Contents

1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................2

Hydraulic Model:.............................................................................................................2

Run-off:............................................................................................................................2

Catchment:.......................................................................................................................2

Rain Gauge:......................................................................................................................3

Outlet:...............................................................................................................................3

Pre-developed and Post-developed:.................................................................................3

2. METHODS...................................................................................................................4

SWMM Software:............................................................................................................4

Horton Method (Infiltration Loss):..................................................................................4

3. RESULTS.....................................................................................................................6

Comparison Graphs:.........................................................................................................8

4. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS............................................................................11

 1. INTRODUCTION
Hydraulic Model:

A hydraulic model is a mathematical model of a water/sewer/storm system and is used to

analyze the system's hydraulic behavior.

A hydraulic model, in many ways, is exactly what it sounds like a digital model of a
water distribution or wastewater collection system. Hydraulic models can illustrate the
effects of changing conditions of a system, and, among other things, display information
about pipes, pumps, valves, flow, pressure, water quality and more, shown in software
platforms using color-coded network maps, data tables and graphs.

Run-off:

Surface runoff is the flow of water occurring on the ground surface when excess
rainwater, stormwater, meltwater, or other sources, can no longer sufficiently rapidly
infiltrate in the soil.

The total runoff is equal to the total precipitation less the losses caused by

evapotranspiration (loss to the atmosphere from soil surfaces and plant leaves), storage
(as in temporary ponds), and other such abstractions.

One of the key parameters in the design and analysis of soil and water conservation
structures is the resulting peak runoff or the variations of runoff with time (hydrograph)
at the watershed outlet. The maximum flow at outlet thus attained is called peak flow
of runoff.

Catchment:

In human geography, a catchment area is the area from which a city, service or institution
attracts a population that uses its services. For example, a school catchment area is the
geographic area from which students are eligible to attend a local school.

Similarly, catchment in hydrology is the action of collecting water, especially the

collection of rainfall over a natural drainage area.
A sub-catchment is used to model the runoff from a given area of land. Each sub-
catchment generates a runoff hydrograph, that is typically routed into a downstream
reach or pond. A sub-catchment can also be used to account for the rain falling directly
on the surface of a pond.

Rain Gauge:

A rain gauge is an instrument used by meteorologists and hydrologists to gather and

measure the amount of liquid precipitation over an area in a predefined period of time.

Outlet:

The water flows into the lowest parts of the landscape and eventually leaves the area via a
single point or outlet. The outlet may be another stream or river, wetland, lake, estuary or
the ocean.

Pre-developed and Post-developed:

 2. METHODS
SWMM Software:

SWMM, the EPA Storm Water Management Model is a dynamic rainfall–runoff

simulation model used for single event or long-term (continuous) simulation of runoff
quantity and quality from primarily urban areas. In SWMM, the whole study area is
divided into sub-catchments, and precipitation is averaged on the sub-catchment. The
surface runoff is produced on sub-catchments also, and three methods can be used to
produce the surface runoff. The surface runoff in a sub-catchment is regarded to fully
enter the junction related to it to be transported in the storm sewer conduits to the area
outlet, so there is only pipeline runoff flow and no surface runoff routing is considered.
SWMM was first developed in 1971 and has undergone several major upgrades since
then. In this study, the latest edition, Version 5.1, is used for the model setting up and
flood simulation.

Measuring tools available in SWMM were used for length, area, perimeter, conduit
length, map scaling, map dimensions, unit selection, measure the distance, time steps,
flow rate, analysis date and time and other such requirements required by SWMM to
perform this project.

Results can be obtained after running the project from status report and project summary
and table.

Horton Method (Infiltration Loss):

The original Horton equation expresses the infiltration capacity solely as a function of

time for a given soil. The infiltration capacity at any time t is determined assuming that
prior to that time the actual infiltration rate has always been equal to the infiltration
capacity.
Fig: Flowchart indicating methods in this project
3. RESULTS
Fig: Drainage Map

Fig: Summary Report

 Fig: Status Report

Fig: Elevation profile

 Fig: Hydrograph (Runoff vs Time)

Comparison Graphs:

Graph: 2yrs Data

Graph: 10yrs data

Graph: 25yrs Data

Graph: 50yrs Data

 Graph: 100yrs Data

Diameter for C3 = 1.75 ft

Diameter for C7 = 2.75 ft

Diameter for C11 = 3.75 ft

Above listed diameters were adequate for 24hrs distribution flow for 2yr, 10yr, 25yr, 50yr
and 100yr data.
 4. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS
Diameter for C3 = 1.75 ft

Diameter for C7 = 2.75 ft

Diameter for C11 = 3.75 ft

Above listed diameters were adequate for 24hrs distribution flow for 2yr, 10yr, 25yr, 50yr
and 100yr data.

(a) increased stormwater runoff rates and volumes and therefore larger conveyance
structures and higher costs.

(b) recession of the water table and reduction in groundwater volume in urban catchments
as a result of increased runoff. This in turn could result in higher infiltration during low
intensity rain and therefore greater differences between storm runoff and dry weather
runoff.

(c) the effect on receiving waters in having to cope with higher rates of inflow in times of
flood but also lower inflow in times of drought. This has a bearing on storage
requirements and on the yields of catchments as well as on pollution.

(d) the factors affecting the water balance are complicated by the import of potable water
for domestic purposes and the discharge of sewage. The amount of piped water reaching
the sewer is difficult to measure.

(e) the construction of pavements and buildings accelerates runoff by reducing friction
and permeability and changes vegetation cover of the catchment. Short duration storms
therefore become the critical ones from the design point of view.

The key points concluded in this project were:

 For larger storm events, where infiltration plays a minor role in the runoff generation, the
responses become more similar between the two cases. Total runoff volume under post-
development conditions is approximately 10, 5, and 2 times greater than under pre-
development conditions for the 2-yr, 10-yr, and 100-yr storms, respectively. Peak flows
are about 10 times greater for both the 2-yr and 10-yr storms but only 7 times greater for
the 100-yr event.

1. Building an SWMM model for computing runoff requires that a study area be properly
partitioned into a collection of smaller Sub-catchment areas. These can be determined by
examining the potential pathways that runoff can travel as overland flow and the location
of the collection channels, both natural and constructed, that serve to intercept this runoff.

2. Initial estimates of most Sub-catchment parameters can be based on published values

that are tabulated for various soil types and land uses. The primary exception to this is the
width parameter which should be based on the length of the overland-flow path that the
runoff travels.

3. Path lengths for true overland flow should be limited to about 500 ft or to the distance
at which a collection channel/pipe is reached if it is less than 500 ft.

4. Urban development can create large increases in the imperviousness, peak-runoff flow
rate, and total-runoff volume.