Station Bus and GOOSE Based

Applications

Dr. Alexander Apostolov

Los Angeles, CA

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 Introduction

• IEC 61850 is now an approved

international standard
• It allows the development of a new
generation of distributed applications
• Devices conforming with the new
communications standard are available
from multiple vendors

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Client-Server vs. Master-slave

• In a client-server relation each

application (client) requests in parallel
what it exactly needs from each server
• Clients are typically HMI and Gateway,
servers are typically bay controller,
protection, measurement center
• Applications do not go through a central
point therefore get the information on a
faster and more reliable way
• Failure of a client does not affect the other
clients
• A new client might be added without
changing the existing communications

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Client-Server vs. Master-Slave

•In a Master-Slave relation only one

master is acting at a time
•The master polls the various clients then
distributes the information to the
applications
•If the Master fails then a back-up master
may be used

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 Report vs. Polling

• Report is transmitting data based on a condition

being met
Ex: Change of state
•Report is more efficient than polling
• Data are transmitted only when there is a need to
transmit them, therefore reducing network and
application load
• Polling cycle might be too long compared to the
application dynamic and loses events, contrary to report

• Report is fully compatible with client - server

mode
•It can be emulated on master-slave mode but less
efficiently

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 Distributed Functions

Bay
computer P..
IF 8

LC2 R...
IF 8
Protection LC1
IED P...

R...
Protection
P... IED

Distributed
function

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 Logical Interfaces
Remote control (NCC) Technical Services
10 7

FCT. A FCT. B
9
STATION LEVEL
1,6 1,6

8
3 3
PROT. CONTR. CONTR. PROT.

2 2 Remote
Remote BAY/UNIT LEVEL
protection protection
4,5 4,5

Process Interface Sensors Actuators

PROCESS LEVEL

HV Equipment

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 Logical Interfaces

• IF1: protection-data exchange between bay

and station level
• IF2: protection-data exchange between bay
level and remote protection
• IF3: data exchange within bay level
• IF4: CT and VT instantaneous data
exchange (especially samples) between
process and bay level
• IF5: control-data exchange between
process and bay level

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 Logical Interfaces

• IF6: control-data exchange between bay

and station level
• IF7: data exchange between substation
(level) and a remote engineer’s workplace
• IF8: direct data exchange between the bays
especially for fast functions like
interlocking
• IF9: data exchange within station level
• IF10: control-data exchange between
substation (devices) and a remote control
center

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 Tagged Ethernet Frame
Pre SFD DA SA Priority ET Length MAC Data + Pad FCS
Tagged Type
7 1 6 6 4 2 2 46-1500bytes 4

• Priority Tagged (Virtual LAN)

• TPID – 2 byte Priority Tagging Identification (for
IEEE 802.1Q Virtual Bridged Local Area
Networks)
• TCI – 2 byte Tagged Control Information
• Ethertype - A 2 byte code indicating
protocol type in an Ethernet packet

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 GSE Ethertypes:
• Ethertypes based on ISO/IEC 8802-3 MAC-
Sublayer are registered by the IEEE authority
registration.

• APPID – application identifier

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 GSE Messages:
• The Generic Substation Event (GSE)
model provides the possibility for a fast
and reliable system-wide distribution of
input and output data values.

• The GSE model is based on the concept

of an autonomous decentralization,
providing an efficient method allowing
the simultaneous delivery of the same
generic substation event information to
more than one physical device through
the use of multicast/broadcast services.

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 GSE Messages:
• The generic substation event model
applies to the exchange of values of a
collection of DataAttribute.
• Two control classes and the structure of
two messages are defined in IEC 61850:
• Generic Object Oriented Substation Event
(GOOSE) supports the exchange of a wide
range of possible common data organized by a
DATA-SET.
• Generic Substation State Event (GSSE)
provides the capability to convey state change
information (bit pairs).

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GSE Messages:

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 GSE Messages:

• GSSE and GOOSE

• Status/State Oriented
• Event ID
• Event Time
• Higher Reliability
• Periodic Refresh
• Automatic Reset
• Sequence Count

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 GSE Messages:
• The GOOSE messages contain
information that allow the receiving
device to know that a status has
changed and the time of the last status
change.
• The time of the last status change
allows a receiving device to set local
timers relating to a given event.
• A newly activated device, upon power-
up or reinstatement to service, shall
send current data (status) or values as
the initial GOOSE message.

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 GSE Messages:

• All devices sending GOOSE messages

shall continue to send the message with
a long cycle time, even if no
status/value change has occurred.
• This ensures that devices that have
been activated recently will know the
current status values of their peer
devices.

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GOOSE Model:

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GOOSE Control Block:

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GOOSE Message:

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GOOSE

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Distributed Analog Functions

IF 8
MMXU

PDIF LCn TCTR

Protection
Device
IF 8 Analog
Interface
IF 8 LC2 Unit
Analog LC1
Interface
MMXU
Unit
MMXU
TCTR

TCTR
Distributed
analog
function
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 GOOSE

TCTR Data Set and

MMXU GOOSE
Formatting
TVTR
Analog Interface Unit

Relay GOOSE
Protection
Output
LN
Module 61850-8-1
Protection IED

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 Adaptive Load-shedding

Comm. IED Router WAN

GOOSE

Load-shedding
Controller

GOOSE GOOSE GOOSE

PIED1 PIED2 PIEDi

PFdr1 PFdr2 PFdri

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Low Speed Voltage Variation
recording

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 GOOSE

Transfer time t = t a + tb + tc

ta tb tc

Communi- Communi-
fi cation
processor
cation
processor
fk

Physical device PD[n] Physical device PD[m]

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 Performance Requirements
• There are two independent groups of
performance classes:
• for control and protection
• for metering and power quality applications
• Since the performance classes are
defined according to the required
functionality, they are independent
from the size of the substation.
• The requirements for control and
protection are higher, because of the
effect of the fault clearing time on the
stability of the system or on sensitive
loads.

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 Performance Requirements
• IEC 61850 defines three Performance
Classes for such applications:
• P1 - applies typically to the distribution
level of the substation or in cases
where lower performance requirements
can be accepted.
• P2 - applies typically to the
transmission level or if not otherwise
specified by the user.
• P3 - applies typically to a transmission
level applications with high
requirements, such as bus protection.

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GSSE Model:

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GSSE Message:

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GSSE Control Block:

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 Distributed Functions
IF 8
RDIR

PDIF LCn TCTR

Protection
Device
IF 8 Analog
Interface
IF 8 LC2 Unit
Analog LC1
Interface
RDIR
Unit
RDIR
TCTR

TCTR

Distributed
function

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 GSSE

TCTR Data Set and

PDIS GSSE
Formatting
TVTR
Protection IED

Relay GSSE
Protection
Output
LN
Module 61850-8-1
Protection IED

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 Distributed Protection
Performance
Process
Merging Unit Protection IED

Analog Sensor Interface LAN Interface Protection

Sensor Module Module Switch Module Module

Status Input Interface

Sensor Module Module

Outputs
Module Control Interface
Process
Unit

Process
Control
Event Start Event End

tSM tIM1 tLAN1 tIM2 tPM tIM3 tLAN2 tIM4 tOM tPC

tEVT

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Bus Protection (Line Fault)

GSE
Bus
Protection

PID PID PID

GSE

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Bus Protection (Bus Fault)

GSE
Bus
Protection

PID PID PID

GSE

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Distribution Bus Protection

GSE
Bus
Protection

PID PID PID

GSE

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Distribution Bus Protection

Bus
Protection

PID PID PID

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Sympathetic Trip Protection

PIED PIED PIED

GSE
GSE

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Breaker Failure Protection

Breaker Failure
Protection

Relay Relay Relay

GSE – PDIS Operate

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Breaker Failure Protection

ISD

Relay Relay Relay

GSE – BF Operate

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Communications Schemes

F3 A
F1 B
F2

Distance Distance
Protection Protection

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Communications Schemes

F3 A
F1 B
F2

Distance Distance
Protection Protection

Communication Communication
Device Device

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Communications Schemes

F3 A
F1 B
F2

Distance Distance
Protection Protection

GSE – PDIS Operate

Communication Communication
Device Device

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Distributed Analog Functions
IF 4
TCTR

RDRE LCn TVTR

Protection
Device
IF 4 Analog
Interface
IF 4 LC2 Unit
Analog LC1
Interface
TCTR
Unit
TCTR
TVTR

TVTR
Distributed
analog
function
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 Logical Interfaces
Remote control (NCC) Technical Services
10 7

FCT. A FCT. B
9
STATION LEVEL
1,6 1,6

8
3 3
PROT. CONTR. CONTR. PROT.

2 2 Remote
Remote BAY/UNIT LEVEL
protection protection
4,5 4,5

Process Interface Sensors Actuators

PROCESS LEVEL

HV Equipment

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Waveform Recording Based on
Sampled Measured Values

TCTR Data Set and

SAV
Formatting
TVTR
Merging Unit

Recording IED

Waveform SAV
Recording
Function 61850-9-1/2

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Sampled Measured Values
ACSI
Publisher
DATA:SAV
DO
cf-attr
DO
cf-attr
dc-attr
cf-attr
dc-attr
dc-attr
MX attr
SendSMVMessage MX attr
(Communication MX attr
mapping specific) Local issue FCDA1

DATA-SET FCDA2
Trans- FCDA3
mission Member
Buffer Sample.req Member
Member

Control MemberReference
SVC ( = Functionally
Buffer constraint DATA-
ATTRIBUTE)

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Recording IED

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Distributed Recording System

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RDRE Logical Node Data
Objects

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Object Model Mapping

RDRE

RADR

RBDR

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Merging Unit

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Merging Unit Delay

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Distributed Recording System

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 Time synchronization
• Time synchronization is essential to any
event analysis system
• There are two common ways of
synchronizing various devices to the same
clock source:
• Synchronization over direct connection
• Network synchronization

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IEC 61850 Time Synchronization
• Accomplished using SNTP Simple Network Time
Protocol
• SNTP is in essence a subset of NTP (Network
Time Protocol). NTP uses UTC (Universal Time
Coordinated, Temps Universel Coordonné) as
reference time.
• UTC is an official standard for the current time
and evolved from the former GMT (Greenwich
Mean Time).
• The UTC second has been defined by the 13th
General Conference of Weights and Measures in
1967 as "The second is the duration of
9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation
corresponding to the transition between the two
hyperfine levels of the ground state of the
cesium-133 atom."
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