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12 Chapter7 PDF
12 Chapter7 PDF
CHAPTER 7
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
7.1 GENERAL
7.3.1 Mean
∑
̅
N = Number of observation
7.3.2 Variance
∑( ̅)
∑( ̅ )
√
N = Number of observations
∑( ̅ )( ̅̅̅)
( )
√∑( ̅) ( ̅̅̅)
numerical values are tabulated as shown in Table 7.2 and Table 7.3
respectively.
Table 7.2 illustrates the correlation matrices for the pre monsoon
season and it indicates that EC has good positive correlation with TDS
(r = 0.995), TH (r = 0.863), Mg2+ (r = 0.833), Na+ (r = 0.712), SO42-
(r = 0.826) and Cl- (r =0.919). Also TDS has the positive correlation with the
parameters TH (r = 0.852), Mg2+ (r= 0.833), Na+ (r = 0.745), SO42-
(r =0.834), Cl-(r= 0.918), Total Hardness have the positive correlation with
the cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) with the correlation coefficient of r =0.744 and
r = 0.979 and anions (SO42- and Cl-) with the correlation coefficients of
r =0.873, and r =0.869, Also SO42- and Ca2+ (r= 0.702), SO42- and Mg2+
(r= 0.838), Cl- and Mg2+ (r =0.876) and Cl- and SO42- (r =0.811) are found to
have strong correlation with each other (0.9< r <0.7). The pH content of the
water is found to have the negative correlation with all the parameters except
K+ and F-. Fluoride has the negative correlation TH and Cl-. Similarly
Carbonates have the negative correlation with all the parameters except pH,
K+ and SO42-.
Table 7.2 Correlation matrix for the Pre-monsoon season
Table 7.3 illustrates the correlation matrix for the post monsoon
season which indicates that 15 correlation coefficients between TDS and EC
(0.994), TH and EC (0.706), Mg2+ and EC (0.703), Na+ and EC (0.743), SO4-
and EC (0.787), Cl- and EC (0.888), HCO3- and EC (0.749), Na+ and TDS
(0.760), SO42- and TDS (0.787), Cl- and TDS (0.884), HCO3- and TDS
(0.740), Ca2+ and TH (0.891), Mg2+ and TH (0.848), Cl- and TH (0.718), Na+
and HCO3- (0.794) are found to have strong correlation with each other. In the
post monsoon period pH values have negative correlation with all the
parameters except F-. This shows that pH is independent of all other
parameters and the carbonate ion concentration is zero in all the wells and
hence the correlation is neglected. The other negative correlation is found
between TH and K+ (r = -012), TH and F- (r = -.101), the calcium
contents has negative correlation with Na+ (r = -0.061), K+ (r= -0.058) and F-
(r = -0.152). The fluoride content has the negative correlation with K+, SO42-,
Cl- and NO3-.
From the correlation matrices (Tables 7.2 and 7.3) of the pre-
monsoon and post- monsoon season, it is observed that all the parameters
have interrelated with each other. The level of the correlation have been
classified as Good, Fair, Poor and Inverse based on the percentage of the
correlation value which is given in Table 7.4.
more than 0.5 in the anti-image correlation matrix. The results of the factor
analysis for the pre-monsoon seasons are presented from Table 7.5 to
Table 7.11.
Component
Variable
1 2
TH 0.979
Mg2+ 0.934
SO42- 0.907
Cl- 0.877
E.C 0.859
TDS 0.859
Ca2+ 0.808
F- 0.884
Na+ 0.814
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.a
a. Rotation converged in 3 iterations.
The factor scores for the set of new variables obtained by the factor
analysis are and these factor scores are used to develop a model for
determination of Water Quality Index through regression analysis.
Regression Analysis
(Or)
Where:
The Table 7.8 gives the correlations among the variables taken for
study. It can be seen from the table that the independent variable Factor 1
Predominant has a strong positive significant correlation (0.962) with WQI
and Factor 2 predominant variable has very low correlation (0.101) with the
dependent variable WQI.
154
Factor 1 Factor 2
Pearson Correlation WQI
predominant predominant
WQI 0.101 1.000 .000
Factor 1 0.962 0.000 1.000
predominant
Factor 2 0.101 1.000 0.000
predominant
Table 7.9 gives the model summary of the model fitted through
SPSS software. It can be observed from this table the value of R-Square is
0.936, (adjusted R-square of .0934) which means that 93.4 per cent of the
variation in the dependent variable Water Quality Index was explained by the
two independent variables Factor 1 predominant and Factor 2 predominant.
Sum of Mean
Model df F Sig.
Squares Square
1 Regression 43095.360 2 21547.680 366.439 0.000b
Residual 2940.148 50 58.803
Total 46035.508 52
a. Dependent Variable: WQI
b. Predictors: (Constant), Factor 1-predominant, Factor 2 -predominant
Unstandardized Standardized
Collinearity Statistics
Coefficients Coefficients
Model t Sig.
Std.
B Beta Tolerance VIF
Error
1 (Constant) 55.824 1.053 52.998 0.000
Factor 1-
3.002 1.063 0.101 2.823 0.007 1.000 1.000
predominant
Factor 2 -
28.631 1.063 0.962 26.924 0.000 1.000 1.000
predominant
a. Dependent Variable: WQI
It can also be seen from the above coefficients table that variance
inflationary factors (VIF) is very low and less than 5 for all the two the
explanatory variables in the model. This value of VIF indicates that
collinearity does not exist between the explanatory variables.
Factor Analysis
0.5 in the anti-image correlation matrix. The results of the factor analysis are
presented from Table 7.12 to Table 7.20.
Table 7.12 KMO and Bartlett's Test for post monsoon season
Component
Variables
1 2 3
TH 0.966
Mg2+ 0.902
-
Cl 0.642
SO42- 0.605
Na+ 0.989
TDS 0.784
E.C 0.769
F- 0.876
pH 0.704
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.
Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
a. Rotation converged in 4 iterations.
The factor scores for the set of new variables obtained by the factor
analysis are and these factor scores are used to develop a model for
determination of Water Quality Index through regression analysis.
The Table 7.15 gives the correlations among the variables taken for
study. It can be seen from the table that the independent variables Factor 1
predominant and Factor 2-predominant do not have any significant correlation
with the dependent variable WQI. It can also be noted that the independent
variable F-predominant has a strong positive significant correlation (.890)
with WQI.
161
Table 7.16 gives the model summary of the model fitted through
SPSS software. It can be observed from this table the value of R-Square is
.801 (adjusted R-square .788), which means that 80.1 per cent of the variation
in the dependent variable WQI was explained by the three independent
variables Factor 1 predominant, Factor 2-predominant and Factor 3-
predominant.
Sum of Mean
Model df F Sig.
Squares Square
1 Regression 21173.265 3 7057.755 65.582 0.000b
Residual 5273.249 49 107.617
Total 26446.514 52
a. Dependent Variable: WQI
b. Predictors: (Constant), Factor 1-predominant, Factor 2-predominant
Factor 3-predominant
It can also be seen from the above coefficients table that variance
inflationary factors (VIF) is very low and less than 5 for all the three the
explanatory variables in the model. This value of VIF indicates that
collinearity does not exist between the explanatory variables.
(Tiwari & Mishra 1985). The water quality index is contributing in assessing
the quality of any water systems and an important in quality management.
The WQI is generally uses as a tool to convert the large data set in to a much
reduced and informative form. In this present study, Weighted Arithmetic
Index (WQI) and Nemerow’s Pollution Index (NPI) have been adopted to
assess the status of the existing water quality and to identify the Pollution
causing parameter at a particular location of the study area.
(i.e)
( )
Here, Va and Vi are the actual and the ideal values of the
water quality present in the water samples. The ideal value is
zero for all the parameter expect pH (7.0)
∑
( )
∑
The Table 7.20 indicates the water quality parameters standard values and the
assigned weightages.
169
Table 7.20 Unit Weight of the parameters based on BIS for drinking
water (All the values are in mg/l except pH)
The overall WQI is calculated and the ranges of the WQI and the
status of the water quality on the basis of the increasing scale indices are
given in Table 7.21.
Table 7.21 WQI values and its status in Increasing Scale Indices
The WQI for all the locations of the study area are calculated and
based on the results it is found that during pre monsoon season around 19
number of location is under Good Category and 7 station are found to be as
unfit for drinking and in post monsoon season 18 samples are found to be
good category and 1 number of sample in unfit for drinking, which clearly
indicates that water quality of the study are during pre monsoon seasons is
comparatively good for drinking purpose than the post monsoon seasons.
Table 7.22 shows the classification of the groundwater in the study area with
respect to WQI. The spatial distribution map of the WQI for the entire study
area during pre- monsoon period and the post- monsoon period is shown in
Figure 7.5 and 7.6 respectively. The comparison between the WQI values of
the pre monsoon season and the Post Monsoon season is given in Figure 7.7.
No of Sample
WQI Ranges Quality of Water
Pre monsoon Post Monsoon
0 - 25 Excellent 06 10
26-50 Good 19 18
51-75 Poor 18 19
Figure 7.5 WQI for the study area during Pre-monsoon season
172
Figure 7.6 WQI for the study area during Post-monsoon season
173
160
WQI Pre Monsoon WQI Post Monsoon
140
120
WQI Values
100
80
60
40
20
0 Gettisamudram
Poolapalayam
Chettipalayam
Attani
Olagadam
Vellithirupur
Kurichi
Chinnapuliyur
Punnam
Odathurai
Oddapalayam
Chellampalayam
Sembulichampalayam
Uonjampalayam
Pudupalayam
Chennampatti
Bhavani
Nerunchipettai
Vyramangalam
Sanyasipatti
Nagalur
Puruvachi
Kannapalli
Kalingarayanpalayam
Ammapettai
Jambai
Singampettai
Name of the Location
Permissible value
S.No Parameter
as per BIS (Li)
1 pH 8.5
2 Calcium 75
3 Chlorides 250
5 Nitrates 45
6 Magnesium 30
8 Fluoride 1.5
Note: All parameter values are in mg/l except pH
The spatial distribution map for the NPI values of magnesium for the pre
monsoon and post monsoon is shown in Figures 7.18 and 7.19 respectively.
From the evaluation of the NPI, most of the samples are exceeding
the values of 1.0. It seems that pollution is present in that particular sample
and to be treated before it is used for domestic purpose.
Figure 7.8 pH - Spatial Distribution map - Pre monsoon Figure 7.9 pH - Spatial Distribution map - Post monsoon
17177
17
Figure 7.10 Calcium - Spatial Distribution map - Pre monsoon Figure 7.11 Calcium - Spatial Distribution map - Post monsoon
178
Figure 7.12 Chloride - Spatial Distribution map - Pre monsoon Figure 7.13 Chloride - Spatial Distribution map - Post monsoon
17179
Figure 7.14 Hardness - Spatial Distribution map - Pre monsoon Figure 7.15 Hardness - Spatial Distribution map - Post monsoon
18
180
Figure 7.16 Nitrate - Spatial Distribution map - Pre monsoon Figure 7.17 Nitrate - Spatial Distribution map - Post monsoon
18
181
18
Figure 7.18 Magnesium - Spatial Distribution map - Pre monsoon Figure 7.19 Magnesium - Spatial Distribution map - Post monsoon
182
Figure 7.20 TDS - Spatial Distribution map - Pre monsoon Figure 7.21 TDS - Spatial Distribution map - Post monsoon
18183
Figure 7.22 Fluoride - Spatial Distribution map - Pre monsoon Figure 7.23 Fluoride - Spatial Distribution map - Post monsoon
18184