Chapter 3 Quit

Cell
theory
-

( basic of life )
cells : smallest
functioning unit of life that shows seven characteristics of life . unit

( unicellular multicellular )
Organisms : contain one or more cells
,
. .
.

cells arise from pre-existing cells .

(cell division )

microscope
-

x structure inside cells

( cells )
Light microscope living cells t
preserved cells biological process in
living
.

: examin . .

Electron Transmission EM ITEM ) detailed internal structures

microscope
-

-
.

detailed external structures

Scanning EMC SEM ) -

-
.

Components and their functions

-

eyepiece :
magnifying lens .

Nosepiece : holds the

objective of different magnifications .
(can switch )

Objective magnifying lens ( closest to the specimen )

:
. .

where the slide is

stage : .

reflects
Mirror :
light (shine through the specimen )
coarse adjustment knob raise lower the
stage
:
or for
rough focusing .

focus
Fine
adjustment knob bring : the
image to a
sharp .

Stage dip holds the slide in ( on

stage )
:
position
condenser : concentrate the light C from the mirror onto the
specimen ) .

Iris diaphragm :
regulates the amount of light passing through the condenser .

(
Body tube Arm base )
, ,

total magnification magnification of

eyepiece x magnification of the objective
-

: .

down
* the
image : inverted upside t reversed
laterally .

Calculation of
of the actual
length
-

a
specimen .

(/
Actual
photomicrograph / Magnification cm 0000 )
I
length of the cell
Length of the cell the
-

in am
-

- -

.
-

Basic structure of a cell .

(
highlighted :
visible under light microscope )
animal cell : cell membrane , cytoplasm , nucleus .

plant cell cell wall cell membrane, central vacuole ,

chloroplasts nucleus , cytoplasm
-

,
.

sub cellular
-

structures

presence in both animal and plant cells

↳ 1.) Cell membrane ( differentially permeable ) -

-
controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell .

2.) Cytoplasm ( jelly-like Holds all cell

provide for biochemical
substance ) :
the
organelles in a
,
a site reactions

to take
place .

p
cell growth ,
i
pair . . .

3.) Nucleus ( double membrane ) contains the material DNA , controls m

activities of the cell
genetic
:
.

um

4.) Rough ER
fribosxme attached ) :
helps in the protein synthesis transport of proteins
,
.

"
Protein
synthesis takes
place
F) Smooth ER ( no ribosome attached ) :
helps in the lipid synthesis, transport of lipids .

6.) Mitochondrion ( rod

shape , double membrane ) site of ATP production :
during aerobic
respiration .

T the
amount of mitochondria depends on its needed
energy .

7.) vacuole ( enclosed

by a membrane ) :
contains water and dissolved substances , provide support to the
plant
"
'

animal : a few Inone when full .

plant : a
large central vacuole .

presence in plant cells only .

↳ l ) cell wall ( cellulose Protects

.
cell wall
, fully permeable to water and dissolved substances ) .
: t
gives shape to
plant cells .

2.) Chloroplast ( in double membrane ) : contains for

some
green plants ,
chlorophyll which absorbs light energy
photosynthesis .

* common features
1.) Both have cell membrane
surrounding the cytoplasm .

2.) Both have a nucleus that contains the genetic material .

3.) Both contain mitochondria that function in the production of ATP .

* different features .

1.) Shape A :
irregular P : fixed
by cell wall .
E) chloroplast A : Absent P :
in
green plant cells .

2.) Size A: smaller P: larger 6) Position of nucleus A : centre of the cell

. .

3.) Cell wall A : Absent P : Present P :

one side of the cell .

4) Vacoule A '

-
none 1 few small P: large central vacuole .
 Prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell
-

p unicellular, multicellular
.

↳ Bacteria ( ↳ animals cells

fungi protists (eukaryotes )
prokaryotes ) , , ,
.

of both cells
similarity .

1.) Both surrounded

are
by a cell membrane .

2.) Both
posses DNA as their
genetic material

Differences of Prokaryotic cell iii: i nd Eukaryotic cell .

1.) Size P smaller

: E: larger
2.) Genetic Material P : coiled
loop of DNA lies free in the
ctyoplasm .

E : DNA enclosed in the nuclear membrane .

3.) Nuclear membrane P : Absent E: Present

4.) Membrane bound organelles P Absent E : Present
fungi
p except
- :

5.) Cell wall P sometimes present X cellulose

: E : present in plant cell ( x animal cells ) contain Cellulose
, ,
-

Levels of organization in
organisms .

Molecule → organelle -7 cell -7 Tissue →

organ → system -7 Organism .

-
Unicellular organisms .

I '

multicellular
organisms .