Q1. Explain the various forms of tension members.

• Structural members subjected to

tensile forces are known as
tension members also known as
tie members.
• IS 800:2007 describes Tension
members in Cl. 6.1 as linear
members in which axial forces
act to cause elongation (stretch).
• They carry loads most efficiently
since the entire cross section is
subjected to uniform stress and
are designed as structural
members subjected to tensile
forces in a direction parallel to
their longitudinal axis.
• The connections are made in such
a way that the eccentricity of
loading and bending stresses are avoided. Even though bending stresses may develop due to the self-weight of
the member, these stresses are exceedingly small and often neglected.
• However, if bending stress is developed due to the eccentricity of connections or due to the incapability of the
connections to create the above considerations, the additional stresses need to be accounted for as per
specifications.

TYPES OF TENSION MEMBERS -

1. Wires, strands, and Cables –
• Strand - A strand consists of
individual wires wound
helically around a central core.
• Wire - A wire rope consists
of several strands wound
helically around a core.
They are exclusively used for
hoisting purposes.
• Cable - Cables are groups of
individual strands wound
helically around a core.
They are used in suspension
bridges.
Since cables are generally long
& their flexural stiffness is
negligible, initial sag & other geometrical effects must be accounted for in the design.
• The advantages of wires and cables are flexibility and strength.

2. Bars and rods -

• These are the simplest forms of tension members.
• Bars and rods are straight members having a considerable cross section which can be either circular square or
rectangular.
• These are commonly attached to other members by bolting or welding. These are slender and are meant to resist
tension only.
• Unlike cables, wires, and strands, they are used individually as structural/ tension members in bracing systems,
as sag rods to support purlins between trusses.
• They are often bolted to the other members by means of threaded ends.
• Bars and rods are often used as tension members in bracing systems, as sag rods to support purlins between
trusses.
• Presently, they are not so popular among designers as they cause large drifts during strong winds and disturbing
noises induced by vibrations.
• The types of bars and rods are –
(i) Eye Bars:
o These members are used where flexible end connections are desired.
o They are used as members of pin connected truss bridges.
o Eye bars are made by first upsetting each end of a bar of rectangular section to a nearly round shape and
then boring holes of the desired sizes on the enlarged ends.
o A pin is passed through the eye or the hole in the bar and also through corresponding holes in the other
members meeting at the joint.
o The pin provides the means of transmission of load from the eye bar to the other members at the joint.
o Eye bars are also used at the end of wire rope hangers.

(ii) Loop Bars:

o Loop bars are made by bending each end of a square or round section back upon the bar itself and then
welding it to form a loop. Stress transmission is similar to the eye bar.

(iii) Threaded Bars:

o Threaded bars consist of round bars whose ends are threaded.
o Nuts are attached on the threaded ends after the bar has been placed in its proper position.
o The ends of the rod are first, upset and then threaded so that the sectional area at the root of the thread is
not less than the sectional area of the bar.
o After upsetting usually, the sectional area at the ends will be about 20 per cent greater than the sectional
area of the bar.
o If a non-upset threaded bar is to be selected, the designer must select a bar in which the diameter at the
root of the threads will be at least 1.5 mm greater than the normally required diameter.
o Threaded rods have many applications in structural work.
o Common applications -
(a) Purlins of trusses spaced at large distance are laterally supported by threaded rods in order to minimize
the bending moment about their minor axis. Successive pairs of purlins are connected by threaded bars.
(b) Threaded rods are used as hangers to support walkway slabs and balconies.
(c) Tie rods can be used to connect the lower ends of arches to minimize or prevent horizontal thrusts.
(d) Tie rods can be used as diagonal bracings.

(iv) Welded Bars:

o These are flat bars carrying light tensile loads.
o They are welded to other members at their ends.
3. Single Structural Shape –

4. Built up Sections –
Built-up sections are used very frequently in construction and are formed by using a combination of more than one
standard section and/or plates.

• The star arrangement provides a symmetrical

and concentric connection.
• Two Channel sections as shown in the figure
(a) are used in the two-plane trusses where two
parallel gussets are used at each connection.
• Two angle sections as shown in figure (b)
have the advantage that the distance between
them could be adjusted to suit connecting
members at their ends.
• Four angle sections as shown in figure (c) are
also used in the two-plane trusses. The angles are
connected to two parallel gussets.
• For angle sections connected by plates as
shown in figure (d) are used as tension members
in bridge girders.
 cIASSMAT
Date
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