An Introduction to Teen Issues

By Karen Adams, eHow Contributor

Teens want to know that parents are on their side.

All parents see the future of their children differently. Knowing what to expect as a child
becomes an adolescent prepares parents to talk to their teen and help her handle the
overwhelming issues she faces. Peer pressure, drug use, pregnancy and partying are a few of
these issues

Read more: An Introduction to Teen Issues |

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Unmarried, pregnant adolescents face a variety of difficult decisions. They must decide whether
to give birth or to have an abortion, and whether to raise a child they bear or to place the baby for
adoption. Simultaneously, they must make the same critical decisions about school, work and
relationships as other teenagers must make. In designing interventions to help young
women make the transition from adolescence to adulthood without having an unintended birth, it
is important to understand the life circumstances, motivations and events that lead some
unmarried teenagers to become pregnant and the processes involved in the decision to carry a
nonmarital teenage pregnancy to term.
Some researchers have investigated factors influencing the pregnancy options considered by
young women in the United States who choose abortion; (1) others have explored pregnancy
decision-making by comparing the characteristics of young women who opt for abortion, birth or
adoption. (2) But rarely has pregnancy decision making been investigated by examining the
influences bearing on young women who choose to give birth. What events and communication
patterns lead pregnantteenagers to this decision? Who helps them the most in making their
decision, and what options do the women, their partners and their parents consider? And how
does decision-making differ according to young women's pregnancy intentions and background
characteristics?

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

NERVOUS SYSTEM
The Nervous system is responsible for interpreting information received from the outside
enzyme renin, which eventually results in the production of the hormone angiotensin II.
Angiotensin II helps increase blood pressure by causing the arterioles to constrict, by triggering
the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, and by triggering the release of two
other hormones, aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (also called vasopressin), which cause the
kidneys to increase the retention of salt and water. The kidneys normally produce substances that
cause arterioles within the kidney to dilate. This helps balance the effects of hormones that cause
constriction of arteriolesworld and the internal organs, initiating appropriate responses to the
information received.
The nervous system is divided into two parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the
peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS comprises the brain and the spinal cord, while the
PNS consists of all the nerves distributed throughout the rest of the body.
The brain initiates rapid response to information received from the nerve cells.
Information is sent from the nerves using electrical signals called action potentials. These signals
travel along nerve fibers to the spinal cord and are relayed to the brain. The signals travel at rapid
speeds of up to 320 feet (100 meters) per second.
Information is sent to the cerebral cortex, where the brain disseminates the incoming
information. Depending on the information received, different areas of the brain are responsible
for information translation and response, and interpretation of motor sensory information.
Some parts of peripheral nervous system govern those body functions that are not under
our voluntary control. These nerves belong to the autonomic nervous system, which, like the
nervous system, is under the control of the brain.

BRAIN is the boss of body. The brain is the center of activity for the nervous system. It
is here that nerve signals from throughout the body are received, processed, and acted upon with
appropriate responses. The brain controls sensory and motor activities. It is the center of
thinking, memory, auditory, and visual association, and emotion, and governs our muscular
actions, and therefore, our movement. Information from the special sense organs related to sight,
hearing, taste, smell, and balance is interpreted here. The brain controls all the body vital
functions, from the rhythmic beating of the heart to the blinking of the eye. Like a 24-hour
surveillance watchdog, the brain is always on duty, monitoring all of our body systems and
functions, maintaining maximum efficiency, preempting potential problems, and acknowledging
and counterstriking real dangers, damage, and injury.

DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE BRAIN

1. CEREBRUM - the biggest part of the brain. The cerebrum makes up 85% of the brain's
weight, and it's easy to see why. The cerebrum is the thinking part of the brain and it
controls your voluntary muscles, the ones that move when you want them to.

Cerebral Hemisphere is divided into lobes:

a. Frontal Lobe – important in the control of voluntary motor functions, motivation,
aggression, mood, and olfactory (smell) reception.
b. Parietal Lobe – the principal center for the reception and conscious perception of
most sensory information, such as touch, pain, temperature, balance, and taste.
*Central Sulcus – a prominent sulcus which separates the frontal and parietal lobes
c. Occipital Lobe – function is the reception and perception of visual input and is not
distinctly separate from the other lobes.
d. Temporal Lobe – involved in olfactory (smell) and auditory (hearing) sensations and
plays an important role in memory. Its anterior and inferior portions
are referred to as “psychic cortex”, and they are associated with
functions such as abstract thought and judgment.
*Lateral fissure – this separates the temporal lobe from the rest of cerebrum.