Dr. Mohammed H. S.

Zangana

Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of

Engineering, Koya University

Gas Properties

The ability to calculate the performance of a gas producing system,

including the reservoir and the piping system, requires knowledge of
many gas properties at various pressures and temperatures. If the
natural gas is in contact with liquids, such as condensate or water, the
effect of the liquids on gas properties must be evaluated.

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 Gas Properties
IDEAL GASES

The understanding of the behavior of gases with respect to pressure and

temperature changes is made clearer by first considering the behavior of
gases at conditions near standard conditions of pressure and temperature;
that is:

At these conditions the gas is said to behave ideally.

Gas Properties
IDEAL GASES

An ideal gas is defined as one in which:

(i) The volume occupied by the molecules is small compared to the total
gas volume.

(ii) All molecular collisions are elastic.

(iii) There are no attractive or repulsive forces among the molecules.

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 Gas Properties
IDEAL GAS LAWS

The basis for describing ideal gas behavior comes from the combination of
some of the gas laws:

Boyle's Law
Robert Boyle , the chemist and physicist (1627– 1691) observed
experimentally that the volume of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the
pressure for a given weight or mass of gas when temperature is constant.
This may be expressed as

Gas Properties
IDEAL GAS LAWS
Boyle's Law

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 Gas Properties
IDEAL GAS LAWS
Boyle's Law

For comparing the same gas sample at constant temperature under

different pressure and volume conditions, Boyle’s law can be
expressed usefully as:

Gas Properties
IDEAL GAS LAWS

Charles’ Law

Jacques Charles (1746– 1823), while working with gases at low pressures,
observed that the volume occupied by a fixed mass of gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature, or :

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 Gas Properties
IDEAL GAS LAWS
Charles’ Law

Gas Properties
IDEAL GAS LAWS
Charles’ Law

For comparing the same gas sample under two different sets of
conditions, Charles’ law can be written as:

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 Gas Properties
IDEAL GAS LAWS
Avogadro's Law

Avogadro’s Law by Amedeo Avogadro (1776– 1856), states that under the
same conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all ideal
gases contain the same number of molecules. For a given mass of an ideal
gas, the volume and amount (moles) of the gas are directly proportional if the
temperature and pressure are constant, which can be written as:

Where :
V : is the volume of the gas
n : is the amount of sample of the gas
(measured in moles ).
k : is a constant

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Gas Properties
IDEAL GAS LAWS
Avogadro's Law

For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions,
the law can be usefully expressed as follows:

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 Gas Properties
THE IDEAL GAS LAW

The three gas laws described previously can be combined to express a

relationship among pressure, volume, and temperature, called the ideal
gas law.

or

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Gas Properties
THE IDEAL GAS LAW

Since n is the mass of gas divided by the molecular weight, the ideal
gas law can be written as:

Where,
m : is the mass of gas.
M: is the molecular weight.
or, since m lV is the gas density, the ideal gas law can be expressed as:
Where,
p : is the density
This equation also known as the general gas law, or the perfect gas law.

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 Gas Properties
THE IDEAL GAS LAW

R represents the gas constant, it is the same for all ideal gases and is
referred to as the universal gas constant.

The numerical value of the constant R depends on the units used to

express temperature, pressure, and volume. As an example, suppose
that pressure is expressed in psia, volume in cubic feet, temperature in
degrees Rankin, and moles in pound moles.

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Gas Properties
THE IDEAL GAS LAW
Values of Gas Constant R In Various Units1

1 Beggs, H.D, (1991), "Gas production operations", published by OGCI

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 Gas Properties
THE IDEAL GAS LAW
Ideal Gas Mixtures
The previous treatment of the behavior of gases applies only to single
component gases. As the gas engineer rarely works with pure gases, the
behavior of a multi component mixture of gases must be treated.

Dalton's Law. Dalton's Law (John Dalton, 1766- 1844) states that each
gas in a mixture of gases exerts a pressure equal to that which it would
exert if it occupied the same volume as the total mixture. This pressure is
called the partial pressure. The total pressure is the sum of the partial
pressures.' This law is valid only when the mixture and each component of
the mixture obey the ideal gas law.

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Gas Properties
THE IDEAL GAS LAW
Ideal Gas Mixtures
The partial pressure exerted by each component of the gas mixture can be
calculated using the ideal gas law. Consider a mixture containing nA moles
of component A, nB moles of component B and nc moles of component C,
The partial pressure exerted by each component of the gas mixture may be
determined with the ideal gas equation:

According to Dalton's Law, the total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures

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 Gas Properties
THE IDEAL GAS LAW
Ideal Gas Mixtures

Amagat's Law. Amagat's Law states that the total volume of a gaseous
mixture is the sum of the volumes that each component would occupy at
the given pressure and temperature. The volumes occupied by the
individual components are known as partial volumes. This law is correct
only if the mixture and each of the components obey the ideal gas law.

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Gas Properties
THE IDEAL GAS LAW
Ideal Gas Mixtures
The partial volume occupied by each component of a gas mixture consisting
of nA moles of component A, nB moles of component B and nc moles of
component C, can be calculated using the ideal gas law. :

According to Amagat's Law, the total volume is:

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 Gas Properties
THE IDEAL GAS LAW
Apparent Molecular Weight

Since a gas mixture is composed of molecules of various sizes, it is not

strictly correct to say that a gas mixture has a molecular weight. However,
a gas mixture behaves as if it were a pure gas with a definite molecular
weight. This molecular weight is known as an apparent molecular weight
and is defined as:

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Thank You

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