Biomolecules

B Y : - D R . P R A NESH M. K .
Introduction:
• In our biosphere there is a Wide diversity in living organisms.
• All living organisms are made up of the same chemicals
Le., elements and compounds.
• If we analyze a plant tissue, animal tissue or a microbial
paste, we obtain elements like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
etc.
• A similar analysis on a non-living matter say a piece of rock
gives a list of similar chemicals. But when examined closely
it is observed that in living organisms the relative
abundance of carbon and hydrogen with respect to other
elements is higher than in earth’s crust.
Carbohydrates
Inlulin has
β(2,1)
linkages
Amino acids • NABSAHA
3 011 10 2,
Are Essential amino
Neutral GlyAlValLuIl acids, PVT TIM HALL

• H and A are semi-

Acidic GAGA essential
NABSAHA

Basic ArgLy • Glucogenic amino

acids are 18
Sulphur
Cis Met sulphur • Glucogenic and
Containing
Ketogenic amino
SerTher for acids
Alcoholic
alcohol 3T PI

Heterocyclic HisPro • Only ketogenic are Lu

and Li
Aromatic TyTripPhen
Proteins
Lipids
• Waxes
• Bees wax/ Hexacosyl palmitate = Palmetic acid and myricyl alcohol
• Wax-D
• Lanolin

• Compound lipids
• Phospholipids
• Glycolipids
• Lipoproteins
• Chromolipids
• Derived lipid
• Steroid
• Cholesterol
• Prostaglandins and
• Diosgenin from yam plant (Dioscorea)
Factors affecting enzyme action
• 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒,
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝛿𝑝
• 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝛿𝑡

• Temperature
• pH
• Enzyme concentration
• Substrate concentration
• Inhibitors are the factors affecting enzyme action
Effect of temperature on enzyme action
Effect of pH on enzyme action
Effect of concentration of enzyme on
enzyme action
Effect of concentration of substrate on
enzyme action
Effect of inhibitors on enzyme action
• Competitive inhibitors

• Examples:- Alcohol dehydrogenase inhibited by ethanol in

methanol poisoning, sulpha drugs for folic acid synthesis in
bacteria and inhibition of succinic dehydrogenase by malonate
and oxaloacetate
Effect of inhibitors on enzyme action
• Non-competitive inhibitors.
• Example cyanide poisoning
Effect of inhibitors on enzyme action
• Allosteric modulators/ Feedback inhibitors
• Examples
• Hexokinase by glucose-6-phosphate
• Phosphofructokinase by ADP
• Threonine deaminase by isoleucine
Properties of enzyme
• Protein nature
• Chemical reaction
• Efficiency
• Unchanged form
• Enzyme specificity
Co-factors