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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)

Presentation · July 2012

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.29580.51844

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Moustafa Mohamed Ahmed

Facult of Allied Medical Science, Pharos University in Alexandria
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 Prof. Dr. Moustafa Moustafa Mohamed

Prof of Biomedical Physics, Medical Research

Institute, Alexandria University
&
Vice Dean, Faculty of Allied Medical Science,
Pharos University in Alexandria
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY (AAS) is an
analytical technique that measures the concentrations of
elements. It makes use of the absorption of light
by these elements in order to measure their
concentration .
 - Atomic-absorption spectroscopy quantifies
the absorption of ground state atoms in the
gaseous state .
- The atoms absorb ultraviolet or visible light
and make transitions to higher electronic
energy levels . The analyte concentration is
determined from the amount of absorption.
- Concentration measurements are usually
determined from a working curve after
calibrating the instrument with standards of
known concentration.
- Atomic absorption is a very common
technique for detecting metals and
metalloids in environmental samples.
 Atomic absorption spectrometers have 4
principal components
1 - A light source ( usually a hollow cathode
lamp )
2 – An atom cell ( atomizer )
3 - A monochromator
4 - A detector , and read out device .
 Detector and
Light source atomizer
(hollow cathode Lamp ) monochromator readout device
 The light source is usually a hollow cathode lamp of
the element that is being measured . It contains a
tungsten anode and a hollow cylindrical cathode
made of the element to be determined. These are
sealed in a glass tube filled with an inert gas (neon
or argon ) . Each element has its own unique lamp
which must be used for that analysis .
 Quartz window

Pyrex body
cathode

Anode

Cathode
Anode
 Elements to be analyzed needs to be in
atomic sate
Atomization is separation of particles into
individual molecules and breaking molecules
into atoms .This is done by exposing the
analyte to high temperatures in a flame or
graphite furnace .
The role of the atom cell is to primarily dissolvate a
liquid sample and then the solid particles are
vaporized into their free gaseous ground state form
. In this form atoms will be available to absorb
radiation emitted from the light source and thus
generate a measurable signal proportional to
concentration .

There are two types of atomization : Flame and

Graphite furnace atomization .

Types of Flames Used in Atomic Spectroscopy
 Effect of flame temperature on excited state population

# atoms in
Excited state
Boltz
mann
const Temperature
# atoms in
Ground state Energy
ant
difference

Statistical
factor
 Atomic emission uses Excited atoms

 Atomic absorption uses Ground state atoms

Nebuliser

Capillary

Solution
 The fine mist of droplets is mixed with fuel
( acetylene ) , and oxidant ( nitrous oxide) and
burned.

The flame temperature is important

because it influences the distribution of
atoms. It can be manipulated by
oxidant and fuel ratio.
A 1.0 -
b 0.9 -
S 0.8 - .
o 0.7 - .
r 0.6 - .
b 0.5 - . .
a 0.4 - .
n 0.3 - .
c 0.2 -
e 0.1 -

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Concentration ( g/ml )
A 1.0 - absorbance measured
b 0.9 -
S 0.8 - .
o 0.7 - .
r 0.6 - .
b 0.5 - . .
a 0.4 - .
n 0.3 - . concentration calculated
c 0.2 -
e 0.1 -

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Concentration ( mg/l )
The concentration of the analyte element is
considered to be proportional to the ground state
atom population in the flame ,any factor that
affects the ground state atom population can be
classified as an interference .

Factors that may affect the ability of the instrument to

read this parameter can also be classified as an
interference .
 The different interferences that are encountered in atomic absorption
spectroscopy are :
- Absorption of Source Radiation : Element other than the one of
interest may absorb the wavelength being used.
- Ionization Interference : the formation of ions rather than atoms
causes lower absorption of radiation .This problem is overcome by
adding ionization suppressors.
- Self Absorption : the atoms of the same kind that are absorbing
radiation will absorb more at the center of the line than at the wings
,and thus resulting in the change of shape of the line as well as its
intensity .
- Back ground Absorption of Source Radiation :
This is caused by the presence of a particle from
incomplete atomization .This problem is overcome by
increasing the flame temperature .

- Transport Interference :
Rate of aspiration, nebulization, or transport of the
sample ( e g viscosity, surface tension, vapor pressure
, and density ) .
 The are many applications for atomic
absorption:
- Clinical analysis : Analyzing metals in
biological fluids such as blood and urine.
- Environmental analysis : Monitoring our
environment – e g finding out the levels of
various elements in rivers, seawater, drinking
water, air, and petrol.
- Pharmaceuticals. In some pharmaceutical
manufacturing processes, minute quantities of a
catalyst used in the process (usually a metal) are
sometimes present in the final product. By using
AAS the amount of catalyst present can be
determined.
- Industry : Many raw materials are examined and
AAS is widely used to check that the major elements
are present and that toxic impurities are lower than
specified – e g in concrete, where calcium is a major
constituent, the lead level should be low because it is
toxic.

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