Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media

Individual work format

Luis Hernandez Patiño

Group 203058_35

Identification number: 88,250,468

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2020 16-04
 Exercises development

Activity
Questions: (write with your own words)
1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?
R: The first mode of propagation is direct propagation which
occurs when there is a line of sight between the emitter
and the receiver. This type of spread is called line-of-
sight spread.
The second mode of propagation occurs when the plane of
the earth acts as an equipotential, that is, a reflective
surface. This system of propagation is called terrestrial
reflection propagation.
The third mode of propagation is when the atmosphere is
used, which has different layers due to its different
density and level of ionization, this causes signals to be
transmitted over long distances through atmospheric
reflection.

2. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic

wave?
R: It is the phenomenon that occurs when a propagated
wave hits a mean limit at an angle greater than a
particular critical angle with respect to the normal to the
surface. If the refractive index is lower on the other side
of the boundary and the angle of incidence is greater
than the critical angle, the wave cannot pass and is fully
reflected. The critical angle is the angle of incidence
above which total internal reflection occurs. This is
particularly common as an optical phenomenon, in which
light waves are involved, but it occurs with many types of
waves, such as electromagnetic waves in general or
sound waves.

3. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic

wave?
 R: Refraction is the change of the propagation direction of
waves when they pass into a medium where they have a
different speed. It happens whenever the waves are
incident to the surface at an angle different to the normal
to the surface. When moving to a medium where the
waves slow down, the wave direction moves towards the
normal (Snell's Law)

4. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation

of waves?
R: The purpose of Snell's law is that the path of a beam of
light traveling from one medium to another can be
predicted. The formula describes the relationship
between the angles of incidence and refraction, when
light or other waves pass through a boundary between
two different isotropic media.
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that ¿=35
corresponds to the group number and CCC=468 to the last 3 digits of the
identification number.
2
+¿=120 mW /m ¿
1. An electromagnetic wave of f =35 MHzand P1 , incident from
the air (η1 =120 π Ω), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic
−¿ ¿
impedance η2=( 468+ 10)Ω . Calculate the reflected power P1 and the
+¿¿
transmitted power P2 to the wall.

Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.

Interpretation: according to the concept of power, explain the
−¿ ¿ +¿¿
meaning of the value obtained for P1 and P2 .

η2−η1 478 Ω−120 π Ω

Γ= =
η2+ η1 478 Ω+120 π Ω
 Γ =0.1181

2 2
R=|Γ| =|0.1181|

R=0.0139=1.39 %

T =1−R=1−0.0139

T =0.9861=98.61%

Interpretation: according to the concept of power, explain the

−¿ ¿ +¿¿
meaning of the value obtained for P1 and P2 .
R: According to the results obtained, it is observed that 98% of the
power of the origin is transmitted to the wall.
 2
+¿=120 mW /m ¿
2. An electromagnetic wave of f =35 MHz and P1 , coming from a
wave generator located 12 cm from the wall, which impinges from the
air ( η1 =120 π Ω )perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance
η2=( 468+ 10)Ω and 20 cm thick. The wall is made of a non-magnetic and
non-dissipative material. On the other side of the wall is a receiver
located 20cm away.

Figure 2: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection Ґ and transmission τ seen by
the generator.

Hallando ε r
η1 2 120 π Ω 2
ε r= ( ) (
η2
=
478 Ω )

ε r=0.622

w 2∗π∗35 MHz
β= ∗√ ε r = ∗ √ 0.622
c 3 x 108 m/ s
β=0.578 rad /m

η1∗η 2+ j η1 tan( β∗x )

η¿ =
η1+ j η2 tan(β∗x )

rad
η¿ =478
(
Ω∗120 π Ω+ j ( 478 Ω ) tan 0.578
m
∗0.2 m )
rad
(
478 Ω+ j ( 120 π Ω ) tan 0.578
m
∗0.2m )

η¿ =378.89+i 20.80 Ω

η¿ −η air 378.89+i20.80 Ω−120 π Ω

Γ 1= =
η¿ +ηair 378.89+i 20.80 Ω+ 120 π Ω
 Γ 1=0.00327+i0.0274 Ω

2
R=( √ ( 0.00327 )2 + ( 0.0274 )2)

R=0.000761≈ 0.0008

R=0.0008=0.08 %

T =1−R=1−0.0008

T =0.9992=99.92%

b. Determine in [%] and [mW /m2 ]the power Pt that is transmitted to

the receiver.
 η air −ηwall 120 π Ω−478 Ω
Γ2 = =
η air −ηwall 120 π Ω+ 478 Ω

Γ 2 =−0.1181
2
T 2=1−|Γ 2|=1−|−0.1181|

T 2=0.9861

Tt =T 1∗T 2 =( 0.9962 )∗(0.9861)

Tt =0.9824=98.24 %

R2=1−T 2 =1−0.9861

R2=0.0139=1.39 %

¿
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the
meaning of the value obtained for Ґ , τ and Pt .
R: The reflection coefficient tells me that percentage of the signal
transmitted when hitting the infinite wall is returned to the transmitter,
in the case of the example only 0.08% of the signal returns to the
transmitter. Then part of this signal also bounces off the wall when the
signal returns and changes medium, also the percentage is small. The
transmitted power is what finally reaches the receiver after passing
through various media.

3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as

shown in the graph.
 Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.
Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at
point B, forming an angle of θa =44,9 ° . Using Snell's Law, calculate step
by step the total path of the wave to determine the value of "d". Note
that each layer is ( 468+10)mm thick and that at point C there is a total
refractive effect, so it is necessary to identify which material is in layer 3
by calculating its refractive index.
En el punto b el ángulo de incidencia es de 45.1°, índice de refracción del hielo es
de η1=¿1,31, índice de refracción del aire es de η2=1,Se calcula el ángulo de
refracción.
θ'a =90−44.9

η1 sin θB =η2 sinθ 'a

η
sin θ B= 1 sin θ'a
η2
1.31
sin θ B= sin 45.1 °
1
1.31
(
θ B ¿ sin −1
1
sin 45.1 ° )

θ B ¿ 68.11 °

θ B +θC =90→ θC =90−θ B=90−68.11

θC =21.89
η2 sin θB =η3 sin θC
 sin ⁡θ B
η3 =η1
sin θC
1∗sin ⁡(68.11 °)
η3 =
sen( 21.89° )

η3 =2,49

η3 =2,49→ Diamond

η3 sin θC =η4 sin θD

η3
sin θ D= sin θC
η4
2.49
sin θ D= sin 21.89 °
1.5
2.49
θ D ¿ sin−1( 1.5
sin 21.89 ° )

θ D ¿ 38.24 °

d=d AB+ d BC +d CD

d AB=478 mm∗tan ⁡(68.11 °)

d AB=1.1897 m

d BC =478 mm∗tan ⁡(21.89 °)

d BC =0.1921 m

d CD =478 mm∗tan ⁡(38.24 ° )

d CD =0.3767 m

d=d AB+ d BC +d CD =1.1897 m+0.1921 m+0.3767 m

d=1.7585m=1758.5 mm

Application example

Example:

Within the propagation modes, atmospheric reflection can be applied to

radio broadcasting that it uses to carry the signal to places where there
is no line of sight. This is due to the fact that the atmosphere has
different densities and ionization levels and for signals with medium and
high frequencies (MF-HF-VHF) the atmosphere behaves like a reflective
surface.

Video link

URL:

References

 Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook.

Boston: Academic Press, (pp. 519-524). Recovered from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=ehost-
live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519

 Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave

Propagation. Fixed Broadband Wireless. (pp. 25-
70). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?
url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-
live