POČETNA TEORIJA MUZIKE ZA KLAVIR

Basic Theory Of Music For Piano

POČETNA TEORIJA MUZIKE
ZA KLAVIR

Basic Theory Of Music For Piano

International piano studio

Tivat, 2016.
 Klavir je muzički instrument koji spada u vrstu
instrumenata sa dirkama*.

* Vrste instrumenata se razlikuju po načinu dobijanja tona.

Pored instrumenata sa dirkama, postoje još tri vrste instrumenata: žičani, duvački i udaraljke.

The piano is a musical instrument that appertains to the keyboard instruments*.

* The types of instruments differ according to the manner the sound is produced.
Apart from keyboard instruments, there are another three types of instruments: strings,
wind instruments and percussion instruments.

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 Klavir je izumeo italijanski graditelj instrumenata
Kristofori Bartolomeo 1720. godine i nazvan je piano-forte
(it. tiho-glasno) zbog svog „dinamičkog“ mehanizma*.
* Mehanizam koji omogućava izvođaču da jačim udarom dirke stvara jači zvuk i suprotno.

The piano was invented in 1720 by an Italian instrument maker, Cristofori Bartolomeo,
and was named the piano-forte (it. quiet – loud) due to its “dynamical” mechanism.
* The mechanism which allows the performer to, by touching the key more intensively,
create a stronger tone and vice versa.

6
 Klavir proizvodi zvuk udarom filcanog čekića, koji je
mehanizmom povezan za dirku, o metalnu žicu.

The piano produces sound by pressing the felt hammer

(connected to the key with the mechanism) on metal string.

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prigušivač
damper
žica
string

filcani čekić
felt hammer

mehanizam
mechanism dirka
key
 Delovi klavira su:
- Rezonatorski drveni sanduk u kojem se nalazi
čelični ram sa zategnutim žicama;
- Klavijatura sa mehanizmom;
- 2-3 pedale.

Parts of the piano are:

- A resonant wooden case with an internal steel frame with strained strings;
- A keyboard with mechanism;
- 2-3 pedals.

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 rezonatorska kutija
resonant box

klavijatura
keyboard

pedale
pedals
 Vrste klavira su:
pijanino, polukoncertni, koncertni, električni.

The types of pianos are:

the studio (vertical piano), the semi-concert grand, the concert grand and the electric piano.

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 koncertni
grand

pijanino
studio (vertical piano)

električni
polukoncertni electric piano
semi-concert grand
 Klavir i orgulje su instrumenti sa
najvećim opsegom tonova*.

*Razmak od najdubljeg do najvišeg tona.

The piano and the organ represent the instruments with the largest range of sounds*.

*The space between the deepest and the highest tone.

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 1047Hz
1175Hz
1319Hz
1397Hz
1568Hz
1760Hz
1976Hz
2093Hz
2349Hz
2637Hz
2794Hz
3136Hz
3520Hz
3951Hz
110Hz
123Hz
131Hz
147Hz
165Hz
175Hz
196Hz
220Hz
247Hz
262Hz
294Hz
330Hz
349Hz
392Hz
440Hz
494Hz
523Hz
587Hz
659Hz
698Hz
784Hz
880Hz
988Hz
28Hz
31Hz
33Hz
37Hz
41Hz
44Hz
49Hz
55Hz
62Hz
65Hz
73Hz
82Hz
87Hz
98Hz
The sound range of the piano and other instruments
Zvučni opseg klavira i drugih instrumenata
1C C c c1 c2 c3 c4

Violina / Violin
Viola / Viola
Violončelo / Cello
Kontrabas / Bass
Harfa / Harp
Gitara / Guitar
Truba / Trumpet
Engleski rog / French Horn
Tuba / Tuba
Pikolo flauta / Piccolo
Flauta / Flute
Oboa / Oboe
Klarinet / Clarinet
Klavir / Piano
Timpani / Timpani
Marimba / Marimba
Glas/ Voice
 Da bismo se lakše orjentisali na klavijaturi, razlikujemo
dve grupe dirki koje se konstantno ponavljaju.

We differ two groups of keys on the keyboard that constantly recur.

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 grupa od 2 crne dirke grupa od 3 crne dirke
The group of two black keys The group of three black keys
 Ton C ili Do se nalazi u grupi od dve crne dirke.

Note C or Do is in the group of two black keys.

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C

Do
 Na sredini klavijature se nalazi c1.
Prvo sledeće naviše je c2, zatim c3, c4 i c5.

In the middle of the keyboard there is c1 or Middle C.

The first consecutive upwards is c2, then c3, c4 and c5.

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c1 c2 c3 c4 c5
 Ispod c1 se nalazi (malo) c, (veliko) C, (kontra) 1C i
(subkontra) 2C.

Below c1 there is (small) c, (great) C, (contra) 1C and

(sub-contra) 2C.

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2C 1C C c c1
 Razmak između jednog C i sledećeg zovemo oktava (8)*.

* (it. ottava - mus.interval) razmak od osam tonova.

The interval between one C and the following is called octave (8)*.

* it. ottava – music interval (the space between two tones) which has eight tones,
the upper one having the double vibration rate than the lower one.

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C C
oktava
octave
 Na klavijaturi imamo više oktava.

There are several octaves on the keyboard.

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Kontra Velika Mala Prva Druga Treća Četvrta Peta
Contra Great Small First-Middle Second Third Fourth Fifth
 Kad bismo podelili razmak između oktave na jednake delove
(polustepene) po visini, dobili bismo 12 tonova.

Ovih 12 tonova se ponavljaju konstantno od najnižeg do najvišeg registra.

If we divided the interval between octaves into equal parts (semitones)

according to the height, we would get 12 tones.

These 12 notes recur constantly from the lowest to the highest register.

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 2 4 7 9 11

1 3 5 6 8 10 12
 U ovoj grupi tonova razlikujemo 7 osnovnih.

Within this group of tones we distinguish 7 basic ones.

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 B
C D E F G A H
DO RE MI FA SOL LA SI
 Kviz
1. U koju vrstu instrumenata spada klavir?
2. Kako nastaje zvuk kod klavira?
3. Gde se nalazi nota C na klavijaturi?
4. Kako se zove razmak između dva susedna C?
5. Kako se zovu oktave na klavijaturi?

Quiz 1. What kind of musical instrument is the piano?

2. How is the piano sound produced?
3. Where is the C note situated on the keyboard?
4. What is the interval between two adjoining C notes called?
5. What do we call the octaves on the keyboard?
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 Muzika je univerzalni jezik koji se
u svim zemljama isto zapisuje

WRITTEN
LANGUAGE
OF MUSIC
MUZIČKO PISMO
Music is a universal language
which is written in the same way
in all countries
 Ukoliko želimo da napišemo muziku, koristimo poseban prostor
koji zovemo linijski sistem.

If we wish to write music, we use special space called the Staff.

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 Linijski sistem čine pet linija i četiri praznine
(brojimo odozdo).

The Staff consists of five lines and four spaces

(counting from bottom up).

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5
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1
 Svaka linija i praznina predstavlja belu dirku na klavijaturi.

Each line and each space represent a white key on the keyboard.

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 Pošto u linijskom sistemu ne možemo napisati sve tonove,
koristimo muzičke ključeve.

Since we cannot write all the keyboard notes in the staff,

we use the Clefs.

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Violinski Bas Alt Tenor
Treble Bass Alto Tenor
 Postoji više muzičkih ključeva a za klavir se koriste
dva, violinski i bas ključ i oni određuju u kom delu
klavijature treba svirati.

There are several clefs, while for the piano we use two, the Treble and Bass Clef that
denote which parts of the keyboard to play.

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 Violinski ključ je rezervisan za više tonove,
a prirodno te tonove će svirati desna ruka
jer se viši tonovi nalaze na desnoj strani klavijature.

The Treble Clef is reserved for higher tones and naturally,

these tones are played with the right hand,
since higher tones are situated on the right part of the keyboard.

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 Bas ključ je rezervisan za niže tonove,
i prirodno za levu ruku.

The Bass Clef is reserved for lower tones

and therefore for the left hand.

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 Violinski ključ se zove i G ključ* zato što nam
„otključava“ notu g1 koja se piše na drugoj liniji.

The treble clef is also called the G Clef*

since it ‘unlocks’ note g1 which is written on the second line.

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g1 (sol)
 Posle note G (Sol) dolazi nota A (La) i ona se piše
u prvom sledećem praznom prostoru linijskog sistema,
odnosno u drugoj praznini.

After G (Sol) note comes A (La) note and this note is written
in the first following empty space of the staff, i.e. in the second space.

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 B
F G A H
(Fa) (Sol) (La) (Si)
 A ispod...?

While beneath…?

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 Kada izgubimo prostor za pisanje nota
potrebno nam je još linija.
Velike linije zamenjujemo malim koje zovemo pomoćnice.

Dozvoljeno je najviše 5 pomoćnica iznad i ispod linijskog sistema.

When we run out of space to write notes, we need extra lines.

Large lines are exchanged with the small lines that we call the Ledger Lines.

It is allowed to have 5 ledger lines above and below the staff at the most.

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pomoćnica
Ledger line
 Da bismo olakšali pisanje, menjamo ključ.

In order to ease writing, we change the clef.

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 Bas ključ zovemo i F ključ* jer označava mesto
gde se piše nota F (četvrta linija).

The Bass Clef is also called F Clef because it denotes the place where
the note F is written (fourth line).

58
 B
G F E D C H A G F
(Sol) (Fa) (Mi) (Re) (Do) (Si) (La) (Sol) (Fa)
 Primetićete da se violinski i bas ključ sreću na noti C
koja se inače nalazi na sredini klavijature i naziva se c1.

You will notice that the Treble and Bass Clefs meet at the C note,
which is normally in the middle of the keyboard, and is called Middle C.

60
c1
 Svih 8 oktava na klavijaturi mogu se ispisati u dva linijska sistema,
bas i violinski ključ, od subkontra do pete oktave.

All eight keyboard octaves can be written in two staffs (the Grand Staff ), the Bass and Treble Clefs,
from sub-contra to the fifth octave.

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 Subkontra Kontra Velika Mala Prva Druga

Re2 Fa2 La2 Do1 Mi1 Sol1 Si1 Re Fa La do mi sol si re1 fa1 la1 do1 mi2 sol2
Do2 Mi2 Sol2 Si2 Re1 Fa1 La1 Do Mi Sol Si re fa la do1 mi1 sol1 si1 re2 fa2 la2
C2 D2 E2 F2 G2 A2 H2 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A1 H1 C D E F G A H c d e f g a h c1 d1 e1 f1 g1 a1 h1 c1 d2 e2 f2 g2 a2

8
 Blic pitanja
1. Kako se zove prostor gde upisujemo note?
2. Čemu služe ključevi i koje ključeve koristimo za klavir?
3. Kako drugačije zovemo violinski ključ a kako bas?
4. Gde se piše nota c1?

Flash questions
1. What is the system where we write notes called?
2. What are the Clefs used for and which ones are used for the piano?
3. What other names do we use for the Treble and Bass Clefs?
4. Where do you write C1 note?

64
 Svaki zvuk u muzici ima svoje vreme trajanja

THE DURATION
TRAJANJE
Each sound in the music has
its own duration
 Trajanje je označeno različitim tipovima nota.

The duration is denoted with different types of notes.

66
 Delovi note su: glava, vrat i barjačić.

Every note is consisted of the following parts: note head, note stem and flag.

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 Barjačić
Vrat note Flag
Note stem

Glava note
Note head
 Cela nota ima najveće trajanje u muzici.

The whole note has the longest duration in music.

70
 Polovina note traje pola od cele note.

The half-note lasts half of the whole note.

72
 ... što znači da dve polovine traju isto koliko i cela nota.

… which means that two halves last as a whole note.

74
 Četvrtina note traje pola od polovine note.

The quarter note lasts half of the half note.

76
 Odnosno, 2 četvrtine traju isto koliko i jedna polovina.

i.e. two quarters equal one half in length.

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 ... što znači da 4 četvrtine traju isto koliko i jedna cela nota.

… which means that four quarters last as long as one whole note.

80
 Nota manja od četvrtine za pola zove se osmina.

A note half shorter than the quarter is called the eighth note.

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 Dve osmine traju koliko jedna četvrtina.

Two eighths last the same as one quarter note.

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 Svaki barjačić označava duplo kraće trajanje.
Ovo je šesnaestina.

Polovina od šesnaestine je tridesetdvojka.

Koliko ona ima barjačića?
Each flag denotes duration which is twice shorter.
This is the sixteenth note.

Half of the sixteenth note is the thirty-second note.

How many flags are there in the thirty-second note?

86
 4 šesnaestine traju kao 1 četvrtina ili 2 osmine.

Ako bi cela nota trajala 4 otkucaja koliko bi trajala polovina note,

a koliko četvrtina?

Four sixteenths last the same as one quarter or two eighths.

If the whole note lasted four beats, how long would a half note last and how long a quarter note?

88
 Blic pitanja
1. Koja je najduža nota?
2. Koliko traje polovina note?
3. Koliko u četvrtini note ima osmina?
4. Kako zovemo duplo kraću notu od osmine?
5. Koliko imamo četvrtina u jednoj celoj noti?

Flash questions
1. What is the longest note?
2. How long does a half note last?
3. How many eighths are there in the quarter note?
4. What is a note twice shorter than the eighth called?
5. How many quarters are there in one whole note?

90
 Da bi muzika „oživela“ potreban joj je puls,
zapravo ujednačeni otkucaji

THE METER
METAR
In order for music to “come alive”,
it needs a pulse, i.e. even beats
 Da bismo muziku jasnije zapisivali a pulsaciju jasnije označili
pomažu nam vertikalne linije koje zovemo taktice.

In order to write down music clearer and denote the pulsation more neatly,
we get help from the vertical lines called the Bar-Lines.

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taktica
bar-line
 Takt je metrički najmanja celina kompozicije i sastoji se iz
naglašenog dela (teza)* i nenaglašenog dela (arza).

* Naglašen deo je uvek na početku takta.

The Measure (the Bar) is metrically the smallest unit of the composition and consists of
a stronger part (thesis)* and a weaker part (arsis).
* A stronger part is always at the beginning of the Measure.

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teza arza
thesis arsis

takt
measure
 Oznaka za takt se piše na početku, posle ključa i ona
određuje koliko otkucaja će biti u jednom taktu i koliko
će jedan otkucaj trajati.

The Time Signature is always indicated at the beginning, after the clef,
and it determines how many beats there will be in one measure (bar)
and how long will one beat last.

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oznaka za takt
time signature
broj otkucaja (2)
beat number (2)

jedinica brojanja (četvrtina )

unit counting (one quarter )
 Same nam reči govore da su četvrtine note ( )
jedinice brojanja.
Gornji brojevi nam označavaju koliko ih ima u jednom taktu:
takt 3/4 (3/ ), 4/4 (4/ ).

Obvious from the name itself that quarter notes ( ) are the beats.
The numbers above represent how many beats there are in one measure:
The ¾ measure (3/ ), 4/4 (4/ ).

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broj otkucaja (3)
beat number (3)

broj otkucaja (4)

beat number (4)
 Osim četvrtinskih taktova postoje polovinski ( )
i osminski ( ).

Osim taktova gde su četvrtine jedinice brojanja postoje taktovi gde su polovine ( )
i osmine ( ) jedinice brojanja.

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broj otkucaja (3) beat number (3)

jedinica brojanja (polovina ) beat counting (half )

broj otkucaja (4) beat number (4)

jedinica brojanja (osmina ) beat counting (one eighths )

 Ovo su taktovi koji se još koriste.
Svi navedeni taktovi spadaju u proste taktove.*
* Broj jedinica brojanja u prostim taktovima može biti 2, 3 ili 4,
a svaku jedinicu brojanja možemo podeliti na 2.
Osim prostih taktova postoje složeni i mešoviti.

These are the examples of other rhythms in use.

102
 Blic pitanja
1. Kako zovemo metrički najkraću celinu kompozicije?
2. Koji su delovi takta?
3. Popuni ove taktove jedinicama brojanja.

Flash questions
1. How do we call metrically the shortest unit of composition?
2. What are the parts of the measure (bar)?
3. Fill in these bars with beats counting.

4 2 12
4 2 8

104
 Ne postoji muzika bez pauze.
Pauze predstavljaju tišinu u muzici.

… SILENCE
IS ALSO MUSIC ... I TIŠINA
JE MUZIKA
There is no music without a rest.
Rests represent silence in music…
 Tipovi pauza.

The types of the rests.

106
 Svaki tip pauze ima svoju ekvivalentnu notu trajanja.

Each type of a rest has its own equivalent note.

108
 Četvrtina pauze traje koliko i četvrtina note (jedan otkucaj).

The quarter rest lasts the same as the quarter note (one beat).

110
 Što znači...

Which means…

112
 Cela pauza je jednaka celoj noti.
Pišemo je ispod četvrtine linije.

The whole rest is the same as a whole note.

We write it below the quarter of the line.

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 Polovina pauze je jednaka polovini note.
A pišemo je na trećoj liniji.

The half rest is the same as a half note.

We write it down on the third line.

116
 Osmina pauze jednaka je osmini note.

The eighth rest lasts the same as the eighth note.

118
 Šesnaestina pauze je jednaka šesnaestini note.

The sixteenth rest is the same as the sixteenth note.

120
 Piramida pauza.

The pyramid of rests.

122
 Blic pitanja
1. Gde se piše polovina pauze i koliko traje?
2. Gde se piše cela puza i koliko traje?
3. Kojoj noti je osmina pauze ekvivalentna?

Flash questions
1. Where do you write the half of a rest and how much does it last?
2. Where is the whole rest written and how long does it last?
3. Which note is the eighth of a pause equivalent to?

124
 PRODUŽAVANJE
TONOVA
PROLONGING
OF SOUNDS
 Da bi se produžile note koriste se lukovi trajanja (ligature)
i tačke.

In order to prolong notes, we use ties and dots.

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Tačka Luk trajanja
Dot Tie
 Tačka produžava notu za njenu polovinu.

The dot prolongs a note by its half.

128
1 otkucaj 1/2 otkucaja
1 beat a half of the beat
 Što znači...

Which means…

130
 112

1 1
2

1 1 1
2 2 2
 Ovo je primer za polovinu sa tačkom.
Tačka vredi četvrtinu note.

This is the example of a half note with a dot.

The dot equals a quarter of a note.

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 3

2 1

1 1 1
 Lukovi trajanja ili ligatura produžavaju notu
za vrednost sledeće vezane note*.
Vezana nota se ne svira.

*Vezana nota mora da bude iste visine u odnosu na prvu.

The ties of duration or the ligature prolong

a note for the value of the following tied note*.
A tied note is not played.

* A tied note must be of the same pitch as the previous one.

134
 Blic pitanja
1. Na koji način možemo da produžimo note?
2. Za koliko tačka produžuje notu?
3. Za koliko luk trajanja produžuje notu?

Flash questions
1. How can we prolong notes?
2. How long does a dot prolong a note?
3. How long does a tie prolong a note?

136
 Svaki ton u muzici
možemo povisiti ili sniziti

THE ACCIDENTALS
PREDZNACI

Each tone in music

may be raised and flattened
 Znajući da u jednoj oktavi imamo 12 tonova,
razmak između svakog susednog zovemo polustepen.

Knowing that in one octave there are 12 notes,

a pitch between each adjacent note is called a semitone (half step).

138
 2 4 7 9 11

1 3 5 6 8 10 12
 Svaki od osnovnih tonova možemo
povisiti ili sniziti za polustepen.
Da bismo to označili koristimo predznake.

Each of the basic notes may be raised or flattened by a semitone.

We use the accidentals in order to denote that.

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Snizilica Povisilica
Flat Sharp
 Povisilica je znak koji povišava notu za polustepen
i beleži se ispred note.
Osnovnom imenu dodaje se nastavak - is (dis, cis, gis, his...).

The Sharp is a symbol that raises the note by a semitone

and is denoted in front of a note.
We read: F Sharp, D Sharp, C-Sharp...

142
F-sharp

fis

F
 Polustepeni nisu samo crne dirke,
oni se nalaze i između belih dirki.

Semitones are not only the black keys,

they are also located between the white keys.

144
 E-sharp B-sharp

E eis H his
 Snizilica je znak koji snižava notu za polustepen.
Beleži se ispred note.

Osnovnom imenu note dodaje se nastavak - es (ces, des, ges).

Sniženo H čita se hes ili b (b je češće u upotrebi).

The Flat is a symbol that flattens the note by a semitone.

It is denoted in front of a note.

We read: G Flat, A Flat, C Flat, B Flat...

146
G-flat B-flat

GES B

G H
 Kao i kod povisilica, snizilice se ne nalaze
samo na crnim dirkama već i na belim.

Just like in the case of sharps, flats can be found

both on black and white keys.

148
F-flat C-flat

fes F ces C
 Da bismo poništili važnost predhodno napisanih povisilica
ili snizilica, i vratili notu u osnovni ton, koristimo razrešilicu,
koja se takođe beleži ispred note.

In order to cancel the value of the previously denoted sharps or flats,

and return the note back to its fundimental, we use the Natural,
also denoted in front of the note.

150
FES F CIS C
 Da ne bismo ispred svake note u kompoziciji pisali predznake
beležimo ih na početku, posle ključa, a pre oznake za takt.

One predstavljaju tonalitet kompoziciije.

To avoid writing accidentals before each note of a piece,

we write them at the beginning, after the clef and before the time signature.

They are the tonality (key signature) of the piece.

152
 ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )
 Ako nema predznaka na početku, pišemo ih ispred note.
Predznak ispred note važi samo za istoimene
note u taktu i ne mora da se beleži ponovo.
Već u sledećem taktu se vraća u osnovni oblik.

In case there are no key signatures at the beginning, we write them before the note itself.
The accidental before the note in a measure doesn’t have to be rewritten.
It goes back to its natural form in the next measure.

154
 ()
Fis Fis F Fis
 Vezana nota preko takta zadržava prethodni predznak.

A tied note keeps its previous accidental throughout the measure.

156
(b)
 Blic pitanja
1. Šta je polustepen?
2. Kako zovemo znak koji povišava ton za polustepen?
3. Šta je snizilica?
4. Na koji način vraćamo notu u osnovni ton?

Flash questions
1. What is a semitone?
2. What is a sign which rises a tone by a semitone called?
3. What is the flat?
4. How do we return a note to its fundamental?

158
Početna teorija muzike za klavir
Basic Theory Of Music For Piano
Izdavač / Publisher:
Internationalni piano studio
Autor i urednik / Author and editor:
Nataša Prelević
Prevod / Translate:
Nataša Prelević
Grafički dizajn / Graphic design:
Ivanka Đonović
Štampa / Print:
Ime štamparije
Tiraž / Copy:
100 kom
Tivat, 2016.
International piano studio