Claire Jean-Louis

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. What plays an especially significant role in the perception of music and speech?
a. Rhythm
b. Fragmentation
c. Tone
d. Grouping

2. The place theory of perception uses the analogy of _____ to explain how we hear different
pitches.
a. sonar technology
b. stringed instruments
c. a raindrop hitting a puddle
d. a jet producing a sonic boom

3. What type of stimuli is responsible for olfaction and gustation?

a. Mechanical
b. Chemical
c. Electrical
d. Waveform

4. What is the evidence that hearing begins well before birth?

a. Fetuses as young as 6 months move more often when their mothers’ speak than in response
to a stranger's voice.
b. Hours after birth, newborns begin to curl their tongues in preparation for generating
specialized sounds.
c. Newborns as young as 2 days old recognize their mother’s voice.
d. Ultrasound waves stimulate the auditory nerve in fetuses as young as 7 months.

5. Jenni’s 72-year-old grandfather has difficulty understanding her when she speaks, but he
seems to understand her father
much better. Why might this be?
a. People over 70 typically have difficulty with sounds over 1000 Hz.
b. People over 70 typically have difficulty with sounds under 3000 Hz.
c. People over 70 typically have difficulty with sounds over 6000 Hz.
d. People over 70 typically have difficulty with sounds under 6000 Hz.

6. Compared with other cultures, how do Americans tend to differ in their odor categorization?
a. Americans tend to separate odor into broader categories.
b. Americans tend to find body odor offensive.
c. Americans are not as skilled at sorting odors into fruit or flower categories.
d. Americans tend to clump all natural odors into one category.
7. Three-year-old-Joshua spits out his broccoli, scrunches his face, and shouts, “Yuck!” His
mother can’t understand why
he has such a distaste for broccoli, because she finds it to be rather bland. Why might Joshua
and his mother have such
different reactions to the taste of broccoli?
a. As we get older, the overall number of taste buds decreases.
b. The orbitofrontal cortex loses a significant number of neurons as we age.
c. Myelinated axons connecting to the medulla become unmyelinated as we age.
d. Hyperstimulation of taste buds in young children may produce the sensation of burning.

8. Ruth is 78 years of age, and recently reports to her ophthalmologist changes in the way
colors appear. Which of the
following age-related changes to the eye might best explain her experience?
a. The corneas in her eyes are changing in their thickness.
b. The lenses in her eyes are beginning to yellow.
c. The irises in her eyes are losing their elasticity.
d. The retinas of her eyes are losing photoreceptors.
9. The ability of an infant to use a binocular depth cue to use the relative size of objects to
determine their distance first
appears around _____ months of age.
a. 1 to 3
b. 4
c. 5 to 7
d. 10

10. College roommates Michelle, Renee, and Kecia are shopping for new phone cases.
Michelle finds the perfect phone
case at a kiosk in the mall, but there is no agreement as to the actual color of the phone case.
Michelle states that it is jade;
Renee is leaning toward teal; and Kecia insists that it is turquoise. What causes each roommate
to have a different
interpretation of the color of the phone case?
a. Transduction
b. Perception
c. Sensory adaptation
d. Sensation

11. Noreen gazes out at the city lights from her 23rd floor apartment; Jonah feels a stinging pain
after falling from his bike
and scraping his elbow; Maher hears the loud wail of sirens outside his dorm room window. The
process that allows
Noreen, Jonah, and Maher to detect these external or internal stimuli is termed
a. transduction.
b. perception.
c. adaptation.
d. Sensation.

12. What evidence best illustrates that the perception of pain is influenced by experience?
a. When men think that other men are watching them, they report feeling less pain in response
to an injury.
b. Surgery patients whose family members were allowed to be by their side shortly after surgery
reported less
pain during recovery.
c. Women who participated in childbirth classes reported less pain during the birthing process.
d. Women reported less pain after receiving an electrical shock if they were allowed to look at
pictures of their
families.

13. How do somatosensory stimuli differ from visual or auditory stimuli?

a. Somatosensory stimuli are processed by the periphery not the central nervous system.
b. Somatosensory stimuli are specialized; visual and auditory stimuli are general.
c. Somatosensory stimuli simultaneously activate several senses.
d. Somatosensory stimuli arise from within the body.

14. What type of sound is particularly effective for many marine mammals because it allows
sound to travel for long
distances in water?
a. Ultrasound
b. Infrasound
c. Parasound
d. Durasound

15. A high-amplitude, high-frequency sound wave is perceived as

a. loud and high-pitched.
b. loud and low-pitched.
c. soft and high-pitched.
d. soft and low-pitched.

16. The purpose of three tiny bones located in the middle ear is to
a. buffer sound waves before entering the inner ear.
b. decode the frequency and amplitude of sounds waves.
c. transfer sound energy to the fluid of the inner ear.
d. directly stimulate the auditory nerve.
17. According to the place theory of pitch perception, how do sound waves affect the basilar
membrane?
a. High-frequency tones stiffen the membrane; low-frequency tones relax the membrane.
b. High-frequency tones relax the membrane; low-frequency tones stiffen the membrane.
c. High-frequency tones produce maximum movement at the base; low-frequency tones
produce maximum
movement near the apex.
d. High-frequency tones produce maximum movement near the apex; low-frequency tones
produce maximum
movement at the base.

18. Kevin is a participant in a taste-off as part of his campus’s Greek Week. He is blindfolded
and his nose is pinched off
with a clothespin. He is asked to taste a slice of apple and a slice of raw potato. Kevin is likely to
a. perceive the tastes as pleasant because he is having fun at Greek Week.
b. recognize the apple but not the potato because the apple is acidic.
c. think that the apple and the potato are the same.
d. perceive the tastes as aversive because he can’t see the food.

19. How does the input of olfactory information to the brain differ from other sensory input
pathways?
a. It does not require the cortex for higher-order processing.
b. Direct connections to the thalamus are not made before information reaches the cortex.
c. The first direct connection is to the thalamus and not to the medulla.
d. Prior to making connections with the medulla, sensory input travels through the spinal cord.

20. After you roughly bump part of your body—say your shin or your “funny bone”—into
something and experience pain
as a result, you may help to decrease that sense of pain by rubbing the injured area. The _____
provides some insight as to
why rubbing the area helps to lower the pain that you feel.
a. auxiliary theory
b. gate theory
c. obstruction theory
d. buffer theory

21. Information about touch travels from the skin directly to the
a. medulla.
b. somatosensory cortex.
c. spinal cord.
d. thalamus.

22. Where does the optic nerve cross the midline?

a. In the corpus callosum
b. In the primary visual cortex
c. At the optic chiasm
d. Midbrain

23. The clear surface at the front of the eye that begins the process of directing light to the
retina is the
a. pupil.
b. Iris.
c. retina.
d. cornea.

24. The smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected at least 50% of the time is known as
the _____ threshold.
a. difference
b. fixed
c. absolute
d. Distinct
25. Saul, a cytotechnologist in training, is asked to screen a series of tissue samples for
precancerous cells. His supervisor
checks his work and determines that it has overestimated the number of samples containing
precancerous cells. This may
be due to the fact that Saul lost his mother to cancer at a young age, making Saul extra
cautious about missing indications
of cancerous cells in the samples. This scenario illustrates
a. false alarms.
b. sham hits.
c. loss aversion.
d. erroneous judgment.

26. Describe how light enters the eye and how the major structures of the eye process this light.
Include a brief description
of how information from light is sensed by the eye before transmission to the brain.
Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

The cornea protects the eye and helps to focus the light that comes in. The iris then adjusts the
amount of light that is received. The lines will refine the focus of the light in the retina and then is
transduced in the optic nerve into electrical energy.

27. Adele is planning to paint the walls in her room. She studies several color samples to try to
decide between yellow,
green, and blue hues. What light wave attribute allows Adele to differentiate between these
colors?
a. The types of waves
b. The number of waves
c. The amplitude of waves
d. The wavelength of the waves

28. To construct a three-dimensional image, we

a. integrate trinomial inputs.
b. make assumptions about the continuity of objects.
c. use monocular and binocular cues.
d. divide scenes into figure and ground.

29. One theory of color vision is based on the existence of different types of cones for the
detection of short, medium, and
long wavelengths. What is this theory?
a. The tricolor detection scheme
b. The primary paradigm
c. The trichromatic theory
d. The tiered wavelength model
30. According to the Müller-Lyer illusion, we tend to see lines with outward-pointing arrowheads
as
a. the focal point of an image.
b. the secondary object of an image.
c. being farther away from us.
d. being closer to us.

31. Where in the brain do the pathways for the senses of taste and smell meet?

a. orbitofrontal cortex b. medulla c. thalamus d. parietal lobe

32. The experience of the senses of taste and smell are often related to each other. Why is this?

a. Taste and smell receptors are the same. b. Both taste and smell are processed by the
medulla. c. Both taste and smell are processed in part by the orbitofrontal cortex. d. There are
direct connections between taste and smell receptors.
33. Imagine you conduct a study in which all participants smell the same odor, but some
participants are told it is the smell of fruit, and others are told it is the smell of a chemical
solvent. What is the most likely pattern of results?

a. The "fruit" group will find the smell more memorable than the other group. b. The smells are
the same, so the groups will no differ in their perceptions. c. The "fruit" participants will find the
smell less pleasant than the other group. d. The "fruit" participants will find the smell more
pleasant than the other group

34. If someone had damage to their thalamus, which of the following senses would be most
likely to continue functioning normally?

a. olfaction b. somatosensation c. audition d. vision

35. Information from taste receptors travels to which part of the brain first?

a. orbitofrontal cortex b. gustatory bulbs c. medulla d. amygdala

36. Imagine you meet a person who has damaged their orbitofrontal cortex. What would the
most likely olfactory symptom be due to this damage?

a. They would be unable to discriminate pleasant and unpleasant odors. b. Their memory for
odors would be eliminated. c. They could not consciously perceive smells. d. They would have
trouble finding the words to describe what they smelled.

37. What carries information from the olfactory receptors to the olfactory bulbs?
a. olfactory canal b. thalamic pathway c. odor molecules d. olfactory nerve

38. Which neural pathway is likely responsible for our conscious awareness of smells and
odors?
a. olfactory bulbs to thalamus b. olfactory cortex to orbitofrontal cortex c. olfactory cortex to
occipital cortex d. olfactory bulbs to amygdala

39. Where are the olfactory bulbs located?

a. in the parietal lobe b. near the thalamus c. just below the frontal lobe d. in the occipital lobe

40. One unique aspect of olfactory neurons relative to most other neurons is that they

a. have many more dendrites than other neurons. b. have many more axons than other
neurons. c. regularly die and are replaced. d. are unmyelinated.

41. Together, our sense of smell and our sense of taste are referred to as the
a. somatosensory system. b. olfactory senses. c. chemical senses. d. vestibular system.

42. Which theory of pain holds that our perception of pain can be influenced by factors like
rubbing a painful area?
a. gate theory b. top-down pain theory c. somatosensory pain theory d. endorphin theory

43. Pain signals are passed from the spinal cord directly to which part of the brain?

a. insula b. thalamus c. temporal lobe d. periaqueductal gray

44. In humans, the body parts with the greatest representation in the sensory cortex are

a. hands and arms. b. hands and feet. c. lips and hands. d. lips and feet.

45. The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the

a. parietal lobe. b. temporal lobe. c. occipital lobe. d. frontal lobe.

46. Information about body position and movement is provided by the

a. somatosensory network. b. basal ganglia. c. middle ear. d. vestibular system

47. The vestibular system is found in the

a. temporal lobe. b. middle ear. c. inner ear. d. medulla.

48. Touch, pain, and body position are all parts of

a. audition. b. somatosensation. c. gustation. d. olfaction.

49. Humans are maximally sensitive to sounds that range from about 80 to 10,000 Hz, probably
because this range

a. is the range that causes response in hair cells. b. is the most common range used in music.
c. is the normal range of speech. d. is dependent on the size of the basilar membrane.

50. Imagine you do a study in which you measure the response of the basilar membrane and
auditory neurons to different sounds. If the temporal theory of pitch perception is correct, what
pattern of results would you be most likely to see?

a. Different frequency sounds produce responses at different locations on the basilar

membrane. b. Different intensity sounds produce responses at different places in the basilar
membrane. c. Different frequency sounds produce different frequencies of neural firing in the
basilar membrane. d. Different sounds cause different hair cells to fire.
51. What best describes the mechanisms by which neurotransmitters are released onto the
cells of the auditory nerve?

a. Motion of the basilar membrane stimulates hair cells. b. Ossicles vibrate, transmitting
information through the tympanic membrane. c. Sound energy is converted to chemical energy
in the middle ear. d. Hair cells vibrate, causing motion in the basilar membrane.

52. Hair cells are found in the

a. organ of Corti. b. ossicles. c. middle ear. d. auditory canal.

53. The structure in the inner ear that contains auditory receptors is called the

a. tympanic membrane. b. ossicle. c. auditory canal. d. cochlea.

54. The bones of the middle ear are known as

a. cochlea. b. pinna. c. ossicles. d. tympanic membrane.

55. A sound's frequency is measured in

a. Hertz. b. decibels. c. intensity units. d. sonic rate.

56. When you turn the volume knob on your car radio, what aspect of the sound are you
changing?

a. wavelength b. amplitude c. hertz d. frequency

57. Audition is our sense of

a. hearing. b. body position. c. temperature. d. taste.

58. Imagine that your friend conducts a study testing vision in college students and older, retired
adults. What is the most likely pattern of results?

a. On average, older adults will have greater color vision than younger adults. b. On average,
older adults will take longer to respond to changes in the visual field than younger adults. c. On
average, older adults will make greater use of binocular cues than younger adults. d. On
average, older adults will make greater use of monocular cues than younger adults.

59. . Which of the following best describes how vision in infants differs from that of adults?
 a. Human infants see in less detail and contrast than adults. b. Human infants have greater
visual resolution, but poorer peripheral vision than adults. c. Human infants have poorer depth
perception than adults. d. Human infants have poorer color vision than adults.

60. Sound is similar to light in that

a. both types of sensation are processed primarily in the occipital lobe. b. the same receptors
respond to both types of information. c. both are transmitted by waves. d. both types of
information can carry binocular cues.