Total deflection ) :
CSI explained two methods to calculate the “long term deflection” in wiki.csiamerica.com , the first method is mentioned as
conservative method and the second method is more accurate method , the conservative method is explained also by a video in
csiamerica.com/products/safe/watch-and-learn.
Actually , The First method is conservative because it considers all parts of deflection (not only the deflection which happens
after the installation of the non-structural elements ) , So The First method results the total deflection not the incremental
deflection
The Next steps explain the first method to get the total deflection .

 The immediate deflection of un-sustained Live loads di,LL unsus :
di, LL unsus = d i, SW+SDL+LL - d i, SW+SDL+LL sus
to get d i, SW+SDL+LL we make nonlinear load case ( cracked ) to include the cracking (C1 -Total Immediate Deflection)
Figure 7.2.3.a – Load Case C1 -Total Immediate Deflection
to get d i, SW+SDL+LL sus we make nonlinear load case ( cracked ) to include the cracking (C2- Immediate Sustained Deflection)
Figure 7.2.3.b – Load Case C2- Immediate Sustained Deflection
Assuming that 25% of the live load is sustained ( this ratio is estimated by the designer as per the actual situation)

 The long-term deflection ( including creep and shrinkage ) of sustained loads :
To get long-term deflection of the sustained loads , we make nonlinear load case ( long term cracked ) to include the
cracking with the creep and shrinkage due to the sustained loads ( C3- Long Term Sustained Deflection ).
Nonlinear load case ( long term cracked ) includes both of the immediate deflection and the creep-shrinkage deflection
so it will result di+cr ,sw+SDL+LL sus
Figure 7.2.3.c – Load Case C3- Long Term Sustained Deflection
The values of Creep coefficient and shrinkage strain could be obtained from the formulas of Ct and zsh respectively as
explained in 4.6.2 as per the actual specifications of the concrete mixture , the site conditions and the stages of the non-
structural elements installation .
Assuming practical conditions , we can find that the default values in SAFE ( Ct =2 and zsh=0.0005 ) give acceptable
results .
Using the default values can save a lot of effort in calculation Ct and zsh , anyway there will remain variability between
the actual deflections than the calculated deflections as per ACI 435R-95 - 4.7 .
 The Total Deflection (dtot ) :
To get dtot we make load combination Total Deflection to add the deflection components :
dtot = di+cr ,sw+SDL+LL sus + di, LL unsus

= di+cr ,sw+SDL+LL sus + d i, SW+SDL+LL - d i, SW+SDL+LL sus
So in SAFE will make combination ( L.T.D) to add same values :
Total Deflection = C3 + C1 – C2

Figure 7.2.3.d – Load Combination for Incremental Deflection .
7.2.3.b – CSI Procedure to calculate the long term deflection ( Second method - Incremental deflection ) :
The second method ( accurate method ) considers the deflection which occurs after the installation of the non-structural
elements
To calculate the deflection as per The second method we subtract the deflection of the super dead load which occurs before
the attachment of non-structural elements from the total deflection which calculated according to the first method
dinct = di+cr ,sw+SDL+LL sus + di, LL unsus - di (sw+ a SDL )

= di+cr ,sw+SDL+LL sus +d i, SW+SDL+LL - d i, SW+SDL+LL sus - di (sw+ a SDL )
Where a SDL is the part of the super dead load which applied before attachment of non-structural elements including the
self-weight of the non-structural elements .
a is The ratio of the super dead load which applied before attachment of non-structural elements to the total super dead
load
𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝 𝐨𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐧𝐨𝐧−𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐚𝐥 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐮𝐝𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐫 𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐟−𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭
a=
𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐬𝐮𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐝𝐬
a changes for every considered component of the non-structural elements ( partitions, finishes … etc. . ) , using ratio a
is useful if we define all super dead loads as one load type (SDL) but if we separate the components of super dead loads (
as used in this example ) we only remove the components which is not effective ( as explained below )
In this example , we assumed that the finishes load = 2 KN/m2 and the Partitions load = 4 KN/m2
Assuming The Partitions will be installed before the finishes , So the immediate deflection of the Partitions self-weight
will not effect on the finishes and we can consider that the self-weight of the finishes also do not effect on themselves
(as explained before) so to check the deflection of the finishes afinish = (2+4)/(2+4) = 1 or we remove the Partitions and
finishes loads from the calculations .

For Partitions , we can consider that the Partitions above the slab/beam also do not effect on themselves ( but they effect
on other Partitions located below the slab / beam if there is no flexible joint between the partitions below and the
slab/beam ) . in this example we will not consider the immediate deflection due to the partition apart = 4/(2+4) = 0.67 .
So to calculate the incremental deflection as per the actual method , We need same nonlinear load cases C1,C2,C3
which explained in the First method and we will add new nonlinear load case C4 to consider the deflection
di (sw+ a SDL ) , we can check the incremental deflection for each of the partitions dinct,part and the finishes
dinct,finishes separately .
 The Immediate deflection before attachment of non-structural elements di (sw+ a SDL ) :
- The load case C4 for dinct,part will be C4P :
Figure 7.2.3.e – Load Case C4P- Immediate Deflection before partitions
- The load case C4 for dinct, finishes will be C4F :
Figure 7.2.3.F – Load Case C4F- Immediate Deflection before finishes .

 The Incremental Deflection (dinct ) :
to get dinct,part we make load combination to add all required deflection components :
dinct,part = di+cr ,sw+SDL+LL sus +d i, SW+SDL+LL - d i, SW+SDL+LLsus - di (sw+part. )
So in SAFE will make combination (Part. Incremental Deflection) to add same values :
Part. Incremental Deflection = C3 + C1 – C2 – C4P
Figure 7.2.3.G – Load Combination for Incremental Deflection of the partitions
to get dinct,finishes we make load combination to add all required deflection components :
dinct, finishes = di+cr ,sw+SDL+LL sus + d i, SW+SDL+LL - d i, SW+SDL+LL sus - di (sw+part+finishes )
So in SAFE will make combination ( finishes Incremental Deflection ) to add same values :
finishes Incremental Deflection = C3 + C1 – C2 – C4F
Figure 7.2.3.H – Load Combination for Incremental Deflection of the finishes

Note1 : CSI Second method is matched with ACI & PCA method to calculate the incremental deflection ,
but ACI & PCA method considers only the long term deflection ( creep and shrinkage ) of the super dead load
and doesn’t consider the immediate deflections of all super dead loads . while CSI Second method doesn’t the
immediate deflections of the super dead load component which occur s before installation the considered non-
structural elements . the reason is that ACI & PCA method assume that all super dead load component are
installed at the same time .
Note2 : One might think that there is discrepancy between the formulas of CSI Second method and ACI & PCA
method because in CSI Second method formula last term is di, LL unsus while in ACI & PCA method formula the
last term is di, LL . actually no discrepancy between the two methods because CSI Second method considers the
immediate un-sustained live load from ( C1 – C2 ) and it adds The immediate deflection of the sustained live
load in load case C3- Long Term Sustained Deflection then it subtracts the immediate deflection of only the super
dead loads in load case C4- Immediate Deflection before non-structural elements ( So, no live load deflection is
subtracted ) .
while the formula of ACI & PCA method considers only the long term deflection of the sustained loads ( no
immediate deflections ) and it adds the immediate deflection of total live load .
Finally , both methods add the immediate deflection of total live load which is correct .
Note3 : to calculate the incremental deflection , if the stages of the installation of the non-structural elements are
unknown or complicated , at least the immediate deflection of the self-weight of the concrete slab ( SW ) can be
subtract from the total deflection .
7.2.3.c – The Procedure to calculate the Live deflection :
To get the immediate deflection of the total live load Di LL = Di tot – Di DL , we make nonlinear load case C5- Immediate dead
Deflection :
Figure 7.2.3.I – Load Case C5- Immediate dead Deflection
Then we make load combination Live load deflection presents the subtraction between the Total Immediate Deflection( C1) and
immediate deflection of all dead loads C5- Immediate dead Deflection :

Figure 7.2.3.J – Load Combination for Live load Deflection .
7.2.4 – The definition of effective parameters for the deflection calculation in SAFE .
7.2.4.1– Modulus of rupture fr :
fr = 0.62 sqrt (f’c ) = 0.62 * sqrt(30) = 3.396
Figure 7.2.4.1 – Definition of Modules of rupture

7.2.4.2– the tension and compression reinforcement :
In SAFE there are three options to define the reinforcement :
Figure 7.2.4.2 – Definition of reinforcement
 User specified Rebars ( slab rebar object ) , ( this option is usable for the slabs only ) :
By Selection this option , SAFE will use the rebars which the designer draws using the tool Draw slab rebar
The advantage of this option is that the reinforcement can be drawn as per the drawings exactly including both of
the main and additional reinforcement with different reinforcement values .
Figure 7.2.4.2.a – Draw slab rebar option
 From Finite Element Based Design , ( this option is usable for the slabs and beams ) :
By Selection this option , SAFE will use the required reinforcement for the slab/beam design , we will use this
option In this example.
 Quick tension rebar specification , ( this option is usable for the slabs only ) :
By Selection this option , SAFE will use the reinforcement which the designer insert in the adjacent boxes as one
value for each of the bottom and top reinforcement mesh .

 Minimum reinforcing ratio used for cracking analysis ( this option is usable for the slabs and beams ) :
Whatever the option used to define the reinforcement from the three options above , SAFE will not use
reinforcement less than defined in the Option Minimum reinforcing ratio used for cracking analysis for the
tensioned locations and compressed locations .
in this example , the used reinforcement in the slab is T12@200 top/bot both direction as main mesh and the
thickness is 22 cm , so the minimum ratio we will insert in the option Minimum reinforcing ratio used for cracking
analysis for tension and compression reinforcement is (N*Ab ) / ( Thick * strip width 1m) =
(5*1.13 cm2 ) / ( 22 cm * 100 cm ) = 0.00257
N : is the number of the bars T12 in 1m strip , Ab : is the sectional area of the bar T12
Figure 7.2.4.2.b – the values which used in this example for the cracking analysis
Note 1 : For the cover of the reinforcement , the designer defines the cover of the reinforcement in option User
specified Rebars ( slab rebar object ) , while for other two options SAFE uses the defined cover in Design
Preferences
Figure 7.2.4.2.c – Design Preferences

Note2 : For the deflection calculation of the beams ( frame elements ) , if the option From Finite Element Based
Design is selected , SAFE will use the required reinforcement in the design but not less than that defined in
option Minimum reinforcing ratio used for cracking analysis . in case the option User specified Rebars ( slab
rebar object ) or Quick tension rebar specification is used , SAFE will consider only the beam reinforcement
from Minimum reinforcing ratio used for cracking analysis.
if user wants to insert the reinforcement of the beams for the deflection calculations , he has to convert the beams
to slabs using option : Edit → Edit Lines → Convert Beams To Slab Areas
Note3 : For the deflection calculation of the ribbed / waffle slabs , When ribbed / waffle slabs are defined as Ribbed /
Waffle slabs in Slab Property Data , actually SAFE does not distinguish the slab to Ribs areas and Topping slab
areas , SAFE generates an equivalent slab has same inertia and same self-weight and has T-section for the design.
The option Finite Element Based and Minimum reinforcing ratio used for cracking analysis and option Minimum
reinforcing ratio used for cracking analysis work correctly .
For options Quick tension rebar specification and User specified Rebars ( slab rebar object ) the calculation of
the deflection is not well understood because the locations of the reinforcement which SAFE generates using
these options are not clear , and there is no clarification from CSI about this issue yet .
7.2.5 – The results of the deflections and the comparison with the deflection limits .
Using the explanation and the limits values which explained in Section 2 . We will check {the incremental deflection and the
live load deflection } as per ACI code and the { Total deflection } as per other reference .
All critical locations should be checked , in this example looking at the deflection contour for each load case we will see that
the critical locations are at Mid spans of the panel at grids B/3 – C/2 and at the Cantilever .
Figure 7.2.5.a – the deflection contour

7.2.5.a – The Total deflection :
Show the result of deflection due to the load combination Total deflection
7.2.5.a.1 – The Total deflection At mid spans of the panel :
We will check all critical directions ( The upper column strip Lcx1 , The lower column strip Lcx2 , The left column
strip Lcy1 , The right column strip Lcy2 , The shorter diagonal direction Ld , The middle strip along x-direction
Lmx , The middle strip along y-direction Lmy)
Figure 7.2.5.b – the critical deflections to check the deflection for the panel
Figure 7.2.5.c – the deflection values of the total deflection ( mm )
For the total deflection we will compare with L/250 and 30 mm (see 2.1.2 ) using Figure 7.2.5.b for the length and
Figure 7.2.5.c for the deflection values :

1- The upper column strip Lcx1 = 8.1 m
d tot = 32 mm , d tot allowable = min { L/250 = 8.1/250 = 0.0324 m = 32.4 mm , 30 mm } = 30 mm
not accepted
2- The lower column strip Lcx2 = 7 m

d tot = 23 mm , d tot allowable = min { L/250 = 7/250 = 0.028 m = 28 m , 30 mm } = 28 mm
accepted
3- The left column strip Lcy1 = 6 m

accepted
4- The right column strip Lcy2 = 7.1 m

d tot = 31 mm , d tot allowable = min { L/250 = 7.1/250 = 0.028 m = 28 m , 30 mm } = 28 mm
not accepted
5- The shorter diagonal direction Ld = 9.2 m

d tot = 40 mm , d tot allowable = min { L/250 = 9.2/250 = 0.037 m = 37m , 30 mm } = 30 mm
not accepted
6- The middle strip along x-direction Lmx= 7.6 m

the middle strip has deflected ends ( see 2.1.2.1 and Fig 2.1.2.1.b )
d tot = 40 – ( 31+21 )/2 = 40 – 26 = 14 mm
d tot allowable = min { L/250 = 7.6/250 = 0.030 m = 30 m , 30 mm } = 30 mm
accepted
7- The middle strip along y-direction Lmy= 6.6 m

d tot = 40 – ( 32+23 )/2 = 40 – 27.5 = 12.5 mm
d tot allowable = min { L/250 = 6.6/250 = 0.026 m = 26m , 30 mm } = 26 mm
accepted
Note and conclusion : in the flat slab in this example , the diagonal direction and the long column strips
direction are the critical directions to check the Total deflection in the panel ( non-cantilevered slab ) .
however , Usually No need to check all directions , The designer can decide which directions has to check
based on the deflection contour and his experience .

7.2.5.a.2 – The Total deflection At the cantilever :
As per the contour of the deflection , the critical area of the cantilever is between grids A and B .
We will check all critical directions ( The upper column strip Lcx1 , The lower cantilever edge Lx2 , The left
column strip Lcy1 , The right column strip Lcy2 , The middle strip along y-direction Lmy)
The upper column strip Lcx1 and The lower cantilever edge Lx2 have no cantilever behavior , so they will be
checked as at Mid span ( same as 7.2.5.a.1)
Figure 7.2.5.d – the critical deflections to check the deflection for the cantilever
1- The upper column strip Lcx1 = 7 m

d tot = 38 mm , d tot allowable = min { L/250 = 7/250 = 0.028 m = 28 mm , 30 mm } = 28 mm
not accepted
2- The lower cantilever edge Lx2 = 7 m

the lower cantilever edge has deflected ends ( see 2.1.2.1 and Fig 2.1.2.1.b )
d tot = 40 – ( 5+4 )/2 = 40 – 4.5 = 35.5 mm
d tot allowable = min { L/250 = 7/250 = 0.028 m = 28 mm , 30 mm } = 28 mm
not accepted

accepted
4- The right column strip Lcy2 = 2 m

accepted
5- The middle strip along y-direction Lmy= 2 m

d tot = 40 – 38 = 2 mm
d tot allowable = min { L/250 = 2/250 = 0.008 m = 8 m , 15 mm } = 8 mm
Note and conclusion : the cantilever has two directions , usually one of them has non-cantilever behavior and the
other has cantilever behavior , in some cases the direction with non-cantilever behavior ( X-direction in this
example ) is the critical , so both directions should be checked .

7.2.5.b – The incremental deflection :
We can check the incremental deflection of the partition and finishes separately by Showing the result of deflection due to
the load combination part. incremental deflection to check the incremental of partition and finishes incremental deflection
to check the incremental of finishes ( in case using all super dead load in one load case SDL we will check one load
combination incremental deflection )
As per the situation of this example where the finishes will be installed after the installation of partitions , we will check
only part. incremental deflection because it has greater values than finishes incremental deflection .
If the concrete block masonry partitions has been reinforced and have sufficient specifications to be insensitive to large
defections the deflection limit L/240 could be considered , otherwise the deflection limit L/480 should be considered , in
this example we will check the both limits .
7.2.5.a.1 – The incremental deflection At mid spans of the panel :
We will check same critical directions which we used for total deflection
Figure 7.2.5.b – the critical deflections to check the deflection for the panel
Figure 7.2.5.e – the deflection values of the incremental deflection ( mm )

For the incremental deflection we will compare with L/240 for insensitive non-structural elements and L/480 for
sensitive non-structural elements as per ACI 318 and with 20 mm as per other references (see 2.2.2.3 ) :
1- The upper column strip Lcx1 = 8.1 m

d incrt = 24 mm
for insensitive elements :
d incrt allowable = L/240 = 8.1/240 = 0.034 m = 34 mm accepted as per ACI code
24 mm > 20 mm not accepted as per BSI code
for sensitive elements :
d incrt allowable = L/480 = 8.1/480 = 0.17 m = 17 mm not accepted as per ACI code
2- The lower column strip Lcx2 = 7 m

d incrt = 18 mm
d incrt allowable = L/240 = 7/240 = 0.029 m = 29 mm accepted as per ACI code
18 mm < 20 mm accepted as per BSI code
d incrt allowable = L/480 = 7/480 = 0.146 m = 14.6 mm not accepted as per ACI code

d incrt = 15 mm
d incrt allowable = L/240 = 6/240 = 0.025 m = 25 mm accepted as per ACI code
d incrt allowable = L/480 = 6/480 = 0.125 m = 12.5 mm not accepted as per ACI code
4- The right column strip Lcy2 = 7.1 m

d incrt = 23 mm
d incrt allowable = L/240 = 7.1/240 = 0.030 m = 30 mm accepted as per ACI code
d incrt allowable = L/480 = 7.1/480 = 0.015 m = 15 mm not accepted as per ACI code
5- The shorter diagonal direction Ld = 9.2 m

d incrt = 30 mm
d incrt allowable = L/240 = 9.2 /240 = 0.038 m = 38 mm accepted as per ACI code
d incrt allowable = L/480 = 9.2 /480 = 0.019 m = 19 mm not accepted as per ACI code

6- The middle strip along x-direction Lmx= 7.6 m
d incrt = 30 – ( 23+15 )/2 = 11 mm
7- The middle strip along y-direction Lmy= 6.6 m

d incrt = 30 – ( 24+18 )/2 = 9 mm
Note and conclusion : in the flat slab in this example , the diagonal direction and the long column strips
direction are the critical directions to check the Total deflection in the panel ( non-cantilevered slab ) .
however , Usually No need to check all directions , The designer can decide which directions has to check
based on the deflection contour and his experience .
7.2.5.a.2 – The incremental deflection At the cantilever :
As per the contour of the deflection , the critical area of the cantilever is between grids A and B .
We will check same critical directions which checked for total deflection
Figure 7.2.5.d – the critical deflections to check the deflection for the cantilever

1- The upper column strip Lcx1 = 7 m
d incrt = 31 mm
d incrt allowable = L/240 = 7/240 = 0.029 m = 29 mm not accepted as per ACI code
2- The lower cantilever edge Lx2 = 7 m

d incrt = 33 mm

d incrt = 3.5 mm
d incrt allowable = 2L/240 = L/120 = 2/120 = 0.017 m = 17 mm accepted as per ACI code
3.5 mm < 20 mm accepted as per BSI code
d incrt allowable = 2L/480= L/240 = 2/240 = 0.008 m = 8 mm accepted as per ACI code
3.5 mm < 20 mm accepted as per BSI code
4- The right column strip Lcy2 = 2 m ( same The left column strip )
5- The middle strip along y-direction Lmy= 2 m

d incrt = 33-31 = 2 mm
d incrt allowable = 2L/240 = L/120 = 2/120 = 0.017 m = 17 mm accepted as per ACI code
d incrt allowable = 2L/480= L/240 = 2/240 = 0.008 m = 8 mm accepted as per ACI code
Note and conclusion : the cantilever has two directions , usually one of them has non-cantilever behavior and the
other has cantilever behavior , in some cases the direction with non-cantilever behavior ( X-direction in this
example ) is the critical , so both directions should be checked .

7.2.5.c – The Live load deflection :
Show the result of deflection due to the load combination Live load deflection to check the Live load deflection
The procedure is similar to the check of incremental deflection , but the ACI limits are L/360 for floor and L/180 for
flat roof ( L is twice of the cantilever length ) and there are no absolute values for the limits .
Looking at live load deflection below , we will see that the values are small and all of them are less than the limits .
Figure 7.2.5.f – the deflection values of the incremental deflection ( mm )
Reference :
[Ref1] Time-Dependent Behavior of Concrete - Raymond Ian Gilbert and Gianluca Ranzi
[Ref2] ISO 4356 – Table1 – 8.2.1
[Ref3] Defects in Masonry Walls. Guidance on Cracking: Identification , Prevention and Repair
[Ref4] Software Verification book of SAFE , Cracked Slab Analysis , Example 16


Eng .Hassan Hammami: This Note Is Allowed Only For Personal Use Not For Commercial Use

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Eng .Hassan Hammami: This Note Is Allowed Only For Personal Use Not For Commercial Use

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

© copyright Eng .

Hassan Hammami All copyrights reserved

1. 1. Why we have to control the deflection? 5

2.1.2.1 - Relative deflection limits for the Total deflection 6

2.1.2.2 - Absolute deflection limits for the Total deflection 6

o incremental deflection for the partition dincrt (part) 8

Are concrete block partitions considered as brittle or non-brittle elements ? 10

- The concept of the Live load deflection and its limits

© copyright Eng .Hassan Hammami All copyrights reserved

7. 5. What are the techniques to control the deflection ? 19

7.1 The analysis method of SAFE software 21

7.2 The calculation of the deflection in SAFE software , Solved Example 22

7.2.1 – Input Data 22

 The Immediate deflection before attachment of non-structural elements di (sw+ a SDL ) 27

7.2.3.c – The Procedure to calculate the Live deflection 29

7.2.4.1– Modulus of rupture fr 30

© copyright Eng .Hassan Hammami All copyrights reserved

7.2.5.b – The incremental deflection 37

7.2.5.c – The Live load deflection 41

© copyright Eng .Hassan Hammami All copyrights reserved

1. Why we have to control the deflection?

1- Visually offensive sag .

The most common deflection problems could be classified by three Types :

2.1.1 - The concept of the total deflection and its limits :

dtot = di , sw +di , SDL +di,LL + dcr ,sw+SDL+LL sus

di,sw : immediate deflection of the Self-weight.

© copyright Eng .Hassan Hammami All copyrights reserved

2.1.2.1 - Relative deflection limits for the Total deflection :

- For Beams L is the Length between supports

2.1.2.2 - Absolute deflection limits for the Total deflection :

© copyright Eng .Hassan Hammami All copyrights reserved

2.2.1 - The concept of the incremental deflection and its limits :

The concept of The incremental deflection could be clarified in figure 2.2.1.a

di,LL sus : immediate deflection due to sustained Live loads .

© copyright Eng .Hassan Hammami All copyrights reserved

o incremental deflection for the partition dincrt (part) :

di,sw : immediate deflection of the Self-weight.

© copyright Eng .Hassan Hammami All copyrights reserved

o incremental deflection for the finishes dincrt (finish ) :

- for Beams L is the Length between supports

© copyright Eng .Hassan Hammami All copyrights reserved

Are concrete block partitions considered as brittle or non-brittle elements ?

there are Practical means to protect partitions from cracking [Ref3] :

a) Make the partition independent of the structure :

© copyright Eng .Hassan Hammami All copyrights reserved

c) Erection of the walls

© copyright Eng .Hassan Hammami All copyrights reserved

© copyright Eng .Hassan Hammami All copyrights reserved

- The concept of the Live load deflection and its limits :

di, LL = d i, SW+SDL+LL - d i, SW+SDL

© copyright Eng .Hassan Hammami All copyrights reserved

4.1 - The applied Loads :

4.2 - The main Load cases considered for deflection calculation :

dead loads ( DL ) = sw + SDL

4.3 - The specification of the section and materials :

(Es ) Modules of the elasticity of the reinforcement

© copyright Eng .Hassan Hammami All copyrights reserved

≤ Ig ACI 318-14 , 24.2.3.5a

ACI 318-14 , 24.2.3.5b

Icr : Moment of inertia of full cracked section .

 For rectangular section :

 For Flanged section : see Table 10-2 in PCA Notes

Figure 10-1 in PCA Notes shows the concept of Ie , Icr , Mcr :