258 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVI? THEoRY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. MIT-20, NO.

4, APRIL 1972

tion Laboratory Series), vol. 12. New York: McGraw-Hill, [8] P. H. Vartanianj W. P. Ayres, and A. L. Helgesson, “Propaga-
1949. tion in dielectric slab loaded rectangular waveguide, ” IRE
[4] D. H. Temme, R. L. Huntt, R. G. West, and A. C. Bla~kenship, Trans. Wcrowave Theory Tech., vol. MTT-6, pp. 21 5–222, Apr.
“A low-cost latching ferrite phaser fabrication technique, ” in . ..-.
195X.
IEEE G-MTT Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., pp. 88-96, May 1969. [9] & Seidel, “Ferrite
..-.
slabs in transverse
---
electric mode waveguide,”
[5] E. Stern and A. Christopher, Microwave Chemicals Lab., J. A~fM f’hys., - “-–226,
VOI. 28, pp. Z18- 1957.
M.I,T. Lincoln Lab., Subcontract 291, Final Rep., May 1964. [10] F. E. Gardiol, “Higher-order modes in dielectrically loaded rec-
[6] E. Stern and W. J. Ince, “Temperature stabilization of unsatu- tangular waveguides,” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.,
rated microwave ferrite devices, ” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 37, pp. vol. MTT-16, p . 919–924, Nov. 1958.
1075-1076. 1966. [11] ~il,
R. E. ,951
Collin, Fte“!’ d Theory of Guided Waves. New York: McGraw-
[7] W. ‘J. ‘Iri~e-and E. Stern, “Nonreciprocal remanence phase
shifters in rectangular waveguide, ” IEEE Trans. Microwave [12] E. Schlomann, ‘{Microwave behavior of partially magnetized
Theory Teds., vol. MTT-15, pp. 87-95, Feb. 1967. ferrites,” J. Ap@.1. Phys., vol. 41, pp. 204-214, 1970.

Narrow-Bandpass Waveguide Filters

ALI E. ATIA, MEMBER, IEEE, AND ALBERT E. WILLIAMS, ~MBER, IEEE

Abstract—A procedure is described whereby narrow-bandpass Kurzrok [4] describes how extra coupling applied
waveguide filters having ripple in both the passbands and stopbands between the first and last cavity of a direct-coupled
can be synthesized in the form of coupled waveguide cavities.
4-coaxial-cavity structure produces a zero of transmis-
Orthogonal modes in square or circular wavegnides are employed to
enable negative coupling elements to be realized. As a consequence, sion in the stopband. Easter and PowelI [5] describe
very compact filters can be constructed. Experimental results on an similar filters in rectangular waveguide. Recently,
8-cavity orthogonal-mode narrow-bandpass filter are shown to agree Williams [6] has illustrated the realization of the fourth-
well with theory.
order elliptic function in an orthogonal-mode circular-
I. INTRODUCTION waveguide structure.
T HAS BEEN well known since the early work on
It is the purpose of this paper to extend this work by
filter synthesis by Darlington [1] and Cauer [2] that
describing the waveguide synthesis of general filter
I
when frequency selectivity and bandpass loss are
functions having these optimum-amplitude filtering
considered to be the important filtering properties, then
properties. Two structures which employ orthogonal-
the optimum filters are those exhibiting ripple in both
mode waveguide cavities are presented, and extensive
passbands and stopbands. use is made of the general coupling-cavity theory that is
However, the present design of narrow-bandpass outlined by Atia and Williams [7]. An experimental
waveguide cavity filters is largely based upon the work
8-cavity circular-waveguide bandpass filter with eight
of Cohn [3], which realizes filters in the form of cas- poles and two zeros of transmission is shown to corre-
caded, synchronously tuned cavities exhibiting only
late well with theory.
monotonically increasing out-of-band attenuation. This
II. THEORY
restriction in filter design is principally due to the diffi-
culty in transforming the optimum low-pass ladder net- An account of the equivalent circuit of generally
works to coupled-cavity structures, coupled cavities was given by Reiter [8], who described
how Maxwell’s equations can be replaced by an equiva-
lent infinite system of algebraic inhomogeneous equa-
Manuscript received April 5, 1971; revised July 16, 1971. This
paper is based upon work performed in COMSAT Laboratories tions. However, if the frequency band of interest is
u rider Corporate sponsorship.
narrow, so that each cavity can be treated as a single
The authors are with COMSAT Laboratories, Clarksburg, Md.
20734. resonant circuit [9] with multiple couplings to other
ATIA AND WILLIAMS: NARROW-BANDPASS WAVEOUIDE FILTRRS 259

t%

Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit of n coupled cavities.

cavities, then the equivalent circuit reduces to that M is termed the coupling matrix and has general entries
shown in Fig. 1. of .M<j for i#j, and O for i =:j.
A general solution of such a narrow-band coupled- The voltage-transfer ratio of the coupled-cavity
cavity structure has been presented in a paper by Atia structure can be written in the form
and Williams [7], and, therefore, this section will only
concentrate upon those aspects of the theory that are
= = K[P(s)/Q(s)] (3)
relevant to the synthesis of waveguide cavity filters, el
With reference to the equivalent circuit, the loop equa-
tions for narrow bandwidths can be written as: where K is a constant, )($ is Hurwitz polynomial of
— ——
e] S+RI jM12 jb’f13 “ . . jMl?l

o j,lllt s jil’lzz .
. .

0 jM12 jM23 S . . .

0 . . . .
. (la)
. . . .
. . . . .
. . .

0 jMln . .

or degree n, and P(S) an even polynomial {n S whose de-

gree is <(n – 2).
E = Z.9 (lb)
The general coupling theory [7] shows how the
where matrix MR can be evaluated in terms of a given low-pass
transfer function, t(s) 1 (s =,jco), by first extracting the
resistance terminations from the equation,

R1 + Rn = coefficient of S“–l term of the normalized

denominator polynomial of t(s). (4)

Then, by following Darlington’s procedure [1], the

short-circuit input and transfer admittances can be ob-
Further, the impedance matrix Z can be expressed in
tained. The poles of the short-circuit admittances are
the form:
the eigenvalues of the coupling matrix ill. The first and
Z = (S1 + MIJ (2) last rows of a similarity transformation which gives the
matrix .M from its eigenvalues can be obtained from the
where
residues of the short-circuit admittances. Since F’(S) is
1 = the identity matrix an even polynomial in S, it follows that the general
Mx=R+jM short-circuit coupling matrix can be placed in the form:

and the matrix R has all zero entries except for the 1 The low-pass to bandpass transformation is given by s =j(aO/AU)
(1, 1), (n, n) elements, which are R, and R., respectively. (w/w -uiI/Q) =j(X/As), where X = (~ – l/~).
26a IESS TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVS THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, APRIL 1972

rou120u140M16 . . . Ml,. 1

il’fl’2. o Mza O “ .

o ikf23 O M34 “ .

ikf14 o M34 “ .

0 ...”
ilff= (5)
j/f16 . . . . .

0 iv...+.

The synthesis of bandpass filters in waveguide cavi- i.e., first, an orthogonal T. matrix is constructed by us-
ties is most conveniently accomplished by assuming a ing the Gram–Schmidt orthonormalization process, and
symmetrical network, i.e., RI= Rm= R, and that M is then a general even-mode coupling matrix JZe is eval-
symmetrical about the antidiagonal [as well as about uated, using the relation:
the main diagonal). Then it is advantageous to use the
even-mode coupling matrix Me of the network. (This
matrix corresponds to the excitation of the untermi- where A is a diagonal matrix whose elements are equal
nated network by two identical zero impedance voltage to the even-mode eigenvalues.
sources applied at both ends.) It can be readily shown Lastly, by applying a modification of Jacobi’s diag-
that Me represents an n/2 by n/2 matrix, whose ele- onalization process, elements of the M. matrix can be
ments are obtained by folding along the center line of annihilated and the required cavity-coupling matrix
the rows and columns of Il. 2 M. has the form: can be formed.

r MIn M1,2
MI’ M1,m–2

MZ,3
M1,4

-
M1,n-4

.
.

.
“

.
“

.
M1,n/2

.
“

M2,n--1

Ml,n–z M2,3 M3,?L-2 - . . . . .

. . .

Me = . . . . . -“” - (6)
. . . .
. . . . . .
. . . .

L MI,n12 “ “ “ . . . “ Mn,,,,n,,,+, .

The eigenvalues (2M) of the even-mode network are For narrow-bandpass waveguide filters having ripple
identical in magnitude to the n/2 distinct eigenvalues of in both passbands and stopbands the general low-pass
the original network. Furthermore, a new orthogonal- power transfer function that can be synthesized in
transformation matrix T, will exist in which only the coupled cavities is:
first-row elements are known. These elements are equal
to <~ times the n/2 distinct elements of the first and 1
\ t(s)]’= (8)
last rows of the full orthogonal-transformation matrix,
and are obtained from the residues of the short-circuit
input and transfer admittances.
Quite obviously, by working with the reduced ma-
trices T. and M., computation accuracy is greatly im-
proved and computation time is significantly reduced.
The procedure follows directly that described in [7]; where r+2m+ 1>21.
The bandpass form of this function can be realized by
~ It would be equally valid to use the odd mode. The only differ- the orthogonal-mode square-cavity structure shown in
ence would be a sign change of the folded elements. The procedure Fig. 2. For the particular case where r = 2 and 1< Int
to be described is illustrated for n even. However, the method follows
in a nearly identical manner for n odd. [(2nz+r)/4], t(s) can be synthesized in a direct-coupled
 AITA AND WILLIAMS: NARROW-BANDPASS WAVSGUIDE FILTBRS 261

POLARIZATION FOR m EVEN

ROTATED 90° FOR m 000.

W2-1

COUPLING SCREWS /
,.’
\

(2)

sOUARE WAVEGUIOE

INPUT POLARIZATION OF
%ol ‘ODE

n-1
-t
(al

POLARIZATION FOR m EVEN

ROTATEO 90° FOR m ODD.
\
n = [4m–2); m = 1,2,3, .

COUPLING SCREWS

(2)

SOUARE WAVEGUIDE

*.

POLARIZATION OF
MODE

1-
%01
n- 1

(b]

Fig. 2. (a) A general coupled-cavity filter, n =4wz, m= 1, 2, 3. (b) A general coupled-cavity filter, n.= (4w –2), m= 1, 2, 3.

square- or circular-orthogonal-cavity structure illus- l= 2) that can be realized in the structure shown in
trated in Fig. 3, An extra cavity at the end of each of Fig. 3,
these structures enables odd-order transfer functions to
be generated.s III. EIGHTH-ORDER NONEQUIRIPPLE FILTER FUNCTION
This paper describes the synthesis procedure of an With reference to (8), the eighth-order function is:
eighth-order nonequiripple function (r= 2, m = 3, and
1
It(s)]’= —– . (9)
8 The general odd-order equiripple filter functions for which (F+ ZI’P(S’+Z2’)’(F+Z3’)’
r +2WZ = 2L cannot be synthesized in a simple coupled-cavity struc- 1 +e2s4 ——
ture. (s’+ P,’)’ (s’+P’”) ‘
262

/
IEES TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVS THIZORY AlX13 TRCHNIQUE4, APRIL 1972

OUTPUT

62
\ ~.
\ ‘%
. .,
\
,/’
‘.
.< c -?
,.’ IL. >

COUPLING
SCREWS n
,/”
, OUTPUT
,,” POLARIZATION
,/ n–1 IS ROTATED 90°
-t FOR
n=(4m–2) ; m = 1,2,3,

TE1ll MODE
POLARIZATION
I

INPUT

r--t- I
FOR SQUARE wAv EGu IOE

1 TE 101 MODE
POLARIZATION

Fig. 3. Orthogonal circular-waveguide filter.

For a transmission loss of 0.05 dB at the band edge,

characteristic function zeros given by

z, = 0.00000 z, = 0.737347 z, = 0.973437

and poles given by

P, = 1.454154 P, = 1.919754

the ripple constant is e = 13.459281.

Equation (8) can be placed in the form I t(s)\ 2 = t(s)
. t( –s), and the low-pass voltage transfer function t(s)
can be extracted as:

(s) = P(s)/[e. Q(s)] (lo)

Fig. 4. Experimental 8-cavity circular-waveguide filter.
where

P(s) = S4+ 5.800019s2 + 7.793130

cell cd’ C,13 ce14

and Y.(A) = —+— +———— +— (12)

A — X1* A – AZ. A – i3e A – A4e

Q(s) = S8 + 3.443494s7 + 7.420055s’ + 11.116641s5

where
+ 12.378520s4 + 10.341950s3 + 6.321218s2
h,. = – 0.342867
+ 2.611730s + 0.579015.
h20 = 0.881291
With reference to (4), the normalized termination can
A3. = – 1.330643
be immediately evaluated as:
A4e = 1.338208
R, + RG z 3.443494 (11)
and
i.e.,
cell = (0.49593)2
R = 1.721747.
Cal, = (0.37869)2
With R known it is now possible to evaluate the Cg,3 = (0.56740)2
short-circuit input and transfer admittances of the
cd, = (0.53731)’.
network and the corresponding even-mode admittance.
Expressed in terms of the bandpass variable X, where
By recognizing that the residues (C’s) are the squares
Au= 1,4 the even-mode admittance is given by:
of the first row of the orthogonal-transformation matrix
T,, and by using the Gram–Schmidt orthonormalization
4 It is most convenient to compute R and the coupling matrix M
process with the vectors (C,ll, C.12, C.13, C,14), (O, 1, 0,
by setting Aco = 1, since Aa acts as a scaling factor on these network
parameters, O), (O, O, 1, O), and (O, O, 0, 1) as a basis, the general
ATIAANDWILLIAMS:NARROW-BANDPASS
WAVSOUIDE
FILTERS 263

transformation matrix T. is obtained as;

[ 0.49593 0.37869 0.56740 0.53731

and the even-mode coupling

T, =

matrix
–0.20292

–0.41581

~ -0.73484

Me becomes:
0.00000
0.92552

0.00000

0.00000

0.36060
–0.23216

0,79003

0.00000

–0.84970
–0.21985

–0.45050

0.67825

0.61263
1 (13)

0.36060 0.73375 0.34767 –0.25067

Me = (14)
[ 0.84970 0.34767 –0.61821 –0.51365 1 “

1- 0.61263 –0.25067 –0.51365 0.43046 1

—
If all ,possible couplings could be realized, then M. the coupling values of M. given in (15) to operate with
and R would represent a general solution of the eighth- a bandwidth of 37 MHz at a center frequency of 3973
order nonequiripple filter function. However, for reali- MHz. A photograph of the experimental filter is shown
zation of the transfer function in the waveguide struc- in Fig. 4, the return loss and amplitude response in
ture shown in Fig. 3; it is necessary to reduce the cou- Fig. 5, and the time delay in Fig. 6. It is important to
plings MIG, Mg6, and M,T to zero. This is achieved by ap- note that the experimental results show excellent agree-
plying successively orthogonal similarity transforma- ment with theory, and in particular the four zeros of
tions, which annihilate M.lz ( = M.J, Mw, and ~e24 transmission are present at their correct frequency posi-
(= M.42) to Mew tions in the stopband.
Two solutions can be derived: A swept frequency response of this filter between 3.7
.——
0.00000 – 1.09022 0.00000 0.19685

–M. =

[
–1.09022

0.00000

0.19685

0.00000
1.09713
1.09713
0.00000
0.00000
–0.74917

0.00000
0.00000

0.58529
–0.74917
–0.01081~–O.53306

–0.53306
o.15375i

0.00000
0.00000

0.55680 1 (15)

–Me = 1 (16)
0.00000 0.58529 –0.36627 0.41800
1!
[ 0.15375 0.00000 0.41800 0.91226 1

IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS GHz and 6.0 GHz has been made, and the transmission
In the previous section, the coupling matrix M and curve is shown in Fig. 7. Good correlaticm with the SpU-
the resistance termination R were evaluated for the rious higher order cavity modes, TM ~11at 4.86 GHz,
eighth-order function given by (9). The circular-wave- TEIIZ at 5.66 GHz, and TE211 at 5.80 C,HZ, is evident.
guide structure illustrated in Fig. 3 can be constructed It is important to note that because of the filter’s geo-
to realize these parameters and, hence, the required metrical symmetry, no circular TM ~10mode is propa-
transfer function. This structure employs orthogonal gated (at least not above 70 dB) at 4.2 G,Hz through the
TE1ll circular-cavity modes in four physical cavities, filter. This type of spurious transmission response for
resulting in eight electrical cavities coupled in cascade. the orthogonal-mode filter is similar to that shown by
Further, additional coupling is provided between cavi- conventional waveguide designs.
ties one and four, three and six, and five and eight. The measured expanded in-band loss of the filter in
From a physical point of view, it is these couplings Fig. 6 shows a center-frequency loss of 0.4 dB which

which provide the zeros of transmission. Couplings corresponds to an average Q of 10 000. This loss is sig-
MU ( = i’kf78) and MZ4 ( = M51j) are provided by screws nificantly less than that which could be achieved by a
whose spatial orientation is arranged to provide MM comparable Cheb yshev or Butterworth waveguide filter
(approximately 1.5 dB), and clearly demonstrates the
(= Mm) and ~36 with the required signs. Couplings
low-loss properties of the near-optimum transfer func-
M23 ( = M67), M46, ~36, M14 ( = M66), and the parameter
tion.
R (which is the loaded Q of the input and output cavi-
ties) are realized by long thin coupling slots.
The design of these slots together with the cavity V. CONCLUSION
dimensions are described in 16] and 110]. This pro- A method of synthesizing filter transfer functions
cedure was employed to design an 8-cavity filter with having ripple in both their passbands and stopbands in
 DWSTRANSA~ONSON MICROWAVS
THmRY ANDT3CHNIQU2S,
APRIL1972

FREQUENCY (MHz)

3973 MHz
-40 -30 -20 -lo +10
! 1 -)

10
—x— THEORY 0=1 1,000

_ EXPERIMENT

A
ill
a

40

50

so

70

Fig. 5. Transmission response and return loss.

— EXPERIMENT
-x-x- THEORY Q= 11,000

>
.j
)i
x
~
i=

x
50

, !
–20 –15 –lo =5 +5 +10 +15 +20
S973 MHz
FREQUENCY (MHz)

Fig. 6. Time delay and inband amplitude response.

AITAANDWILLIAMS:NARROW-BANDPASS
WAVSOUIDE
FILTSRS 265

J!
r
I
I
/= TMO1l
TE112 TE211

I
3.7 4.16 4.62
FREQUENCY
5.08 5.54 6 o

Fig. 7. Out-of-band transmission response.

the form of coupled waveguide cavities has been pre- REFERENCES

sented. By using orthogonal modes in circular- or [1] S. Darlington, “Synthesis of reactance four poles which produce
square-waveguide cavities, both positive and negative prescribed insertion loss characteristics, ” Y. Math. Plzys., vol.
18, pp. 257–353, Sept. 1939.
coupling values can be realized. An 8-cavity filter was [2] W. Cauer, Theorie der Lineaqen Wechselstromschaltungen. Berlin,
Germany: Academic Verlag, 1954.
constructed and the experimental results obtained from
[3] S. B. Cohn, “Direct-coupled-resonator filters, ” IRE PYOC., vol.
it; including the spurious responses, agree well with 45, pp. 187-196, Feb. 1957.
theory. [4] R. M. Kurzrok, ‘(General four-resonator filters at microwave fre-
quenches, ” IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. (Corresp.),
The type of filter described has the advantage of hav- vol. MTT-14, pp. 295–296, June 1966.
[51 B. Easter and K. 1. Powell, aDirect-co u~led.resOnatOr filters
ing lower loss than a similar Chebyshev or Butterworth
employing additional couplings, ” presented at the European
design, besides being approximate y half the size and Microwave Conf.. London. Encdand. SeDt. 1969.
weight. It is interesting to note that Chebyshev and [6] A. E. Williams, “A four-cavity ;llip~c ;aveguide filter, ” IEEE
Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. (1970 Sym@sium Issue), vol.
Butterworth filters can also be constructed by using the MTT-18, pp. 1109-1114,. Dec. 1970.
orthogonal-mode-cavity structure. [7] A. Atia and A. E. Wdliams, “A solution for narrow-band
coupled cavities,” COMSAT Laboratories Tech. Memo. CL-39-
70, Sept. 22, 1970.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT [8] G. Reiter, “Solution of field equations for strongly coupled cavity
systems, ” in Proc. Symp. Electromagnetic Wave Theory (Delft,
The authors wish to thank L. Pollack and A. Berman The Netherlands, Sept. 1965). New York: Pergamon, 1967,
for their encouragement in developing the types of ==. 357–367.
nn. . .. ___
[9] G. L. Ragan, Microwave Transm&iors Circuits (Radiation
filters described. The authors also wish to thank R. Laboratory Series, vol. 9). New York: McGraw-Hill.
[10] G. L. Matthaei, L. Young, and E. M. T, Jones, ~fi.~mvave
Kessler for his help in arranging for the construction of
Filters, impedance-Matching Networks and (%cplin~ Strt6ctures.
the experimental filter. New York: McGraw-Hill, ch. 5.