ID PGGI, JKT, 2020

Base Design - Secondary

Control & Protection : Basics and Application Challenges
UA, PGGI Eng
Contents

1. Protection relays evolution

2. Protection application
3. Application Challenges

February 17, 2020 Slide 2

Protection Relay Evolution
Relay Technology

• Numeric relay, IED :

Electromechanical

Static

Numerical
• Electromechanical • Static relay : • Analog input is
relay : • Doesn’t have sampled and
• Induction disc type moving parts converted to digital
• Electromagnetic • Trip output is of format.
force causes attracted armature • The digital quantity
mechanical type is managed by
operation of relay • Operating qty is processor to
• Fixed operating generated by generate the
characteristic discrete analog operating quantities
(generally) and implement
electronic protection
components functions.
• Selectable • Adjustable
operating operating
characteristic characteristic.
• Communication
features.

February 17, 2020 Slide 3

Protection Application
Roles & Performance

Able to limit
Isolate faults consequences,
Able to detect
Fault Isolate selectively and Limit i.e. damaged
any fault on the
detection faults quickly from damages equipment or
system
the network loss of
production

February 17, 2020 Slide 4

Protection Application
Requirement

Voltage
20kV 150kV 500kV
level

Protection Main & Main 1 &

OCR/GFR
scheme backup Main 2

Operating
- 120ms 90ms
time

CT TPX,
requirement
5P PX, 5P
TPY

February 17, 2020 Slide 5

Protection Application
Fault clearing time
Fault clearing time according to Aturan Jaringan PLN (Grid Code) :
1. For main protection
- 500 kV system ≤ 90 ms
- 275kV system ≤ 100 ms
- 150kV system ≤ 120 ms
- 70 kV system ≤ 150 ms
2. For backup protection ± 500 ms
3. Fault clearing time consists of :
- Relay operating time
- Circuit breaker break time
- Teleprotection transfer time
- CT performance

February 17, 2020 Slide 6

Protection Application
Protection Design

System Protection Protection

topology scheme setting
• SLD • Protection zone • Setting parameter
• Protected device • Fault detection • Configuration
characteristic technique
• Protection block
diagram

February 17, 2020 Slide 7

Protection Application
Protection Zones (1)
Bus1

Bus2

Busbar prot. :
- Busbar Diff.

Transformer prot. :
Line protection : OHL
- Diff.
- Distance
- REF
- Line diff.

February 17, 2020 Slide 8

Protection Application
Protection Zones (2)
Bus1 Busbar prot. : Bus2
- Busbar Diff.

OHL

Line protection :
- Distance
Transformer prot. :
- Diff.
- Line diff.
- REF

February 17, 2020 Slide 9

Protection Application
Protection Zones (3)
Bus1 Busbar prot. : Bus2
- Busbar Diff.

Tee zone prot :

- Circulating
current
OHL

Line protection :
- Distance, or
Transformer prot. :
- Diff.
- Line diff.
- REF

February 17, 2020 Slide 10

Protection Application
Fault Detection

Ground fault current

too small…practically
not feasible

500 ohm

Make use of open delta

VT to detect ground fault
for :
- Neutral displacement
protection relay

February 17, 2020 Slide 11

Application Challenges
Challenging Area
§ CT accuracy class
§ CT saturation
§ Transformer inrush
§ Zero-sequence block by delta
winding or ungrounded wye
§ Power swing
§ Communication scheme for line
protection
§ Short zone/dead zone
§ High impedance differential
protection
§ Asynchronous closing of capacitor or
transformer

February 17, 2020 Slide 12

Application Challenges
CT Class

§ Metering : 0.2S, 0.2, 0.5, 1

§ Protection : Class P, Class PX, TPX, TPY, TPZ

February 17, 2020 Slide 13

Application Challenges
CT Saturation, Inrush Current, Over-excitation
Overexcitation
• 5th harmonics is used as measurand to justify overexcitation
condition
• 3th harmonics is actually more dominant compared to 5th
harmonics but 3th harmonics is filtered out in delta
conection of CT or by delta compensation in differential relay

CT saturation
• CT saturates in less than 10 ms after current inception.For
high impedance relay, CT saturation problem is handled by
installing stabilizing resistor in series with current input of
the relay. Spill current is exposed to high impedance in front
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 (Hz)
of the relay.

Inrush current
• 2nd harmonics is used as the quantity to define the inrush
condition, as it is prevalent in inrush condition and is not
there in significant amount during CT saturation condition.
This is combined with waveform restraint.

February 17, 2020 Slide 14

Application Challenges
Power Swing

February 17, 2020 Slide 15

Application Challenges
Short Zone

February 17, 2020 Slide 16

Application Challenges
High Impedance Differential Protection

February 17, 2020 Slide 17

Application Challenges
Controlled Switching : Capacitor energization

§ High frequency inrush current à protection failure

§ Overvoltage à flashover

February 17, 2020 Slide 18

Application Challenges
Controlled Switching : Transformer energization

§ V=L.di/dt à assymetrical inrush current for closing at zero crossing

§ Voltage drop

February 17, 2020 Slide 19