“Cre AS 1880,5.2—1002 TR URB PHS CAM PHO TO moke density and conductors Method 5.2: Fire PREFACE : This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee on Electric Wires and Cables to replace Interim Australian Standard Int 88002-1988, Mechods of test for eleciric cables, cords and conductors, Method 5.2: Fire tesis—Smoke density, which expized 7 March 1990. It is one of a set of fire tests for electric cables inchided in AS 1660 series. Details of the whole series are given in an Appendix. ‘cept for the changes listed in this Preface, :he Standard is identical with and has been reproduced from [EC 1034-1:1990, Measurement of smoke density of electric cables burning under defined conditions, Part 1: Test apparatus and IEC 10342-1991, Measurement of smoke density of electric cables burning under defined conditions, Part 2: Test procedure and requicements. Under arrangements made between Standards Australia and the intemational Standards bodies, [SO and IEC, as well as certain other Standards organizations, users of this Australian Standard are edvised of the following: (@) Copyright is vested im Standards Australia. (©) There may be occasional dual language sections, but English is always one of the languages reproduced (©) Where any cross-references to page numbers appear within che text, these relate to page numbering in the International Standard and are to be disregarded For the purpose of this Australian Standard, the IEC text should be modified as foilows {@) In Part 2, substitute “Standard’ for “Technical Report, ‘shall" for ‘should’ (0) Substitute a full point for a comma as a decimal marker. (©) Deiete Clauses 5 and 6 in Pare 2 (@ Add Appendix AA. RS CYCLIN AS 1660.5.2—1992 imCONTENTS Introduction... fart 2: Tes Claus Scope: Details of apparazus. Photometric system... Qualification of 3 Smoke mixing. apparatus.. ANNEX A~-GUIDANCE ON TEST PROCEDURE ‘ Part 2: Test procedure and requirements Cause 1 Scope, 2. Fire source., 3. Test assembly... 7 4% Test procedure, tae Evaluation of tes: results 6 Retest procedure Appendix AA — List of methods of test in the AS 1660 sevies. i : ls Introduction ‘The measurement of smoke density is an importani aspect in the evaluation of the buming performance of clectric cables as it is related to the evacuation of persons and accessibility for fire-fighting. I: is therefore necessary 10 be careful when specifying 1est requirements. particuiarly since they may be affected by the Fhumber of samples and the way these are mounted above the test flame Whilst these details have yet to be finalized, they will neverhetess be based on the use of the 2? mig ‘Annex gives guidance on various aspects of the test apparatus Which may be useful when firsi constructine the test cabin.3 AS 14052190 | Part 1: Test apparatus 1 Scope ‘This Intemational Standard provides details of the test apparatus to be Used for measuring smoke emission when electric cables are burned under defined conditions, for example. a few cables bumed horizontally. The light transmittance (f,) for flaming and smouldering conditions can be used as a means of comparing different cables or complying with specific requirements. 2 Details of apparatus ‘The equipment shall comprise a cubic enclosure with inside dimensions of 3 000 mm + 30 mm and constructed of a suitable material fixed on to a steel angle frame. One side shall have a door, with a glass inspection window. Transparent sealed windows (minimum size 100 mm x 100 mm) shall be provided on two opposite sides to permit the transmission of a beam of light from the horizontal photometric system. The distance from. the floor to the centre of these windows shall be 2 150 mm * 100 rm (see figure | for plan view). The walls of the enclosure will include orifices at ground level for the passage of cables, etc.. and 10 Permit the enclosure to be at atmospheric pressure. The total area of the orifices open during the test shail be 50. em® = 10 cm. The ambient temperature outside the enclosure shall be 20 ‘C= 10°C and the enclosure shall ‘not be directly exposed to sunlight or extreme climatic conditions. NOTE = i shoald aoeally be posible to exact (mes frm ihe enclose afer each cet though 2 duce complete wih valve which should be clesed during the rex. The duct may inci 2 fa 9 inerease hereof estracnn is recommended tat he oor oF the enclosure be opened 0 asst the entacon proces 3. Photometric system 3.1. The photomerne system is ilast ture 2. The light source and the receiver shail be placed exter naily in the centre of both windows in the «wo opposite walls of the cube sithout making physical contact. The light beam shail traverse the cube through she glass windows in the side walls. fen filament with a clear quartz bulb having the 3.2 The light source shall be a halogen lamp with a tu following characteristies: rominal power: 100 W nominal voltage: 12Vde ‘nominal luminous flux: 2.000 Im = 3 000 Im nominal colour temperature: 2 800 K 10 3 200 K. ‘The bulb shall be supplied with 2 stabilized voltage of 12.00 V 0,01 V, The famp shall be mounted in housing and the beam adjusted by a lens system to give an evenly illuminated circular area of 1,5 m= 0.1 m diameter on the interior of the opposite wall 3.3. The recepior photocell shall be of the selenium or silicon type with speciral response matching the Commission Iniernationale de I'Eclairage (CIE) photopic observer (equivalent to the human eye). The * tremasnal Couns itamieation copyaicat5 1660.5.2—1992 4 Photocel! shall be mounted at the end of 150 mm + 10 mm tube with a dust protection window at the other end. The inside of the tube shall be matt black 10 prevent reflections. The photocell shall be connected to 2 Potentiomessic recorder to produce a linear proportional output. The cell shall be resistance-loaded to operate in its linear range and the input impedance of the recorder shall be at least 10" times greater than the load resis. ance of the cell which shati not exceed 100 2 34 The photometric system shall be energized before the blank test, When stability has been attained, the Zero and full scale reading of the recorder shall be adjusted for light on the detector comesponding to 0% (absence of light) and 100% luminous transmission NOTE ~ Periodic fr example athe begining of tes series the performance of the photocell shouldbe verified by pacinp fancied neural dens fiers in te ight Dear. I is essen tal these filters cover the eure opal Enty por fo the prose nc the vaiues of absorbance (or opcal density) measured by the photocell fall with © 3% of the standard values Tre hers shocld also perm the verification ofthe Imeanty of response of the detector which shold be propanional i ie sosaeanes of Tigou te ange see 4 Qualification of test apparatus ‘The following test shall be undertaken satisfactorily in order thar the combination of the tesi cube and the optical system will produce consistent results with the other test cubes when identical cables are burned under the same conditions. 4.1 Bionk tes: ‘This is undertaken when the cube is maintained in an extemal environment where the temperaiure is 20°C + I 41 Fire sowee ‘The fire source shal! be | live = 0.01 litre of alcoho! having the following composition by volume: ethanol: 90+ 1% methanol: 421% war 651% ‘When a denaturing ageni is added to the alcohol, it shall have no effect on the smoke emission of any cable under test ‘ The alconoi shall be contained in 2 tray made from galvanized or stainless stee! with joined edges. a Pyramida! trunk section and the following interiar dimensions (see figure 3): bottom base: 210 mm>x 110 mm top base: 240. mmx 140 mm heighe 80 mm, All dimensions + 2 mm, ‘Thickness of tray: | mm 0.1 mm, ‘The tray shall be supported ai 2 height of 100 mm + 10 mm from the floor to permit circulation of te air 4.1.2 Bum | litre of alcoho! in order to preheat the test enclosure and to ensure that the temperature inside the ube is within the range of 25 °C # 5 “C measured at the internal door surface, ata height of 1.5m to 2 and 2 minimum of 20 cm fram the walls, g ‘COPYRIGHTi 5 AS 1660.5.2—1992 4.1.3. Purge the inside of the cube of all combustion products by operating the extraction system. 4.2 Qualification test 4.2.1 Cleanthe windows of the photometric system to gain 100% transmission after stabilization of the voltage. 422 Fire source ‘A mixture of toluene and alcohol (as defined in 4.1.1) shall be made up in the following proportions by volume: 41096 and [0 1090, using a pipette and volumetric flask for accuracy of measurement. 4.23. Test procedure Carry outa blank estas defined in 4. but using the test solutions specified in4.2.2, Record the minimum measured ‘transmittance level J during the test 4.24 Verification procedure Calculate the measured absorbance (A) 25 follows: l n= 1080 — 1 where fis the initial transmittance. Calculate the standard absorbance (4,): Aq volume of cube (im') toluene optical light path (m) ‘The calculated values of A, shail fall between the following limits: 4% toluene: 0.18 100.26 10% toivene: 0.80.0 1.20 3 Smoke mixing In order to ensure uniform distribution ofthe smoke, a table-type fan shall be placed on the floor ofthe cube ss shown in figure I. the fan axis being between 200 ram and 300 mim from the floor and the distance from the wall being 500 mm = 50-mm. The fan shall have a blade sweep of 300 mm + 60 mm and a flow rate of 10 m/min 10 {5 m/min, Aisha hen be blown horizontally by the fan during the tests but he ignition source wit! be protected by the screen as shown coPYRIGHTAS .660.5..—1992 6 ‘Cable sunnort pa 00mm | £ | | ouicaipatnheiont 2 150mm fF} Protec! cen Fentow 1010 18:m%min Boor Figure 1 — Plan view of test chamber coPynicHT‘COPYRIGHTAS 1660,5.2-1992 Height £0 mm Figure 3 ~ Metal ray COPYRIGHT Dimensions in msllmeresANNEX A GUIDANCE ON TEST PROCEDURE At The chamber environment and ignition source a) Early test chamber requirements included a specification for the walls to ensure that the heat loss was uniform, for example similar to 2 mm of steel. This has lost its significance now that the toluene verification procedure has been introduced, ») Itis important to provide for pressure equalization and suitable arrangements must be made. ) Condensation at the lower end of the operating temperature range can cause anomalous results; for ‘example, 15 “C is unacceptable. 18 °C is the minimum. and 20 °C (as specified) the safe minimum. 4) The tray containing the toluene mixture shall be raised above floor level to permit air circulation, ©) The water content in the alcohol can significantly affect values of absorbance. So, for the calibration test it is important (0 take into account the water content in the ethanol 10 ensure that the percentage is within the ‘defined limits, and to carry out the test within 2h of mixing. 1) The fan throughput should either be certified or checked by a suitable means, for example using an anemo- ‘meter at the end of a tube having a diameter of the blade sweep and of sufficient length. ie. 1.0m. A2 Optical system 4) There is no reason to verify the output of the light source as the actual power plays no part in the accuracy of the test and the bulbs may be operated until failure: this is because all measurements of /, are relative 1o the initial ) The effect of the colour temperature and the emissivity of the bulbs at various wavelengths are also minimal. particularly when the fact that the receptor is weighted for human eye response is considered. In simple terms. loss of some intensity at the “blue” end or gain of intensity at the “red” end of the spectrum due to the normal ageing of these tuibs. is irrelevant because these wavelengths contribute very little when ‘weighted by the receptor. ©) The above effects also make the precision of the intial d.c. voltage applied across the bulb of litle imoon— ance. Thus. if 12.1 Vor 11.9 V is used instead of 12.0 V d.c. the effect is merely to change the absolute inten sity and also to alter the colour temperature. These two effects, a stated above. have minimal effects on the results. The crucial feature of the voltage applied to the bulb is that it be kept stable to 2 very close iolerance Thus, it is ideal to maintain the voltage at = 0:01 V for the duration of the test but i is iargely irrelevant whether the absolute voltage is stabilized at 11.9 V, 12.0 V of 12.1 V. COPYRIGHTAS 1660.5.2—1992 6 14) The receptor cell is designed to operate well within its linear range. For example, the selenium cell Megatron MF .45* becomes non-lineas at an output voltage of 40 mV. The actual ourput under the illumination conditions in the eubeisabout3,5mV. e) Tre use of standard neuirai density filters is needed to determine that the relative response of the system stayin the same order onamonth-by-month bass. Before the catibration ofthe photometric system. itisdesirabe thatthe fitersare calibrated witha V visible spe: trometer intherange 400m to800am to confirm the specified nominal values of absorbance ‘When any change is made othe intensity ofthe light beam after calibration, confirmation of linear response tothe filters shouldbe obrained, for example by using a suitable light meter he windows f) The reiative naturé of the J,{/; meastitément means that, in theory, there is litte or no need to cles ofthe optical sstem prioro use! In practice. there is a reason for cleaning after each test. The reason is relates to the reflection from the déieciS? widow which varies considerably with small amounts of deposited smoke, It is possible tohave more light transmitted after some smoke has been deposited because ofthe reduction in reflection quality of te surface. Cleaning the windows after each estor series of tests ensures more consistency ‘Altematively a continuous fiow of air having a maximum flow rate of 2 litres/min may be permitted to sweep the ‘window surfaces duringthe test 4) The light source is set up 1a give a diffuse and defocused area for wo reasons. One has aiready been described butthe main oneistoaltow the photocell to sample a small part ofa lage, eventy iluminaied area. This will prevent the situation where. forexampie, aright patch exists just outside ofthe area monitored bythe cell whichthen, wien somesmoke is produced. scasterslight intothe cell giving false reading. For his reason, the diameter ofthe lightarea should notbe too small and should conform to the specified limits, * Megaton MFSsanexampleo ssa profuctsvnlabiecommercity: Thssnfonnauionss given frtneconvenience ofuserctihis lrvemtioal Sandard anaes totcoastaute as endorsement by IEC ofthisprodu: COPYRIGHT a 2Part 2: Test procedure and requirements 1 Scope This Technical Report provides details of the test procedure to be employed for the measurement of the density of smoke emitted from cables burning under defined condi- tions. it describes the means of preparing and assembling for test cables having an overall diameter trom 10 mm upwards, the method of bu requirements for evaluating test results. NOTE - Dota covering the prepa a 10 mm are under consideration. Requirements for evaluating tast ra “cablos above 70 mm dianiotor ill a the eubject of turthor review. 2 Fire source The fire source shall be as specified in 4.1.1 of Part 1. 3. Test assembly 3.1 Cable test pieces These shall consist of straight samples of cable 1m + 0,05 m which shall be carefully straightened and then conditioned for at least 16 h at 23 °C +5 °C. 3.2 Cable selection and assembly Outer diameter ‘Number of ofthe eabie (D) test pieces D> 40 1 20<0s40 2 10<0s20 3 sto Under consideration The test pieces ara to be laid touching and restrained by the use of wire binders at the ends and at 300 mm trom each end whore the test places should be clamped to the support. 3.3. Positioning of test pieces ‘The tray containing the alcoho! shall be raised above the ground surtace to permit air circulation. The test pieces shail be laid in a horizontal position and centred above the tray $0 that the distance between the undemeath of the test pleces and the bottom of the tray is 150 mm + 5 mm (see figure 1), ‘COPYRIGHTAS 1660.5.2—1992 n 4 Test procedure 4.1. Maintain the test cube in an externai environment, the temperature of which is 20 °C + 10 °C. The temperature within the cube prior to starting a test should be in the range of 26 °C + 5 °C. : 4.2 Belore a test ot a series of tests, carry out one blank test by bumning { | + 0,01 | of the test fuel (as defined in 4.1.1 of Part 1) 4.3. After each test it may be necessary to clean the windows of the photometric system to regain 100 % light transmission after stabilization of the voltage. (See also clause A.2 of annex A, Part 1.) 4.4 With the test Saniples supported above the tray, start the air circulation and ignite the alcohol. Ensure that all persons leave the cube immediately, and that the door is closed. 4.5 The test is considered as ended when there is no decrease in light transmittance for 5 min during the period after the fire source has extinguished or when the test duration reaches 40 min. 4.6 Record the minimum light transmittance. ' 4.7 Extract the combustion products at the end of each test. 5 Evaluation of test results Unless otherwise specified in the relevant product specification the test is satistactory it the following lovels of light transmittance are exceeded throughout the test Teable 70% 2Zesbles 60% Sables 60% These are provisional values, especially for cables having @ diameter D > 70 mm 6 Retest procedure In the event of a fail similar cables. re being recorded, a further two tests should be undertaken using Both of these test results should comply with clause 5. COPYRIGHT:B AS 1660.5.2—1992 a Support 1so_| Motal tray 280 Se ! 00 t Plan view It + au He \ T 3 | I | : |g | 3} & ' Dimensions in mikimetres Figure 1 - Method of support of test piece COPYRIGHTAPPENDIX AA LIST OF METHODS OF TEST IN THE AS 1660 SERIES (informative) AAI CONTENT OF AS 1660 SERIES The Standards 10 be included in this series are as follows: Number Title AS 1560 Methods of test for electric cables, cords and conductors AS 1660.) Conductors and metallic components 45 1660.2.] Insulation, extruded semi-conductive screens and nor sheaths—Methods for general application AS 1660.22 Insulation, “extruded Serni-conductive screens and non-metallic sheaths—Methods specific to elastomeric and XLPE compounds AS 1660.2.3 Insulation, ‘extruded semi-conductive screens and non-metal sheaths—Methods specific to PVC and halogen free thermoplastic compounds AS 1660.24 Insulation, extruded semi-conductive screens and non-metallic Sheaths—Methods specific to polyethylene and. poiypropylene compounds AS 1660.2.5 Insulation, extruded semi-condue sheaths—-Methods specific to cables AS 1660.3 Electrical tests AS 1660.4 Complete cable and flexible cord AS 1660.5.1 Fire tests—Tests on bunched cables AS 1660.5.2 Fire tests—Smoke density ‘AS 1660.5.3 Fire tests—Determination of the amount of halogen acid gas evolved Guring the combustion of polymeric materials taken from cables AS 1660.5.4 Fire tests—Determination of degree of acidity of gases evolved during the combustion of materials taken from electric cables by measuring pH and conductivity AS 1660.55 Fire tests—Performance requirements for electric cables required to maintain circuit integrity under fire conditions AS 1660.56 Fire tests—Test for combustion propogation erall fe screens and non-metallic above 1 kV COPYRIGHT NdNOTES 4S 1560.5.2—1992AS 1660.5.2—1992 6 “This Auscaian Standard was prepared by Committe EL/S, Electric Wites and Cabies. It was aporoved ‘on behal ofthe Counei of Stanaares Australia 00 20 October 1992 and published on 21 Decembe’ 1995 Review of Australian Standards. To keep abrees: of progres in indus, Australian Standards are subjcc: to periodic review and are kepi up io date by the sSue Of amendmenis or new e(ions as necessar I: 15 importont therefore that Standirds users ensure that they are In possesion the latest edition, Gnd fans amendments teres ‘AL aetcis 0 el! Australion Stondords and releted publicariont willbe found inthe Standards Australes Catclogve of Publieations this nformotion i= supplemented each mont® bythe raageaine The Austolos Standare’, which suoseribing members recive. on which gives deri 6} nem pubiclions, new eden ‘nd amendments, und of withdrawn Sianderds ‘Suggestions Jor improvements 1o Ausiralion Standords, adéresed tothe head ofie of Standards Austra, ‘re welcomed, Nowficeion of an) accuracy or ambiput found in an Austrelar Stondord show be ‘made without delay order rat the matter may be investigates ona spproprate action token First published as SAA Ine 68002— 1988 SSAA Int 88002 expired March 1990 Revised and redesignated AS 1660.52—1992 This Standord was iewed in draft form for comment as DR 92017. © Copyright — STANDARDS AUSTRALIA Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists im all Standards Australis publications and software, Except wheve the Copymight Act allows and excepi wnete provided for below no publications ot software produced by Standards Australia may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval eystem in any forme oe wanamtted by any means without prio: pevniseion tn wiline oon Standards ‘Australia, Permission maybe conditional on an appropriate rovalty payment. 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