CONFIGURING ROUTING

STATIC ROUTING

ip route [destination_network] [mask] [next-

hop_address or exitinterface] [administrative_distance]
[permanent]

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 STATIC ROUTING

192.168.10.0 192.168.30.0 192.168.50.0

192.168.20.0 192.168.40.0

Lab_A(config)#ip route 192.168.30.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.20.2

Lab_A(config)#ip route 192.168.40.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.20.2
Lab_A(config)#ip route 192.168.50.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.20.2
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 STATIC ROUTING
Lab_A#sh ip route
[output cut]
S 192.168.50.0 [1/0] via 192.168.20.2
S 192.168.40.0 [1/0] via 192.168.20.2
S 192.168.30.0 [1/0] via 192.168.20.2
C 192.168.20.0 is directly connected, Serial 0/0
C 192.168.10.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
Lab_A#
Delete static route:
 Lab_C(config)#no ip route 192.168.10.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.40.1
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DEFAULT ROUTING
to send packets with a remote destination network not in the routing table to
the next-hop router.
 Lab_C(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.40.1

Lab_C#sh ip route
[output cut]
Gateway of last resort is 192.168.40.1 to network 0.0.0.0
C 192.168.50.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 192.168.40.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0
S* 0.0.0.0/0 [1/0] via 192.168.40.1

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GATEWAY OF LAST RESORT

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GATEWAY OF LAST RESORT
Three solutions for adding a gateway of last resort on the gateway
router to the ISP.
Gateway(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 217.124.6.1
Gateway(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/0
Gateway(config)#ip default-network 217.124.6.0

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DYNAMIC ROUTING
Describe classful and classless routing protocols
Describe and configure RIPv2
Describe and configure EIGRP
Describe and configure OSPF

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CLASSFUL AND CLASSLESS ROUTING
PROTOCOLS
How the routing protocols handles subnets masks
information
Classful routing protocols
 RIPv1
 IGRP
 Major network boundaries (Class A, B, or C)
 Don not carry subnet mask information
 Cannot use or work with
 Discontiguous subnets
 VLSM
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 RIP
Lab_C(config)#router rip
Lab_C(config-router)#network 192.168.40.0
Lab_C(config-router)#network 192.168.50.0
Lab_C(config-router)#^Z
Lab_C#

192.168.10.0 192.168.30.0 192.168.50.0

192.168.20.0 192.168.40.0

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PASSIVE INTERFACE
To stop unwanted RIP updates from propagating across your LANs
and WANs
Prevents RIP update broadcasts from being sent out a defined
interface, but that same interface can still receive RIP updates.
Lab_A(config-router)#passive-interface serial 0/0

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DISCONTIGUOUS SUBNETS

12
CONFIGURATION

13
ROUTING TABLE

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DISCONTIGUOUS SUBNETS - FAULTS

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MISBEHAVIOR EXAMPLE

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IGRP
Lab_A#config t
Lab_A(config)#router igrp 10
Lab_A(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0
10 = AS number

In Cisco IOS versions 12.3 and greater, IGRP is completely

unsupported, obsolete routing protocol

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CLASSFUL AND CLASSLESS ROUTING
PROTOCOLS
Classless routing protocols
 RIPv2
 EIGRP
 OSPF
 BGP
 Not restricted to Major network boundaries
 Carry subnet mask information
 Work with
 Discontiguous subnets
 VLSM
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RIPV2

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ROUTING TABLE - CORRECT

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VERIFICATION

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ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL VERSION
2 (CONTINUED)

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ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL VERSION
2 (CONTINUED)

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ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL VERSION
2 (CONTINUED)

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ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL VERSION
2 (CONTINUED)

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ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL VERSION
2 (CONTINUED)

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ENHANCED INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING
PROTOCOL
Cisco proprietary protocol
 Hybrid protocol
 Features both distance-vector and link-state protocols
Classless
 Not restricted to Major network boundaries
 Carry subnet mask information
 Work with
 Discontiguous subnets
 VLSM

Route IP, IPX, and AppleTalk

 Protocol Dependent Modules (PDMs) 27
ENHANCED INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING
PROTOCOL (CONTINUED)

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ENHANCED INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING
PROTOCOL (CONTINUED)

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ENHANCED INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING
PROTOCOL (CONTINUED)

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EIGRP CONFIGURATION

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EIGRP CONFIGURATION (CONTINUED)

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ENHANCED INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING
PROTOCOL (CONTINUED)

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ENHANCED INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING
PROTOCOL (CONTINUED)

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ENHANCED INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING
PROTOCOL (CONTINUED)

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OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST
Suited for large networks
High CPU and memory demands
OSPF Concepts
 Link
 Link-state
 Area
 Cost
 Adjacencies database
 Topological database
 Designated router
 Router election with router ID
 Backup designated router 36
OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST (CONTINUED)

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OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST (CONTINUED)

The cost is an indication of the overhead required to send packets across a

certain interface.
The cost of an interface is inversely proportional to the bandwidth of that
interface.
A higher bandwidth indicates a lower cost.
The formula used to calculate the cost is:
cost= 10000 0000/bandwith in bps
10M Ethernet line -> 10 EXP8/10 EXP7 = 10
T1 line -> 10 EXP8/1544000 = 64 38
OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST (CONTINUED)

Default hello-interval:
10 seconds (Ethernet)
30 seconds (nonbroadcast)

return to defaults: no ip ospf hello-interval

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OSPF OPERATION
OPSP operation
 First: Form adjacencies with neighbors
 Second: Election of DR and BDR
 Third: Flood LSAs
 Fourth: Select best routes

Dijkstra’s Shortest Path Algorithm

 Loop-free
 Best cost path
 CPU and Memory demands

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OSPF OPERATION (CONTINUED)

41
SINGLE-AREA OSFP CONFIGURATION

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WILDCARD MASKS
Identifies the interface where OSPF will operate
Opposite, reverse to subnet mask
 0 means: must mach exactly
 255 means: I don’t care

Example:
 /28 = 255.255.255.240 -> 0.0.0.15
 /30 = 255.255.255.254 -> 0.0.0.3
 block size -1

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WILDCARD MASKS

Lab_A(config-router)#network 192.168.10.1 0.0.0.0 area 0

Lab_B(config-router)#network 192.168.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
Lab_C(config-router)#network 192.168.40.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

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 SHOW IP OSPF
Routing Process "ospf 132" with ID 192.168.20.1
Supports only single TOS(TOS0) routes
Supports opaque LSA
SPF schedule delay 5 secs, Hold time between two SPFs 10 secs
Minimum LSA interval 5 secs. Minimum LSA arrival 1 secs
Number of external LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x000000
Number of opaque AS LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x000000
Number of DCbitless external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge external and opaque AS LSA 0
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
External flood list length 0
Area BACKBONE(0)
Number of interfaces in this area is 2
Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm executed 5 times
Area ranges are
Number of LSA 3. Checksum Sum 0x020E9A
Number of opaque link LSA 0. Checksum Sum 0x000000
Number of DCbitless LSA 0
Number of indication LSA 0
Number of DoNotAge LSA 0
Flood list length 0 45
 OSPF DATABASE
Lab_A#sh ip ospf database
OSPF Router with ID (192.168.20.1) (Process ID 132)
Router Link States (Area 0)
Link ID ADV Router Age Seq# Checksum Link count
192.168.20.1 192.168.20.1 648 0x80000003 0x005E2B 3
192.168.40.1 192.168.40.1 351 0x80000003 0x00E32F 5
192.168.40.2 192.168.40.2 192 0x80000003 0x00CD40 3
Lab_A#

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OSPF INTERFACE
Lab_A#show ip ospf interface
Serial0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.20.1/24, Area 0
Process ID 132, Router ID 192.168.20.1, Network Type
POINT_TO_POINT, Cost: 64
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_POINT,
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 00:00:06
Index 2/2, flood queue length 0
Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0)
Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1
Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec
Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1
Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.40.1
Suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s)
…………….

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 LOOPBACK INTERFACE
Lab_A#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Lab_A(config)#int loopback 0
Lab_A(config-if)#ip address 172.16.10.1 255.255.255.255
Lab_A(config-if)#no shut
Lab_A(config-if)#^Z
Lab_A#

Note: The router must be rebooted or the OSPF process

must be cleared and recreated if we want the logical
interface IP address become RID
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SINGLE-AREA OSFP CONFIGURATION
(CONTINUED)

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CONTROLLING ROUTE TRAFFIC

“passive-interface” command
 RouterD(config)# router rip
 RouterD(config-router)# passive-interface s0

EIGRP and OSPF will not send or receive updates

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CONTROLLING ROUTE TRAFFIC
(CONTINUED)

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CONTIGUOUS NETWORK DESIGN

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SUMMARY ROUTES - EIGRP
Core#config t
Core(config)#router eigrp 10
Core(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0
Core(config-router)#network 10.0.0.0
Core(config-router)#no auto-summary
Core(config-router)#interface ethernet 0
Core(config-if)#ip summary-address eigrp 10 192.168.10.64
255.255.255.224

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SUMMARY ROUTES - OSPF

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SUMMARY ROUTES - OSPF
Core#config t
Core(config)#router ospf 1
Core(config-router)#network 192.168.10.64 0.0.0.3 area 1
Core(config-router)#network 192.168.10.68 0.0.0.3 area 1
Core(config-router)#network 10.10.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Core(config-router)#area 1 range 192.168.10.64
255.255.255.224

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SUMMARY
Large, complex internetworks using variable-length subnet masks
require routing protocols that can handle the task
RIPv2 is a classless routing protocol built as an extension to RIPv1
EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary protocol designed to incorporate
some of the features of link-state routing protocols
The open standards protocol OSPF is the link-state protocol of
choice in many networks

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