A.Teori Dasar Vib-By DianPro PDF

TEORI DASAR VIBRASI
PT.DIAN PRO
TRAINING & TECHNICAL SERVICES
COMPANY NAME : PT.DIAN PRO
ADDRESS : Bukit Baja Sejahtera III (BBS3).Blok
E2/5.Kelurahan Ciwaduk.
Kecamatan Cilegon‐ Banten 42415
ESTABLISHED : PT. DIAN PRO
as per Notary : Sri Okiwati SH
Akta no : no 08/March 11,2013
NPWP NUMBER : 31.728.234.1‐417.000
SCOPE OF ACTIVITIES: Training & Technical Services
1
PT.DIAN PRO
Getaran
y Gerak bolak balik di sekitar titik setimbang yang

periodik disebabkan adanya gaya pemulih
PT.DIAN PRO
Penjalaran Gelombang
dalam Satu Dimensi
Fungsi Gelombang :
y = f ( x − vt ) Menjalar ke kanan
y = f ( x + vt ) Menjalar ke kiri
dx
C t
Cepat-rambat
b t Gelombang
G l b (K
(Kecepatan
t Fasa)
F ): v=
dt
PT.DIAN PRO
Superposisi dan Interferensi Gelombang

PT.DIAN PRO

PT.DIAN PRO

PT.DIAN PRO
p p g
PT.DIAN PRO
Gelombang
g Bunyi
y
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Tegangan dawai
[v ] = LT −1
F
Cepat‐rambat Gelombang di =
dalam
v Dawai [F ] = MLT −2
μ
Massa dawai ppersatuan ppanjang
j g [μ ] = ML−1
Refleksi dan Transmisi Gelombang

PT.DIAN PRO
Rambatan gelombang dari medium kurang rapat

ke medium yang lebih rapat
Rambatan gelombang dari medium lebih rapat

ke medium yang kurang rapat
PT.DIAN PRO
Harmoni Gelombang
λ
⎛ 2π ⎞
y = A sin ⎜ x⎟
⎝ λ ⎠
PT.DIAN PRO
PT.DIAN PRO
Efek Doppler
bila sumber bunyi dan pengamat saling bergerak relative
satu terhadap lainnya (mendekati atau menjauhi) maka
frekuensi yang diterima pengamat tidak sama dengan
frekuensi yang dipacarkan oleh sumber.
PT.DIAN PRO
INSTRUKTUR : IR.HERRY PURNOMO.SE,MEng
PT.DIAN PRO
PT.DIAN PRO
PT.DIAN PRO
PT.DIAN PRO
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PT.DIAN PRO
Vibration is a "back and forth" movement of a structure.
It can also be referred to as a "cyclical" movement
PT.DIAN PRO
What Is Vibration Caused By ?
Imperfections in the Machine:
What Are Some Common Machine Problems?
That Generate Mechanical Vibration:
PT.DIAN PRO
F = 1/T
F /T
T = The period of the wave
F Th F
F = The Frequency of the wave
f h
where d = instantaneous displacement,
D = maximum, or peak,
Displacement = angular frequency, = 2f
t = time
ti
where v = instantaneous velocity
where a = instantaneous acceleration

PT.DIAN PRO
Di l t V l it d A l ti
Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration
English Units: Metric Units:

Displacement = mils Displacement = um
Velocity = in/sec Velocity = mm/sec
Acceleration = g's
gs Acceleration = g's
gs
Frequency = cycles/min Frequency = cycles/min
Displacement = (19,231 x V) / F Displacement = (19,231 x V) / F
Velocity = 0.000052 x D x F Velocity = 0.000052 x D x F
A
Acceleration
l ti = 0.00027
0 00027 x V x F A
Acceleration
l ti = 0.0000107
0 0000107 x V x F
PT.DIAN PRO
Example #1:
A Bearing Vibrates 100 Mils Pk-Pk
Pk Pk @ 30 cpm
Displacement @ 1x rpm = 100 mils Displacement @ 1x rpm = 2540 um

Velocity
V l it = 0.000052
0 000052 x D x F Velocity
V l it = 00.000052
000052 x D x F
V = 0.000052 x 100 mils x 30 cpm V = 0.000052 x 2540 um x 30 cpm
V = 0.16 ips V = 4 mm/sec
Acceleration = 0.00027 x V x F Acceleration = 0.0000107 x V x F
A = 0.00027
0 00027 x 0.16
0 16 x 30 A = 0.0000107
0 0000107 x 4 x 30
A = 0.0013 g's A = 0.0013 g's
Example #2:
A Bearing Vibrates 10 Mils Pk-Pk At 1000 cpm
Displacement @ 1x rpm = 10 mils Displacement @ 1x rpm = 250 um
V = 0.000052 x 10 mils x 1000 cpm V = 0.000052 x 250 um x 1000 cpm
V = 0.52 ips V = 13 mm/sec
A = 0.00027 x 0.52 x 1000 A = 0.0000107 x 13 x 1000
A = 0.14 g's A = 0.14 g's
PT.DIAN PRO
Example #3:
A Bearing Vibrates 3 Mils Pk

Pk-Pk
Pk At 9,000 cpm
Displacement @ 9,000 cpm = 3 mils Displacement @ 9,000 cpm = 75 um
V = 0.000052
0 000052 x 3 mils x 9,000
9 000 cpm V = 0.000052
0 000052 x 75 um x 9,000
9 000 cpm
V = 1.404 ips V = 35.1 mm/sec
A = 0.00027 x 1.404 x 9,000 A = 0.0000107 x 35.1 x 9,000
A = 3.41 g's A = 3.41 g's
Example #4:
A High
g Speed
p Compressor
p Rotor Shaft
Vibrates 0.003 Mils Pk-Pk At 1,080,000 cpm
Displacement @ 1,080,000 cpm = 0.003 mils Displacement @ 1,080,000 cpm = 0.077 um
(3 millionths of an inch) (7.7 millionths of a centimeter)
English
E li h U
Units:
it Metric
M t i U
Units:
it
V = 0.000052 x 0.003 mils x 1,080,000 cpm V = 0.000052 x 0.077 um x 1,080,000 cpm
V = 0.17 ips V = 4.32 mm/sec
Acceleration
A l ti = 0.00027
0 00027 x V x F Acceleration
A l ti = 0.0000107
0 0000107 x V x F
A = 0.00027 x 0.17 x 1,080,000 A = 0.0000107 x 4.33 x 1,080,000
A = 50 g's A = 50 g's
PT.DIAN PRO
Vibration Amplitude Measurement
The following definitions apply to the measurement of mechanical vibration amplitude.
Root Mean Square Amplitude (RMS) is the square root of the average of the

squared values of the waveform. In the case of the sine wave, the RMS value is
0 707 times the peak value
0.707 times the peak value
PT.DIAN PRO
Frequency Analysis
PT.DIAN PRO
Max Frequency (Fmax)

Spectrum Resolution = Fmax = # Lines / Time Sample
# of Lines of Resolution
Fmax [Hertz] = 800 / 0.1 seconds = 8000 Hz
Lines of Resolution: 200,
200 400,
400 800,1600,
800 1600 Fmax [CPM] = 8,000 Hz x 60 = 480,000 cpm
3200, 6400, 12800
PT.DIAN PRO
The Raw Signal
The Actual Signals
Used To Generate
The Resulting FFT
PT.DIAN PRO
1x rpm w/ amplitude of 1.8
(pk‐pk), '+' peak on y‐axis
(pk‐pk)
(pk‐pk), '‐' peak on y‐axis
PT.DIAN PRO
Examples of some wave forms and their spectra
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Modulation Effects
PT.DIAN PRO
Beats
'
PT.DIAN PRO Amplitude Scales
Linear Amplitude Scaling
Logarithmic Amplitude Scaling
The decibel (dB) is defined by the following expression:

The Decibel
where: LdB = The signal level in dB

L1 = Vibration level in Acceleration, Velocity, or Displacement
Lref = Reference level, equivalent to 0 dB
The vibration velocity level in dB is abbreviated VdB, and is defined
as:
or
PT.DIAN PRO
ISO 10816‐3
PT.DIAN PRO
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PT.DIAN PRO
The same information is shown graphically below:

PT.DIAN PRO
VIBRATION TRANSDUCERS
The Velocity Probe

The Proximity Probe
Velocity Transducer
The Accelerometer
Piezo-Electric Accelerometer
PT.DIAN PRO
Konfigurasi daripada meteran tingkat getaran
PT.DIAN PRO
PT.DIAN PRO
PT.DIAN PRO
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PT.DIAN PRO
Th FFT A l
The FFT Analyzer
Analog to Digital Conversion
The first step in performing an FFT analysis is the actual sampling
process, which is illustrated here:
Analog to Digital
Conversion
Aliasing
PT.DIAN PRO
Leakage Windowing for Transient Signals
The Hanning Window

Windows
PT.DIAN PRO
Overlap Processing
PT.DIAN PRO
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The Picket Fence Effect
PT.DIAN PRO
PENGAMBILAN DATA VIBRASI
PT.DIAN PRO
RUANG LINGKUP PENGUKURAN GETARAN
1. Kelompok penggerak mula (prime mover) – mesin‐

mesin yang mampu mengolah daya sendiri. Contohnya:
sendiri Contohnya:
Elektric Motor, Steamturbin, Gasturbin, Hydraulic &
Pneumatic Motor dll.
2 Kelompok sistem transmisi – peralatan untuk
2.
memindahkan daya. Contohnya : Gearbox, Coupling, V‐
Belts dll.
3 Kelompok mesin bukan penggerak mula – peralatan
3.
produksi yang harus digerakkan oleh penggerak mula.
Contohnya : Compressor, Centrifugal Pump, Hydraulic
Pump, Fans, Reciprocating Pump, Cooling Tower Fans,
Rolling Machines dll.
lli hi dll
PT.DIAN PRO
PT.DIAN PRO
MACHINE DATA SHEET
1. Plant Name
2. Train Name
3. Machine Name
4. Machine Description
5. Machine Sketch
6. Position
7 Direction
7.
8. Measurement Units
9. Point Identification
10. Coupling Type
11. RPM
12. Number of Gear Teeth
N b f G T h
13. Bearings (Type, manufacture, Number of
balls/Series Number)
PT.DIAN PRO
PT.DIAN PRO
Horizontal machines Vertical machines

PT.DIAN PRO
ANALISA DATA VIBRASI
PT.DIAN PRO
PT.DIAN PRO
PT.DIAN PRO
Spectrum Interpretation
(Troubleshooting chart)
The following pages are designed to provide typical examples of the vibration
spectrums that will result from different problems a machine might experience.
They are probability based and field testing should always be performed regardless
of how "sure" you are of the diagnosis.
Remember:
•EVERY diagnosis made from an FFT interpretation can be characterized as:
An ASSUMPTION based on an ESTIMATE

PT.DIAN PRO
T bl h ti h t
Troubleshooting chart
Typical Radial FFT Generated By Unbalance

Typical FFT Generated By Angular Misalignment
Definition: Shaft Centerlines Intersect But Are Not Parallel
Typical Axial FFT Generated By Unbalance Typical FFT Generated By Offset Misalignment
Definition: Shaft Centerlines Are Parallel But
Do Not Intersect
PT.DIAN PRO
Typical Radial FFT Generated By

Typical FFT Generated By Cocked Bearing
Mechanical (Structural) Looseness
Typical FFT Generated By Shaft Bent Typical Radial FFT Generated By Bearing
Through The Bearing Looseness
PT.DIAN PRO
Typical Axial FFT Generated By Housing Relatively High Amplitudes Will Be Generated.

Distortion
FFT Typical Of Pulley Misalignment

Typical Radial FFT Generated By Housing
Distortion
PT.DIAN PRO
Typical FFT Showing Belt/Pulley Wear Problems FFT Showing Sleeve Bearing Looseness
Typical FFT Showing Pulley Eccentricity / Bent

Shaft Near Pulley FFT Resulting From Oil
Whirl
PT.DIAN PRO
Typical Spectrum Showing High Vane Pass Frequency Typical FFT Showing Flow Turbulence
Typical Spectrum Showing Indications Of

Typical Spectrum Showing Cavitation Variation In Air Gap, Winding Shorts, Stator
Weakness
PT.DIAN PRO
Typical Spectrum Showing Indications Of Eccentric Rotor Spectrum Showing Pattern Of Peaks Separated By
2xLine Frequency (Sidebands) In High Frequency
Range (30‐90xRPM)
Another Possible Spectrum Caused By A

One Possible Spectrum Caused By A Problem With A Problem With A Short In One Of The Phases Or
Short In One Of The Phases Or Feeder Cables Feeder Cables
PT.DIAN PRO
Loose in Winding Slots, Iron, End Turns And/Or Connections
"Normal" FFT Taken On DC Drive Figure 1 ‐ Full‐Wave Rectified Velocity Spectrum

w/ Drive Problems
PT.DIAN PRO
Figure 2 ‐ Half‐Wave Rectified Velocity Spectrum Figure 3 ‐ Spectrum on DC Motor w/ Speed Fluctuations

w/ Drive Problems
Normal Gear Spectrum

Typical FFT For Eccentric Gear Or Gear On Bent Shaft
PT.DIAN PRO
UNBALANCE IMPELLER
PT.DIAN PRO
Keretakan Base Plate &Unbalance
Impeller
PT.DIAN PRO
Impeller Korosif, Bearing Aus,
Housing Bearing Aus
PT.DIAN PRO
MISALIGNMENT
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ANGULAR MIS ALIGNMENT

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PARALLEL MIS ALIGNMENT
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OFFSET MISALIGNMENT
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MISALIGNMENT
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V BELT DEFECT,
MISALIGNMENT ANTAR BEARING
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Deep Groove Ball Bearing
(BPFO)
(BSF)
(BPFI)
(FTF)
BPFO : Ball Pass Frequency Outer
BPFI : Ball Pass Frequency Inner
BSF : Ball Spin Frequency
FTF : Foundation Train Frequency
PT.DIAN PRO
PT.DIAN PRO
PT.DIAN PRO
Bearing Defect
FTF [Fund. Train Freq.] 0.30 - 0.45 x RPM
BSF [Ball Spin Freq.] 1.5 - 4.5 x RPM
2xBSF [2x Ball Spin Freq] 3 - 9 x RPM
BPFO [Ball Pass Frequency Outer] 2 5 - 9 x RPM
2.5
BPFI [Ball Pass Frequency Inner] 4 - 13 x RPM
Housing Bearing Gearbox Aus
PT.DIAN PRO
LUBRIKASI KURANG BAIK

PT.DIAN PRO
Bushing
g Piston Pump
p Aus
( 7 PISTON PUMP)
PT.DIAN PRO
Winding Stator AC Motor
Imbalance
*The Radial plane includes the tangential direction in all the tables.
Figure 1 - Typical Axial FFT Generated By

Figure 1 - Typical Radial FFT Generated
Unbalance
By Unbalance

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TEORI DASAR VIBRASI

y Gerak bolak balik di sekitar titik setimbang yang

Superposisi dan Interferensi Gelombang

Superposisi dan Interferensi Gelombang

Superposisi dan Interferensi Gelombang

Refleksi dan Transmisi Gelombang

Rambatan gelombang dari medium kurang rapat

Rambatan gelombang dari medium lebih rapat

where v = instantaneous velocity

where a = instantaneous acceleration

English Units: Metric Units:

Displacement @ 1x rpm = 100 mils Displacement @ 1x rpm = 2540 um

A Bearing Vibrates 3 Mils Pk

Vibration Amplitude Measurement

The following definitions apply to the measurement of mechanical vibration amplitude.

Root Mean Square Amplitude (RMS) is the square root of the average of the

Max Frequency (Fmax)

The decibel (dB) is defined by the following expression:

where: LdB = The signal level in dB

The same information is shown graphically below:

The Velocity Probe

The Hanning Window

1. Kelompok penggerak mula (prime mover) – mesin‐

Horizontal machines Vertical machines

An ASSUMPTION based on an ESTIMATE

Typical Radial FFT Generated By Unbalance

Typical Radial FFT Generated By

Typical Axial FFT Generated By Housing Relatively High Amplitudes Will Be Generated.

FFT Typical Of Pulley Misalignment

Typical FFT Showing Pulley Eccentricity / Bent

Typical Spectrum Showing Indications Of

Another Possible Spectrum Caused By A

Loose in Winding Slots, Iron, End Turns And/Or Connections

"Normal" FFT Taken On DC Drive Figure 1 ‐ Full‐Wave Rectified Velocity Spectrum

Figure 2 ‐ Half‐Wave Rectified Velocity Spectrum Figure 3 ‐ Spectrum on DC Motor w/ Speed Fluctuations

Normal Gear Spectrum

ANGULAR MIS ALIGNMENT

LUBRIKASI KURANG BAIK

*The Radial plane includes the tangential direction in all the tables.

Figure 1 - Typical Axial FFT Generated By

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