Lecture No 02

Semester: 1st A
Engineering Technology

Subject Title
Mathematics-I
 Recommended BOOKS
• Calculus by Thomas Finney
• Schaum’s series, Calculus, Schaum’s Series(Latest Edition)
• Schaum’s series, Complex, Variables Va Schaum’s series,
(Latest Edition)
• Antom, H. Calculus and Analytic Geometry, John Wiley and
Sons (Latest Edition)
• Talpur, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Ferozsons (Latest
Edition)
• Yousuf, S.M. Mathematical Methods, Ilmi Kutab Khana
(Latest Edition)
 Today’s Topic
Argand Diagram
 Lecture Contents
At the end of this lecture, students will be able to understand:
 Argand Diagram
 Locus in Terms of Complex Numbers
 Horizontal line, vertical line, circle
Argand Diagram
 Argand Diagram
Complex numbers can be represented geometrically on an Argand
Diagram. Y (imaginary axis)
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 X (real axis)
-1
-2
-3

X-axis shows a real axis

Y-axis shows an imaginary axis
 Argand Diagram
Complex numbers can be repreysented geometrically on an Argand
Diagram. (imaginary axis)
4
A=2 3
2
1
A
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x (realaxis)
-1
-2
-3
 Argand Diagram
Complex numbers can be repreysented geometrically on an Argand
Diagram. (imaginary axis)
4
A=2 3
B = -3i 2
1
A
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x (realaxis)
-1
-2
-3 B
 Argand Diagram
Complex numbers can be repreysented geometrically on an Argand
Diagram. (imaginary axis)
4
A=2 3
B = -3i 2
C = -2 + i C 1
A
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x (realaxis)
-1
-2
-3 B
 Argand Diagram
Complex numbers can be repreysented geometrically on an Argand
Diagram. (imaginary axis)
4
A=2 3
B = -3i 2
C = -2 + i C 1
D=4-i A
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x (realaxis)
-1 D
-2
-3 B
 Argand Diagram
Complex numbers can be repreysented geometrically on an Argand
Diagram. (imaginary axis)
4
A=2 3 NOTE: Conjugates
B = -3i 2 are reflected in the
C = -2 + i C 1 E real (x) axis
D=4-i A
E=4+i -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x (realaxis)
-1 D
-2
-3 B
 Argand Diagram
Complex numbers can be repreysented geometrically on an Argand
Diagram. (imaginary axis)
4
A=2 3 NOTE: Conjugates
B = -3i 2 are reflected in the
C = -2 + i F C 1 E real (x) axis
D=4-i A
E=4+i -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x (realaxis)
-1 D
F = -(4 - i)
= - 4 + i NOTE: -2
Opposites are -3 B
rotated 180°
 Argand Diagram
Complex numbers can be repreysented geometrically on an Argand
Diagram. (imaginary axis)
4G
NOTE: Multiply
A=2 by i results in 3 NOTE: Conjugates
B = -3i 90° rotation 2 are reflected in the
C = -2 + i F C 1 E real (x) axis
D=4-i A
E=4+i -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x (realaxis)
-1 D
F = -(4 - i)
= - 4 + i NOTE: -2
G = i(4 - i) Opposites are -3 B
= 1+4i rotated 180°
 Argand Diagram
Complex numbers can be repreysented geometrically on an Argand
Diagram. (imaginary axis)
4G
NOTE: Multiply
A=2 by i results in 3 NOTE: Conjugates
B = -3i 90° rotation 2 are reflected in the
C = -2 + i F C 1 E real (x) axis
D=4-i A
E=4+i -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x (realaxis)
-1 D
F = -(4 - i)
= - 4 + i NOTE: -2
G = i(4 - i) Opposites are -3 B
= 1+4i rotated 180°

Every complex number can be represented by a unique

point on the Argand Diagram.
Example
Example
Example
 Locus in Terms of Complex
Numbers
Horizontal and Vertical Lines
 Locus in Terms of Complex
Numbers
Horizontal and Vertical Lines

y
c

Imz c
 Locus in Terms of Complex
Numbers
Horizontal and Vertical Lines

y y
c

x k x

Imz  c Rez k

Imaginary part : Im Real part : Re

 y
Circles R

zz  R2 R R x

R
 y
Circles R

zz  R2 R R x

 R
e.g.Find and describe the locus of points in the Argand diagram;
(i) z  4  i  z  4  i   49
 y
Circles R

zz  R2 R R x

 R
e.g.Find and describe the locus of points in the Argand diagram;
(i) z  4  i  z  4  i   49
zz  (4  i)z  (4  i)z  (4  i)(4  i)  49
 y
Circles R

zz  R2 R R x

 R
Example .Find and describe the locus of points in the Argand diagram;
(i) z  4  i  z  4  i   49
zz  (4  i)z  (4  i)z  (4  i)(4  i)  49
zz  4(z  z)  iz  iz  (4  i)(4  i)  49
zz  4(z  z)  iz  iz  (4  i)(4  i)  49
 
zz  4(z  z)  iz  iz  (4  i)(4  i)  49
x2  y 2  8x  2 y 16 1  49
 y
Circles R

zz  R2 R R x

 R
e.g.Find and describe the locus of points in the Argand diagram;
(i) z  4  i  z  4  i   49
zz  (4  i)z  (4  i)z  (4  i)(4  i)  49 x2  8x 16  y 2  2 y 1  49
zz  4(z  z)  iz  iz  (4  i)(4  i)  49
zz  4(z  z)  iz  iz  (4  i)(4  i)  49

 
zz  4(z  z)  iz  iz  (4  i)(4  i)  49
x2  y 2  8x  2 y 16 1  49
 y
Circles R

zz  R2 R R x

 R
e.g.Find and describe the locus of points in the Argand diagram;
(i) z  4  i  z  4  i   49
zz  (4  i)z  (4  i)z  (4  i)(4  i)  49 x2  8x 16  y 2  2 y 1  49
zz  4(z  z)  iz  iz  (4  i)(4  i)  49 x  4 2   y 12  49
zz  4(z  z)  iz  iz  (4  i)(4  i)  49

 
zz  4(z  z)  iz  iz  (4  i)(4  i)  49
x2  y 2  8x  2 y 16 1  49
 y
Circles R

zz  R2 R R x

 R
e.g.Find and describe the locus of points in the Argand diagram;
(i) z  4  i  z  4  i   49
zz  (4  i)z  (4  i)z  (4  i)(4  i)  49 x2  8x 16  y 2  2 y 1  49
zz  4(z  z)  iz  iz  (4  i)(4  i)  49 x  4 2   y 12  49
zz  4(z  z)  iz  iz  (4  i)(4  i)  49 Locus is a circle
centre :  4,1
 
zz  4(z  z)  iz  iz  (4  i)(4  i)  49
radius :7 units
x2  y 2  8x  2 y 16 1  49
 y
Circles R

z   z     R2
zz  R2 R R
Locus is a circle
x centre ω
radius R
 R
e.g.Find and describe the locus of points in the Argand diagram;
(i) z  4  i  z  4  i   49
zz  (4  i)z  (4  i)z  (4  i)(4  i)  49 x2  8x 16  y 2  2 y 1  49
zz  4(z  z)  iz  iz  (4  i)(4  i)  49 x  4 2   y 12  49
zz  4(z  z)  iz  iz  (4  i)(4  i)  49 Locus is a circle
centre :  4,1
 
zz  4(z  z)  iz  iz  (4  i)(4  i)  49
radius :7 units
x2  y 2  8x  2 y 16 1  49
 Assignment

Q#1
z1 = 2+3i and z2 = 4+7i
Show z1 , z2 and z1- z2 on argent diagram

Q#2
z1 = 2-3i and z2 = 8+7i
Show z1 , z2 and z1+ z2 on argent diagram