London Journal of Engineering Research

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Simulation and Manufacturing of Modified Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for UWB Applications

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DOCUMENT SCORE

Simulation and 64 of 100

ISSUES FOUND IN THIS TEXT

Manufacturing of 116
Modified Circular PLAGIARISM

2%
Contextual Spelling 15
Misspelled Words 9
Confused Words 4
Unknown Words 1
Mixed Dialects of English 1

Grammar 14
Determiner Use (a/an/the/this, etc.) 8
Faulty Subject-Verb Agreement 3
Pronoun Use 2
Incorrect Noun Number 1

Punctuation 33
Punctuation in Compound/Complex Sentences 18
Comma Misuse within Clauses 12
Closing Punctuation 2
Misuse of Semicolons, Quotation Marks, etc. 1

Sentence Structure 4
Misplaced Words or Phrases 3
Incomplete Sentences 1

Style 31
Passive Voice Misuse 17
Improper Formatting 11
Wordy Sentences 2
Intricate Text 1
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Vocabulary enhancement 19
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Simulation and Manufacturing of Modified Circular

ABSTRACT

1
Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is one of the most 1 Unoriginal text: 9 words
www.techrepublic.com/resource-libra…
promising wireless communication solutions to be
developed quickly because of the high-speed data, wide
2
bandwidth and 2 excellent immunity to multipath [, and]

interference. In this work, compact 3 design of a modified

3
circular mono-pole 4 microstrip antenna is simulated and [the compact]
4
manufactured for the UWB applications. The simulation Possibly confused word

process of the proposed antenna was done based on the

finite integration of the Computer Simulation Technology
(CST) Microwave Studio (MWS). The proposed design
antenna comprises a copper radiating 5 patch, Roger’s
Kappa-438 substrate, and a single stub act as a reflector.
5
The simulation results showed a reasonable agreement with Incorrect word order

the results of the measurement and 6 good 7 performance

was achieved in the range from 1.8 to 10 GHz with VSWR
less than 2.0.
6
Keywords: [, and]
7

UWB Overused word: good

microstrip patch antenna wireless communication

roger’s Kappa-438 substrate

Corresponding Author:
Bilal S. Taha,
Ministry of Health,
Iraq, Baghdad.
Email:bilal@future-telecom.net.

INTRODUCTION
In general, the antenna is a transducer that converts the
guided present in a transmission line or feeder cable into
radiated electromagnetic energy travels in free space to the
receiver or vice versa. Antennas can also be viewed 8 as an
impedance transformer, coupling between an input or line
impedance and free space impedance[1].
Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is one of the most 9
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successful communication systems solutions, because of its

8

higher data rate and good immunity against multipath Passive voice

interference, the technology 10 of UWB is used in various

fields such as radar, remote sensing, and military
communication [2]. 9
Unoriginal text: 9 words
In 2002, the Federal Communication Commission (FCC)
www.techrepublic.com/resource-libra…
allocated an unlicensed 7.5 GHz band (i.e. 11 from 3.1 GHz
to 10.6 GHz) for the indoor UWB wireless system
applications. Fig.1 shows the spectral mask of the 10
Repetitive word: technology
indoor/outdoor handheld applications and 13 the different
frequency spectrum was specified by FCC 12 in the United
States. The Industrial standards such as IEEE 802.15.3a of
the high rate of data and IEEE 802.15.4a of the very low 14
rate 15 of data was established 16 on the basis of 17 UWB 11
[i.e.,]
technology. The FCC defines UWB technology as any
wireless system with a fractional bandwidth of more than 12
Passive voice
500 MHz or 20% of the absolute 18 bandwidth [3]. 13
[, and]

Figure 1. UWB frequency spectrum

14
Weak adjective: low
15
Repetitive word: rate
16
Passive voice
17
Table 1.Standards of UWB Technology [on the basis of → based on]

18
Unusual word pair
In addition 19, the passive Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID) tag is one of the UWB wireless system's most
commonly used applications. It is called passive due to the
absence of the active elements and 20 the RFID tag doesn't
require a battery for feeding, the 21 tag 22 can be attached 23
to a package or pets for tracking and identification. The
other applications of UWB are in the radar applications,
medical applications or 24 in the wireless personal area
networks (WPANs) [4], [5]. 19
[In addition → Also]
The features of the UWB system include wide bandwidth,
directional/omnidirectional radiation pattern, constant gain
in specific directions, constantly 25 desired polarization,
moderate 26 radiation efficiency, linear phase response, 20
[, and]
compact size, low profile, and low manufacturing cost [6]. 21
[, the → ; the]
UWB technology has multiple unique advantages over 22
Repetitive word: tag
23
conventional wireless communication technology, such as
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low power consumption, big 28 27 data rates and 29 less Passive voice
24
multi-path spread, due to the mentioned benefits, the UWB [, or]
technology always attracts researchers for different
applications where UWB offers many levels of security
and highly reliable communication systems [7]. In this
paper, a modified circular Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA)
25
with compact 30 size is simulated and fabricated for the Overused word: constantly
26
UWB applications.The 31 paper 32 organised 33 as follows: Unusual word pair
Section 2 presents a brief description of the MPA
specifications, applications, and structure. Section
3illustrates the steps for the antenna design process, where
the first step is summarised 34 by determining the antenna
dimensions through the necessary equations and 35 the
27
second step is the simulation of the proposed antenna using Unusual word pair
28

the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Overused word: big

29
[, and]
Studio (MWS).Section 36 4 includes a presentation and
discussion for the obtained results from the transient solver
of the CST-MWS such 37 as the antenna gain, Voltage
Standing Wave RatioVSWR, and return loss
(S_11).Section 38 5 presents the antenna fabrication process
30
also includes a comparison between the simulated and [a compact]
31
measured results for the S_11.Finally 39, section 5 provides [. The]
32

the conclusion of this paper 41 40 Repetitive word: paper

33
[organised → organized]

MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA

Monopole is a type of the radio 42 antenna formed by
34
replacing one half of a dipole antenna with a ground plane Passive voice

at right angles to the remaining half. If the ground plane is

35
large enough, the monopole behaves exactly 43 like a [, and]

dipole, as if its reflection in the ground plane formed the

missing half of the dipole. [8].
36
In a variety of commercial applications like mobile satellite [. Section]

communications, Direct Broadcast Systems (DBS), Global

37
Positioning System (GPS), remote sensing, and biomedical [, such]

applications, the MPA becomes attractive candidates. The

38
basic form of the MPA is consists of a radiating patch [. Section]

sitting on a dielectric material called substrate overall

placed on a ground plane typically from copper as 44
39
illustrated in Fig.2. The MPA can be powered 45 with 40
[. Finally]
Unoriginal text: 8 words
several methods, the most common feeding techniques
www.hindawi.com/journals/ijae/2019/…
41
used in the MPA are: 46 coaxial probe, microstrip line
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feeding technique, and aperture or proximity coupling 42 [paper.]

[the radio]
method [9], [10].

Figure 2.Microstrip patch antenna structure.

43
Overused word: exactly
ANTENNA DESIGN
The antenna design is done 47 by using the CST-MWS,the 48
essential parameters for designing the UWB antenna
includes the operating frequency range, substrate dielectric
constant, substrate height, conductor thickness, loss
tangent, substrate width, substrate length, and input
impedance, Table 2 illustrates the fundamental parameters
used to simulate the antenna
Table 2. FundamentalParameters of the Proposed Antenna.

The substrate dimensions of the simulated antenna can be 44

[, as]
obtained 49 by using the simple equations of rectangular 45
Passive voice
MPA as follows [11]:
where, 50 ε_reff is the effective dielectric constant, εris the 46
[are: ]
dielectric constant of substrate 51, c is thelight 52 speed in
free space, h is 53 height 54 of substrate 55. Wis the patch
width, L_effis effective 56 length, L is the actual patch
length, wsis 57 the substrate width, and Ls is the substrate
length.The 58 steps to design the patch with the circular
shape was done 59 using the following equations [12]:
47
Passive voice
where, 60 a_eeffective radius of the circular patch 61 and a is 48
[, the]
the radius of the antenna.

After calculating the essential parameters of the circular

microstrip patch antenna through the previously mentioned
equations, the first simulated circular shape and S_11are
illustrated in Fig.3.

Figure 3. The simulated UWB antenna inside

CST MWS.

As observed from the previous design the 62 bandwidth 49

Passive voice
impedance matching starting from 2.45 to 10 GHz with a
notch at 6.5 GHz, the desired UWB operating frequency 50
[where, ]
band and 63 S_11are not achieved. So, should 64 attempt to 51
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52
modify the previous design by adding a second circle patch 53
[the substrate]
[thelight → the light]
Possibly miswritten word: h is
to improve the overall performance of the antenna, such as 54
[the height]
enhance the radiation pattern and changing the current 55
[the substrate]
56
distribution over the radiating patch 65, Fig.4 66 illustrates Overused word: effective
57
the modified antenna design and return loss after adding 58
Unknown word: wsis
[. The]
the 2nd circle. 59
Passive voice
Figure 4. The simulated 2nd circular MPA antenna.

60

To increase the antenna radiation 67, an additional 68 [where, ]

61
Repetitive word: patch
circle was created 69 with a radius of 7 mm in the middle of
the patch. Fig.5 illustrate 70 the return loss and gain after
adding the 3rd circle is get better 71

Figure 5. The 3rd simulated MPA.

In Fig. 6, the feed length is increased to 10.31 mm and 72

6 73 arcs are added 74 on both sides of the patch, 75 to
enhancing the overall antenna performance. Slits were used
in the antenna to create additional frequencies and increase
antenna gain, bandwidth, radiation pattern,and 76 S_11.
62
[, the]

Figure 6. The 4th simulated MPA.

After many trials of the design modification for the 63
[, and]
simulated antenna, a single plate was present at the right 64
[we should]
edges as a reflector to achieve the best results as 77
illustrated in Fig.7.

Figure 7. The Final simulated MPA.

65
Repetitive word: patch
SIMULATION RESULT 66
[, Fig.4 → ; Fig.4]
This subsection comprises a presentation of the simulated
antenna gain, VSWR, and S_11 results which 78 were
obtained from the transient CST-MWS solver after the
antenna simulation process has been completed 79.Fig.8 and
Table 2 illustrates the simulated antenna results for the 67
Dangling modifier
S_11and VSWR. 68
Unusual word pair
69
Passive voice
70
[illustrate → illustrates]
Figure 8. S_11of the final simulated antenna. 71
[better.]

The VSWR can be calculated 80 by using the following

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equation [13]:

where, 81 "ρ" is the reflection coefficient. 72

[, and]
73
[6 → six]
74

Table 3. Return Loss and VSWRResults of the Simulated Passive voice

75
[patch, ]
Antenna.
76
[, and]
The microstrip antennas is 83 well known for its 84 82 poor
gain; this due to the gain 85 of the microstrip antennasare 86
affected by the h and the ε_rwhere, the Gain is inversely
proportional with ε_rand directly proportional 87 with the h
[14], [15]. Fig. 9 and Fig.10 illustrate the simulated
broadband antenna gain and the 3D far-field results of the
77
simulated antenna respectively 88. [, as]

Figure 9. Broadband 89 gain of the simulated antenna.

78
[, which]

79
Figure 10. Far field 90 result of the simulated antenna. Passive voice

ANTENNA FABRICATION
After the antenna simulation has been completed 91 in the
CST-MWS, the Simulated antenna Gerber file is exported
and sent to the factory for the manufacturing process.The 92
designer commonly used the FR-4 substrate, but in this
80
work 93 the Roger Kappa-438 substrate is used instead of Passive voice
the FR-4 substrate, 94 since both types have similar
dielectric characteristics constant and the same substrate
81
height, h = 1.524 mm but the different 95 in loss tangent, [where, ]
Roger Kappa-438’ loss tangent is 0.005 while the FR-4 is
0.015, this effects on the performance of the antenna [16].
A simple, compact UWB antenna with a single slot, 96 and
a microstrip feed line is being implemented 97 as 98
82
illustrated in Fig.11. The manufactured antenna showed Unoriginal text: 8 words
dr.ntu.edu.sg/handle/10356/19735
consistent gain characteristics as well as a 2:1 VSWR 99 83
[is → are]
was achieved 100 in the UWB range.The 101 physical surface 84
[its → their]
85
area of the design is reduced 102 by implementing the
86
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circular shape of the patch in this work. The manufactured 87

[antennasare
Repetitive word:
→ antennas
gain are]
Repetitive word: proportional
antenna covers a frequency range of 1.8-10 GHz.Fig.12
and Fig.13, respectively, illustrates 103 the measured S_(11 88
[, respectively]
)via spectrum analyzer Anritsu-site master S362E which 104
is limited to 6GHz.
89
[The broadband  or  A broadband]

Figure 11. The fabricated antenna.

Figure 12. The measured S_(11 )in Anritsu-site master 105

S362E.
90
[Far field → Far-field]

CONCLUSION
Due to the rapid growth of mobile systems 106 towards the 91
Passive voice
5th generation, which requires many frequency bands, the
UWB is suitable for a wide 107 frequency band. In this
paper, a new design of UWB 108 antenna has been designed, 92
[. The]
simulated, fabricated and 109 measured by using the photo
resistive 110 technique. Where, the simulated antenna covers 93
[work,]
the frequency range between 1.8 GHz to 10 GHz with 94
[substrate, ]
reasonable S_(11 ), radiation pattern, and gain. In this
work, the S_(11 )of the manufactured antenna is measured
practically by using Anritsu-site Master S362E. 95
[different → difference]
REFERENCES

Balanis, Constantine A. Antenna theory: analysis and

design. John wiley& sons, 2016. 96
[slot, ]
97
Passive voice
I. B. Vendik, S. Member, A. Rusakov, K. Kanjanasit, and 98
[, as]
J. Hong, “Ultra – Wideband 111 (UWB) Planar Antenna 99
[, as well as a 2:1 VSWR,]
with Single -, Dual -, and Triple - Band Notched 100
Passive voice
101
Characteristic Based on Electric Ring Resonator,” IEEE [. The]
102

Antennas Wirel.Propag. Lett., vol.16, no.c, pp.14, 2017. Passive voice

FCC, “First report and order, revision of part 15 of the

commission's rules regarding “Ultra-Wideband 103
[illustrates → illustrate]
Transmission Systems FCC” 2002. 104
[, which]
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R. Cicchetti, E. Miozzi, and O. Testa, “Wideband and

UWB Antennas for Wireless Applications : A
Comprehensive Review,” Hindawi Int. J. Antennas
Prpagation 112, vol. 2017, pp. 1–45, 2017.

C. K. Toth et al., “Positioning Slow-Moving Platforms

105
by UWB Technology in GPS Challenged Areas,” J. Surv. [master → Master]

Eng., vol. 143, no. 4, pp. 1-9, 2017.

S. B. Vignesh, E. L. Tan, K. Ho, and H. Li, “UWB

Double- Sided Printed Bowtie Antenna Using
106
Supershape,” in 2018 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference Unoriginal text: 8 words
www.taylorfrancis.com/books/97804…
(APMC). IEEE, pp. 1612–1614, 2018.

107

R. Singh, A. S. Rathour 113, V. Kumar, D. Seth, S. Rawat, Overused word: wide

108
and K. Ray, “Design and Analysis of Low Profile, [the UWB]
109

Enhanced Bandwidth UWB Microstrip Patch Antenna for [, and]

110
[photo resistive → resistive photo]
Body Area Network,” In Engineering Vibration,
Communication and Information Processing. Springer, pp.
187–195,2019.

Alam, S., Surjati, I., Ferawan, A., &Firmansyah, T,

“Design and Realization of Compact Microstrip Antenna
Using Fractal Sierpenski 114 Carpet For Wireless Fidelity
Application,” Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering
and Informatics (IJEEI), vol.6, no. 1, pp. 70-78, 2018.

Taha, B. S., Marhoon, H. M., &Naser, A. A.,”

Simulating of RF energy harvesting micro-strip patch
111

antenna over 2.45 GHZ 115,” International Journal of [Ultra Wideband → Ultra-Wideband]

Engineering & Technology, vol.7, no.4, pp.5484-5488,

2018. DOI: 10.14419/ijet. v7i4.27031.

Bilal S. Taha “DESIGN OF QUAD BAND 117

MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA 116 FOR
ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY HARVESTING
APPLICATIONS , 118” Jornal of Southern Jiaotong
University, Vol. 54 No. 5, Oct. 2019, DOI：
10.35741/issn.0258-2724.54.5.30.

E. Thakur, D. Kumar, N. Jaglan, S.D. Gupta, S.

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Srivastava, “Mathematical Analysis of Commonly Used 112

[Prpagation → Propagation]
Feeding Techniques in Rectangular Microstrip Patch
Antenna,” Advances in Signal Processing and
Communication, Springer, pp.27-35, 2019.

K. Gupta, K. Jain, and P. Singh, “Analysis And Design

Of Circular Microstrip Patch,” Int. J. Comput. Sci. Inf.
Technol., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 3895–3898, 2014.
J. S. Sivia and S. S. Bhatia, “Design of Fractal Based
Microstrip Rectangular Patch Antenna for Multiband
Applications,” in 2015 IEEE International Advance
Computing Conference (IACC), pp. 712–715, 2015. 119

George, Dibin Mary, et al 120, "A novel 5 GHz high gain

dual substrate integrated waveguide epsilon near zero 113
[Rathour → Rather]
antenna 121 for WLAN applications," In 2017 IEEE Asia
Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC). IEEE, pp. 690-
693, 2017.
D. Singh, A. Thakur, and V. M. Srivastava,
“Miniaturization and Gain Enhancement of Microstrip
Patch Antenna Using Defected Ground with EBG,” J.
Commun., vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 730–736, 2018.

Bilal Taha, Taher AlSharabati “Performance Comparison

between the FR4 Substrate and the Rogers Kappa-438
Substrate for Microstrip Patch Antennas,” IJCSMC, Vol. 9, 114
[Sierpenski → Sierpinski]
Issue. 2, February 2020, pg.1 – 12.

115
[GHZ → GHz]

116
Noun string
117
Possibly miswritten word: QUAD BAND

118
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[APPLICATIONS ,]

119
Sentence fragment

120
[et al → et al.]

121
[antenna → antennae]
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