+

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
TO
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
+
SCIENCE
systematizedor organized body of
knowledge based on observation,
experimentation and study.
comes from the Latin word Scientia
- knowledge or knowing
+
BRANCHES OF
SCIENCE
Biological Science
Physical Science
Social Science
+
BIOLOGICAL
SCIENCE
deals with the study
of living things
ex. Biology, Botany,
Zoology,
Ornithology
+
SOCIAL
SCIENCE
Study of human
behaviour and
societies
Ex. History, Economics,
Political Science
+
PHYSICAL
SCIENCE
deals with the study of
non-living things, their
composition, nature,
characteristics, the
changes they have
undergone and the
factors affecting these
changes
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BRANCHES OF
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
 Chemistry- the
study of “matter”-
its composition,
properties,
structure and the
changes it
undergoes.
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BRANCHES OF
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Physics- the science of matter and
energy and their interaction with each
other.
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BRANCHES OF
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
 Astronomy-
study of the
universe and the
heavenly bodies.
+
BRANCHES OF
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Geology- deals with
the composition of
Earth materials, Earth
structures, and Earth
processes
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BRANCHES OF
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
Meteorology- study
of the atmosphere
and how processes in
the atmosphere
determines Earth’s
weather and climate
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CHAPTER 2
MEASUREMENT
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MEASUREMENT
 Collection of quantitative
data
 Made by comparing an
unknown quantity with a
standard unit
 Example: The length of a
piece of string can be
measured by comparing the
string against a meter stick.
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Every measurement is
composed of a number and
a unit.

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+ SYSTEMS OF
MEASUREMENT
ENGLISH SYSTEM- most commonly used
in the US.
Disadvantage: units are not systematically
related to each other and require
memorization.
METRIC (SI)- used by the scientist around
the world. Adopted from the French name
Le Systeme Internationale d’ Unites
+
ENGLISH SYSTEM UNITS

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SI PREFIXES
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+ LENGTH
 Measurement of anything from end to end
 How long an objects is
 The basis of length units for the metric system is
the meter.
1 inch = 2.54 centimeters = 25.4 millimeters
1 foot = 30.48 centimeters
1 yard = 0.91 meters
1 mile = 1.6 kilometers 

1 millimeter = 0.04 inches

1 centimeter = .39 inches = 0.0325 feet
1 meter = 3.28 feet
1 kilometer = 0.62 miles 
+ MASS AND WEIGHT
 Mass and weight are not the same thing. Although we often
use the interchangeably, each one has a specific definition
and usage.
 Mass- measure of the amount of matter in an object. The
mass of an object is independent of its location. The basic
unit form mass is kilogram (kg) .
 Weight- force of attraction between the object and the
earth’s gravity. The weight of an object can vary from place
to place and changes with its location on the Earth.
+ UNITS CONVERSION

DEVICES USED IN
MEASURING
+
TIME
 Interval between two occurrences. The
basic unit for time is second.

• 1 minute (60 seconds)

• 1 hour (60 minutes, or 3,600 seconds)
• 1 day (24 hours, or 86,400 seconds)
• 1 week (7 days, or 604,800 seconds)
• 1 month (28-31 days, or 2,419,200-
2,678.400 seconds)
• 1 year (about 365.25 days, or about
31,557,600 seconds)
+ TEMPERATURE
 Measure of how hot or cold an object is. The basic unit for
temperature is Kelvin.
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 To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit
o
F= 1.8 (oC) + 32

 To convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius

o
C= oF – 32/ 1.8
 To convert from Celsius to Kelvin

K= oC + 273
 To convert from Kelvin to Celsius
o
C= K - 273
+
Reading temperature in a
thermometer
Answers:
+ CONVERTING UNITS: METRIC TO
METRIC
 An easy way to move within the metric system is
by moving the decimal point one place for each
“step” desired

Example: change meters to centimeters

1 meter = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters

or
1.00 meter = 10.0 decimeters = 100. centimeters
Base Units

Kilo Hecto Deca meter deci centi milli

(1000) (100) (10) gram (1/10) (1/100) (1/1000)
liter
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Now let’s try this example from meters to
kilometers:
16093 meters = 1609.3 decameters = 160.93 hectometers = 16.093
kilometers

So for every “step” from the base unit to

kilo, we moved the decimal 1 place to the
left
(the same direction as in the diagram
below)
Base Units

Kilo Hecto Deca meter deci centi milli

(1000) (100) (10) gram (1/10) (1/100) (1/1000)
liter
+
If you move to the left in the diagram,
move the decimal to the left

If you move to the right in the

diagram, move the decimal to the
right
Base Units

Kilo Hecto Deca meter deci centi milli

(1000) (100) (10) gram (1/10) (1/100) (1/1000)
liter
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Now let’s start from centimeters
and convert to kilometers

400000 centimeters = ______kilometers

Base Units

Kilo Hecto Deca meter deci centi milli

(1000) (100) (10) gram (1/10) (1/100) (1/1000)
liter
+
 Now let’s start from meters and convert to centimeters

5 meters = _____ centimeters

Base Units

Kilo Hecto Deca meter deci centi milli

(1000) (100) (10) gram (1/10) (1/100) (1/1000)
liter

• Now let’s start from kilometers and convert to meters

.3 kilometers = ______ meters

Base Units

Kilo Hecto Deca meter deci centi milli

(1000) (100) (10) gram (1/10) (1/100) (1/1000)
liter
+ CONVERTING UNITS: USING
THE FACTOR-LABEL METHOD
 A conversion factor is a term that
converts a quantity in one unit to a
quantity in another unit.
 Factor-label method is the
process of using conversion factors
to convert a quantity in one unit to
a quantity in another unit.
+

 The conversion factor

must relate the two
quantities in questions.
The conversion factor
must cancel out the
unwanted unit.
+
Let’s say we want to convert 130 lb to
kilograms.
130 lb X conversion factor= ____ kg

Two possible conversion factors:

2.21 lb or 1 kg__
1 kg 2.21 lb
+

130 lb x 1 kg__ = 59 kg
2.21 lb

Pound (lb) must be the denominator

to cancel the unwanted unit (lb) in the
original quantity.
+
TRY…

a. 32 inches to centimeter
b. 6250 ft to km
c. 25 L to dL
+
DERIVED UNITS
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AREA
 amount of two-dimensional space taken up
by an object
 the size of a surface
 Area of rectangle(A) = length(l) x width(w)
 Area of circle (A)= π × r2
+  Thistable lists different area units, and
values that will help you change units of
area measurements:
+ VOLUME

1 L = 10 dL
1 L = 1000 mL
1 000 L = 1 m3 
1 dL = 100 mL
1 mL = 1 cm3 = 1 cc
1 cc = .001 L
1 L= 1 000 cc
+ DENSITY
 Mass per unit volume

 Units: g/cc , g/cm3 , g/mL

 Formula:
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Sample Problem: Calculating
Density

A piece of beeswax with a

volume of 8.50 cm3 is found to
have a mass of 8.06 g. What is the
density of the beeswax?
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Using Density to find Volume

Cobalt is a hard magnetic

metal that resembles iron in
appearance. It has a density of
8.90 g/cm3 . What volume would
17.8 g of cobalt have?
+

Using Density to find Mass

Mass is the mass of 19.9 cm 3

of coal that has a density of

1.50 g/cm 3?
+ SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
 Scientific notation is a way of expressing
really big numbers or really small
numbers.
 Scientific Notation always has two parts:
 N is the coefficient ( A number between 1 and
9.9999…)
 X is an exponent, which can be any positive or
negative whole number.

N x 10 x
+
Writing Scientific Notation
 Place the decimal point so that there is one
non-zero digit to the left of the decimal
point.
 Count the number of decimal places the
decimal point has “moved” from the
original number. This will be the exponent
on the 10.
 If the original number was less than 1, then
the exponent is negative. If the original
number was greater than 1, then the
exponent is positive.
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+
TRY…
Express in Scientific Notation
1. 230
2. 14 100 000
3. 0.00026
4. 0.000000698
5. 0.089
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Change Scientific Notation back to
Standard Form
 Simply move the decimal point to the right for positive
exponent 10.

 Move the decimal point to the left for negative exponent 10.

(Use zeros to fill in places.)

 Example:

 Given: 5.093 x 106

 Move: 6 places to the right (positive)

 Answer: 5,093,000
+
TRY…
Express in Standard Notation
1. 1.5 x 103
2. 3.4 x 108
3. 6.86 x 10-6
4. 5.822 x 10-5
5. 4.02 x 1010
+
OPERATIONS WITH SCIENTIFIC
NOTATION
+
TRY…
+
OPERATIONS WITH SCIENTIFIC
NOTATION
+
OPERATIONS WITH SCIENTIFIC
NOTATION
+
TRY…
+
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

Number of significant digits that

implies the accuracy of
measurement
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Determining the number of
significant figures

Rules:
1.All nonzero digits are significant.
25 L – 2 significant figures
65.2 kg – 3 significant figures
2. Zeros between two nonzero digits
are significant.

29.05 g – 4 significant figures

1.0087 mL – 5 significant figures
3. Leading zeros are not
significant.

0.000000872 miles – 3
significant figures
0.03 mg – 1 significant figure
4. Trailing zeros in a number containing a
decimal point are significant

25.70 lbs – 4 significant figures

708.00 km – 5 significant figures
5. The trailing zeros in which decimal point
is not given/placed indicated that zero/s
is/are not significant.

1, 245, 500 m – 5 significant figures

5280 ft – 3 significant figures
+
TRY…
How many significant figures do each
number contain?
1.34.08 L
2.0.0054 mm
3.260.00 g
4.550 miles
5.0.008 mL
6. 3.7500 cm
7. 1,200,000
miles
8. 23.45 lbs
9. 1, 000, 0034 ft
10. 0.001003 mm
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RULES FOR USING SIGNIFICANT
FIGURES IN CALCULATIONS

When adding or subtracting

significant figures, the answer
should have the same number of
decimal places as the original
number with the fewest decimal
places.
+ Example:
Baby Zayn weighed 3.6 kg at birth and
10.11 kg on his first birthday. How much
weight did he gain in his first year of life.
10.11 kg
- 3.6 kg
6. 51 kg
•The answer can have only one digit after
the decimal point.
•Round 6.51 to 6.5
•Baby Zayn gained 6.5 kg during his first
year of life.
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RULES FOR USING SIGNIFICANT
FIGURES IN CALCULATIONS

When multiplying or dividing

significant figures, the answer
should have the same number of
significant figures as the original
number with the fewest significant
figures.
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TRY…
Solve the following and write you
answer in correct significant
figure.
1. 8.937 + 8.930=
2. 0.00015 x 54.6=
3. 847.89 - 847.73=
4. 3.2 / 1.60 =
5. 7.1 x 10=