TM10130 - 310J Backhoe Loader (S.N.

—159759)
Engine Control Unit (ECU) Circuit Theory of Operation

Engine Control Unit (ECU) Circuit Theory of Operation

TX1072199-UN: Engine Control Unit (ECU) Circuit

LEGEND:

1 - Battery Power
2 - Ignition Power
3 - CAN High
4 - CAN Low
5 - CAN Ground
A2 - Engine Control Unit (ECU)
B15 - Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor
B17 - Fuel Temperature Sensor
B18 - Manifold Air Temperature Sensor
B19 - Crankshaft Position Sensor
B20 - Foot Throttle Position Sensor
F4 - ECU Battery Power 10 A Fuse
K6 - Transmission Control Relay
S60 - Engine Speed Control Switch
W1 - Ground to Frame by Starter Motor
X10 - ECU Connector
Y16 - Fuel Injection Pump Solenoid

The engine control unit (ECU) uses information received from various sensors to determine the correct amount of fuel and injection timing based on
load, temperatures, and operator input. Some of the data calculated by the ECU is transmitted across the controller area network (CAN) to other
controllers. For example, the ECU broadcasts engine speed across the CAN to the standard display monitor (SDM) to show engine speed (rpm).

The ECU also detects malfunctions in the sensors and sensor circuits, as well as abnormal operating conditions. When this happens, the ECU
generates a diagnostic trouble code (DTC).

Crankshaft Position Sensor (B19)

The ECU detects the signal from the crankshaft position sensor (B19) at pins D2 and B2. The ECU uses this signal to determine when the number
one cylinder is at top dead center. The ECU also uses this signal to calculate engine (crankshaft) speed and sends this information across the CAN
to the standard display monitor (SDM) where it appears as engine RPM.

Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor (B15)

The ECU senses resistance from the engine coolant temperature sensor (B15) at pins B1 and D3. The ECU transmits this engine coolant
temperature information across the CAN to the standard display monitor (SDM). The SDM displays this temperature on the engine coolant
temperature gauge.

The ECU uses a signal from the engine coolant temperature sensor to monitor the coolant temperature and apply engine derate conditions when
needed. If the engine coolant temperature reaches 113°C (235°F), the ECU derates fuel by 2% per minute up to 20%. If the coolant temperature
drops below this derate threshold temperature, the ECU increases fuel delivery by the same rate until full power is restored.

Fuel Temperature Sensor (B17)

The fuel temperature sensor (B17) is a variable-resistance temperature sensor. The ECU senses resistance from a fuel temperature sensor at pins
C3 and D3. The ECU transmits the fuel temperature information across the CAN.

The ECU uses a signal from the fuel temperature sensor to monitor and apply engine derate conditions when needed. If the ECU senses fuel
temperature above 120°C (248°F), The ECU derates fuel 2% per minute up to 20%. If the fuel temperature falls below the derate temperature, the
ECU increases fuel delivery 2% per minute until full power is restored.

Fuel Injection Pump Solenoid (Y16)

The fuel injection pump solenoid (Y16), located on the end of the injection pump, controls the movement of the pump control valve. The ECU applies
an electrical signal from pins A3 and K2 to the solenoid. When the ECU supplies no current to the solenoid, the valve does not move. Thus, the
injection pump delivers no fuel. When the ECU supplies current to the solenoid, the pump control valve closes off the high pressure injection
chamber, which allows the fuel in the chamber to reach injection pressure. The ECU determines the quantity of fuel based on sensor inputs.

Manifold Air Temperature (MAT) Sensor (B18)

The manifold air temperature sensor (B18) is a variable-resistance temperature sensor. The ECU senses resistance at pins D1 and D3.

Foot Throttle Position Sensor (B20) and Engine Speed Control Switch (S60)

The operator controls engine speed by means of an engine speed control pedal, an engine speed control knob, or a combination of both.

When an operator is facing forward (loader position), the operator primarily uses the engine speed control pedal to control engine speed. However,
during road travel an operator can use the engine speed control knob to maintain travel speed. The engine speed control knob does not control travel
speed, it simply commands the engine to operate at a specific speed. When an operator is facing to the rear (backhoe position), the operator
primarily uses the engine speed control knob to control engine speed.

The ECU senses the desired engine speed from the foot throttle position sensor (B20) based on engine speed control pedal position. The ECU
applies 5 V to pin D of the foot throttle position sensor and senses resistance between pins E2 and B3.

The engine speed control knob controls the engine speed control switch (S60), which is a manually adjusted variable resistor. The ECU applies
power to the engine speed control switch from pin E2 and senses resistance between pins E2 and F3.

At power-up, regardless of the current engine speed control knob position, the ECU will not allow the engine speed control switch to control engine
speed until it receives input from the flex load controller (FLC). The FLC sends a CAN message to the ECU to either disable the engine speed control
switch (engine speed control pedal controls engine speed), enable engine speed control switch in current position, or enable engine speed control
switch after set to slow idle. In this situation, the engine speed control knob must be adjusted all the way to its left (slow idle) and then set to the
desired engine speed. See Flex Load Controller (FLC) Circuit Theory of Operation . (Group 9015-15.)

KK70125,000003E-19-20100305