90 HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH GRAMMAR Phe only exception is the verb to be. We say 1am. We are You are You are, Heo They are. For further study of the agreement of the verb with the subject, see Book I. Chapter 17 \ work from 8, CHAND & COMPANY LTD. oes CHAPIER 28 THE INFINITIVE 253, Real these sentences Pecan gor Phoy wiew 40 find faut with us. The forms to go snd to find are “intinitives.” itive is the base of a verb, often followed by fo. 254, Read the following sentences: — 1 To ere is buimar 2 Bins love vo sing 2 Ta respect ca porents is ous duty 4. He tots ta ube the ers 5) Many inen desire ta make money yufebly In sentence 1. the Intinitive, like a noun, is the Subject of the verb is. In sentence 2, the Infinitive, like a noun, is the Object of the verb love. In sentence 3. the Infinitive, like a noun. is the Subject of the verb és, but. like a verb. iL also takes an object. In sentence 4. the Infinitive. like a noun, is the Object of the verb refused. but. like a verb. italso takes an object In sentence 5, the Infinitive, like a noun, is the Object of the verb desire. but. like a verb, it also takes an Object and is modified by an Adverb, i will be seen that the Infinitive is a Kind of noun with ce features af the verb. especially that of taking an object Qwhen the verbs tin is Transitive) and adverbial qualifiers, In short, the Infinitive isa Verb- Noun, The word ta is frequently used with the Infinitive, but is not aan essential part or sign of it Thus. aller certain verbs (bid, let, make “need, *dare, see, hear), accuse the Infinitive without fa: as. Bid bin go there Wade bir go er lun sit here Fh no fer sou goTHE INFINITIVE 91 Make Wirt stand Vimade bin 10 We meed poi go You need nox de it You dare wt do it Lyaw sin dl i heard hin ery 256, The infinitive without fo is also used after the verbs will, would, shall, should, may, might, can, could and must. J wll pay te bull You shunalel wan hac He can speak Due laren You must come to the allice at nine somertiy The Infinitive without co is also used alter had better, had rather, would rather, sooner than, rather than: 1s. You had better ask permission hat sales play shan work | sould eather die tien suffer s+ Use of the Infinitive 257. The Infinitive. with or without adjunets, may be used. bhe & Noun — (1) As the Subject of a Verh: as. To find Fah is easy To err is hunni, To reiga is woth aminion, (2) As the Objeet of a transitive Verb: as T lo moi mica to read, He likes ta play cards 13) As the Complement of a Verb: as, Her greatest pleasure is sin. His custom s to ride daily (4) As the Object of & Prepositions as He bial no chesee hut = exceps to abey The speaker ss abot te begin (3) As an Objective Complement: a. I saaw him ga When the infinitive is thus used. like a Noun, itis called the Simple Infinitive 258, The Infinitive is also used U1) To quality a Verb, usually to express purpose: as. He called fa see ny brother (= tor the pacpose of seeing ny brother We eat 0 live, Purpose Heonte 40 bury Cares. (Purpone He wepeae see the desolatien catecal hy the thvoad. (Cause To quality an Adjectives as, Figs ae ool to eat This ielcine ts plewsant t fake The boys ane araiots to dears Hee is ui e0 di oat sth92 HIGH SCHOOL ENGLISH GRAMMAR (3) To qualify a Noun: as. This is not the time to play You will have cause to repent He is a maa to he admired. Here is a house 4 let. This house is der (4) To quality a Sentence: as, To tell te truth, | quite Forgot my promise He was potified. sa «0 speak When the Infinitive is thus used it is called the Gerundial or Qualifying Infinitive It will be seen that in | and 2 the Gerundial Infinitive does the work of an Adverb: in 3 it does the work of of an Adjective; in 4 itis used absolutely 259, The Infinitive may be active or passive. When active it may have a present and a perfect form, and may merely name the act, or it may represent progressive or continued action Active Present: 0 love. Perfect: 1o have loved Present Continuous w be foving: Perfect Continuous to have been loving When passive the Infinitive has a present and a perfect form. Passive Present: to be loved Perfect: 1 have heen loved Exercise in Grammar 49 State how the Infinitive is used in the following sentences:— ‘There was nothing far it 10 fi 16, To retreat was difficult: to advance 1 2. Let us pray ws impossible 3. The mango is fit to eat. Everybody wishes «0 enjoy ite 4 Cheard her sing My desire is to see you apain 5. Thuve come to see vou. There was not a moment t0 be fost. 6. The order io aulvanee was The counsel rose to address the court 7. Men must work andl women My right there is none to dispute must weep. The ability to laugh iy peculiar to 8. Lam sorry to hear this mankind 9. He is slow to lorgive He ttas the power to concentrate his 10, Aman severe he was and stern though, vo view 24, He was quick to see the point 11. And fools whe came to scoff 25. Tam not afraid to speak the euth remained to pray 26. Better dwell in the midst of alarms. 12. ‘Thus to relieve the wretehed was Than ceign in this horbie place. his pride 27, Can you hope to count the stats? 13, Full many a flower is born 0 blush 28, To toi is the lot of mankine. unseen. 29, {his delightful to hear the sound 14. Musie hath charms 10 soothe the of the sea savage beast 30. his a penal offence to bribe a public 15, Never seek to tell thy love servantTHE PARTICIPLE 93 Exercise in Composition 50 Combine together the following pairs of sentences by using In- finitives:— [Example — Napoleon was one of the greatest of generals, He is universally ae knowledged sa = Napoleon is universally acknovwlet Johave been one of the, of generals, Note. —Ir will be noticed that we have turned one of the sentences into a phrase containing an infinitive. | 1 He did not have even a rupee with him, He could not buy a loaf of bread. Every cricket team has a captain. He directs the other players, 3. You must part with your purse, On this condition only you can save your bie, 4 He went to Amritsar. He wanted to visit the Golden Temple. 5. The robber took out a knife. He intended 10 frighten the old man. 6. L speak the truth Fam not afraid of it 7. The insolvent’s property was soll by the oficial Assignee. The insolvent’s creditors fal to be pai 8. He wants 10 een his I 9. The strikers held s meeting, They wished to discuss the terms of the employers. 10, He has five children. He must provide for them, HL ‘The wld man has now hile energy Jett. He cannot take his morning evastitu cliliood. He works hard tor that reason tional exercises. 12. The Rajah allowed no cows to be slaughtered in his territory. It was his eustonm, he would not speculate any more, 13, He formed a resolution. Iwas to the effect 14. Everyone should do his duty. India expects this af every man 15. She visits the poor. She is ansious to relieve then of their suilerings, 16. He collects old stamps even at great expense. This is his hobby. 17. He must apologise for his nvisconduet. iris the only way to escape punssinnent, 18, Thave no aptitude for business. I must speak it out trankly 19. He was desirous of impressing fiiy host. So he wits on his hehaviour in his pres. 2G. That young man bas squandered away all his patrimony. He must have been very foolish 21, He has risen to eminence from poverty und obscurity. This highly creditable es CHAPTER 29 memes THE PARTICIPLE 260. Read this sentence: Hearing the wise, the boy woke np ‘The word hearing qualities the noun boy as an Adjective does. It is formed from the Verb hear, and governs an object ‘The word hearing, therefore, partakes of the nature of both a Verb and an Adjective, and is called a Participle. It may be called a Verbal Adjective Def. — A participle is that form of the Verb which partakes of the nature both of a Verb and of an Adjective [Or] A participle is a word which is partly a Verb and partly an Adjective,