LABORATORY EXPERIMENT NO.

3: PLASTIC BENDING
OF BEAMS

COURSE CODE DAC 11003

COURSE NAME MECHANICS OF MATERIAL

FAKULTY PUSAT PENGAJIAN DIPLOMA

NO NAMA NO MATRIKS

1 JIENOVICCO WINNER JAIBIN AA191820

2 KHAIRANI ZAKWAN BIN KHAMIS AA191690

3 MUHAMMAD IKHWAN ARIF BIN AA190614

ZAMRI

LECTURER NAME: EN. MOHD JAHAYA BIN KESOT

SUBMIT DATE: 25 JUNE 2020

MARKS
1.0 OBJECTIVES

To determine the value of flexural rigidity for a given beam and compare it with
theoretical value.

2.0 THEORY

PLASTIC DEFORMATION

• If the elastic limit is exceeded, the body will experience a permanent set or
deformation when the load is removed. A body which is permanently
deformed is said to have undergone Plastic Deformation.
• It occurs when the bonds between atoms are broken, and new ones are
formed, making reversal to the original shape impossible.
• In, the change in an object's dimensions (strain) does not directly correspond
to how much force is applied on it (stress).
• Until a particular limit, Plastic Deformation forces atoms to move and
occupy microscopic defects in the metal, making it tougher. This property,
called ‘Strain Hardening’ is used in industries to strengthen metals and
polymers.
• Plastic Deformation proceeds in distinct stages. First, it leads to strain
hardening, followed by necking (narrowing of object), and finally the
fracture of the object at the narrow portion, if the force is continuously
increased.
• In plastic deformation, most of the energy given to a solid, in the form of the
force applied on it, is given off as heat, while only a small part is used in
changing its dimensions.

3.0 PROCEDURE

1. Place the structure on equal, rigid and levelled surface.

2. Connect the unit to the 230 V AC supply.
3. Switch ON the MAINS.
4. Load indicator will turn ON and will show some value, make it zero by rotating handle
anti-clockwise
 .
5. Adjust the dial gauge properly on the centre of the beam.

6. Press the ON key on dial gauge and set the dial gauge to zero.
7. Start applying the load by turning the hand wheel clockwise.

8. Note the values of load and deflections in below table.

9. Repeat the procedure for different specimen.

For a fixed beam subjected to a concentrated load W at centre, maximum deflection y at the
centre is given by,

𝑊𝐿3
y=
192𝐸𝐼

Where,

W = load applied at the centre

L = span length

E = modulus of elasticity of the material of the beam

I = moment of inertia of cross section of the beam

4.0 DATA AND ANALISYS

Length of the beam, L: 800 mm
Distance between supports: 704 mm

Material Length in mm Width in mm Depth in mm

SS 800 20 3
Brass 800 29 3
Copper 800 30 2

Material Type of support Load at the centre (kg) Deal gauge reading (mm)
SS Fix beam 4 3
 Brass Fix beam 4 3
Copper Fix beam 4 2

1. Based on the Table 1, calculate the theory values of EI for each material and complete
the Table 2.
Material E in N/mm2
Steel 2.1 x 105

Aluminium 0.7 x 105

Concrete 0.3 x 105

Wood along the grain 0.7 to 1.6 x 104

Cast iron 1 x 105

Copper 1.2 x 105

Brass 1 x 105
Table 1: Young’s Modulus of Material

6.0 DISCUSSION

CALCULATION:

For SS
𝐸𝑙: 𝐸 × 𝑏𝑑3/12
= (2.1 × 1011) × (4.5 × 10−11)
= 9.45
Experimental El
𝑦 = 𝑊𝐿3/192𝐸𝑙
0.005026 = 39.24 × 0.7043/192𝐸𝑙
𝐸𝑙 =14.19

For Brass
𝐸𝑙: 𝐸 × 𝑏𝑑3/12
= (1 × 1011) × (6.525 × 10−11)
= 6.525
Experimental El
𝑦 = 𝑊𝐿3/192𝐸𝑙
0.011001 = 39.24 × 0.7043/192𝐸𝑙
 𝐸𝑙 = 6.48

For copper
𝐸𝑙: 𝐸 × 𝑏𝑑3/12
= (1.2 × 1011) × (2.0 × 10−11)
= 2.4
Experimental El
𝑦 = 𝑊𝐿3/192𝐸𝑙
0.012992 = 39.24 × 0.7043/192𝐸𝑙
𝐸𝑙 = 5.49

Table 2: Difference between Theoretical and Experimental values of EI

Material EI (Theory) EI (Experimental)
SS 9.45 14.19
Brass 6.525 6.48
Copper 2.4 5.49

7.0 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our group has calculated the flexural rigidity of various materials for
bending load. As a result, the value of flexural rigidity increasing when the theoretical value
decreases. It is found that steel has the highest rigidity against deformation due to loading.
In comparison with brass and copper, we found that copper is more rigid than brass against
deformation.