944
2, MARCH 2014
Management of Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid
Energy Storage and Synchronous Condenser for
Isolated Operation of PMSG Based Variable-Speed
Wind Turbine Generating Systems
Nishad Mendis, Student Member, IEEE, Kashem M. Muttaqi, Senior Member, IEEE, and
Sarath Perera, Member, IEEE
Abstract—Standalone operation of a wind turbine generating
system under fluctuating wind and variable load conditions is a
difficult task. Moreover, high reactive power demand makes it
more challenging due to the limitation of reactive capability of the
wind generating system. A Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS)
system consisting of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
(PMSG), a hybrid energy storage, a dump load and a mains load
is considered in this paper. The hybrid energy storage consists of a
battery storage and a supercapacitor where both are connected to
the DC bus of the RAPS system. An energy management algorithm
(EMA) is proposed for the hybrid energy storage with a view to
improve the performance of the battery storage. A synchronous
condenser is employed to provide reactive power and inertial
support to the RAPS system. A coordinated control approach is
developed to manage the active and reactive power flows among
the RAPS components. In this regard, individual controllers
for each RAPS component have been developed for effective
management of the RAPS components. Through simulation
studies carried out using detailed model in MATLAB Simulink,
it has been demonstrated that the proposed method is capable of
achieving: a) robust voltage and frequency regulation (in terms
of their acceptable bandwidths), b) effective management of the
hybrid storage system, c) reactive power capability and inertial
support by the synchronous condenser, and d) maximum power
extraction from wind.
Index Terms—Battery storage, hybrid energy storage system,
permanent magnet synchronous generator, remote area power
supply, supercapacitor and synchronous condenser.
I. INTRODUCTION
V ARIABLE nature of wind and fluctuating load profiles
make the operation of wind based power systems chal-
lenging, particularly when they operate in standalone mode. The
Manuscript received February 18, 2013; revised July 20, 2013; accepted Au-
gust 28, 2013. Date of publication January 23, 2014; date of current version
February 14, 2014. This work is supported by the Australian Research Council
(ARC) and Hydro Tasmania Linkage Grant, LP0669245. Authors would like to
thank the Hydro Tasmania personnel for providing information and data of a
remote area power supply system in Tasmania to carry out this research. Paper
no. TSG-00185-2013.
The authors are with the Australian Power Quality and Reliability Center,
School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering,Univer-
sity of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia (e-mail: nnrm786@uow.edu.au;
kashemsarath@uow.edu.au).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TSG.2013.2287874
1949-3053 © 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, VOL. 5, NO.
random variation of wind speed leads to fluctuating torque of
the wind turbine generator resulting in voltage and frequency
excursions in the Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS) system
[1]. Integration of an Energy Storage System (ESS) into a wind
based power system provides an opportunity for better voltage
and frequency response, specially during wind and load demand
variations. The application of energy storage to a standalone
power system can be used to fulfill one or more of the fol-
lowing requirements: (1) to improve the efficiency of the en-
tire RAPS system, (2) to reduce the primary fuel (e.g., diesel)
usage by energy conversion, and (3) to provide better security
of energy supply [2]. The justification behind the integration of
an energy storage into a wind energy application is based on the
factors which include total wind turbine inertia, low voltage ride
through capability, power quality issues, etc. [3].
For a wind turbine based RAPS system, an ideal ESS should
be able to provide both high energy and power capacity to
handle situations such as wind gust or sudden load variations
which may exist for a few seconds or even longer [4]. However,
among all the energy storage options available, a single type
of energy storage is not seen to satisfy both power and energy
requirements of the RAPS system thus requiring the combi-
nation of two or more energy storage systems to perform in a
hybrid manner [5]. The selection of an energy storage option
requires good understanding of its operational characteristics.
In general, battery and supercapacitor are seen to provide high
energy and power requirements respectively. Therefore, the
integration of a supercapacitor ensures a healthy operation of
the battery storage by preventing it to operate in high Depth
of Discharge (DOD) regions and to operate at low frequency
power regions.
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) offers
many advantages but not limited to self excitation capability
which allows operation at a high power factor and improved
efficiency, gear-less transmission, high reliability, good control
performance, Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) capa-
bility, low noise emissions, etc. [6]. In this paper, the perfor-
mance of the components of a hybrid RAPS system is investi-
gated under fluctuating wind and variable load conditions. The
schematic of the proposed RAPS system is shown in Fig. 1. The
PMSG performs as the main source of energy while the hybrid
energy storage together with the dump load perform as auxil-
iary system components to maintain the active power balance
MENDIS et al.: MANAGEMENT OF BATTERY-SUPERCAPACITOR HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE AND SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER
Fig. 1. PMSG based hybrid remote area power supply system with a hybrid
energy storage.
of the RAPS system and to extract the maximum power from
wind. To provide enhanced reactive power and inertial support,
a synchronous condenser is integrated into the RAPS system.
The existing work on remote area power supply systems with
energy storage is summarized below. An isolated operation of
a PMSG with a battery storage system is discussed in [7]. It
only covers a RAPS system consisting of a PMSG and battery
storage. A multilevel energy storage consisting of a flow bat-
tery storage and a supercapacitor is explained in [8]. However,
authors of this paper have presented results associated with the
hybrid energy storage system rather than the system level be-
havior. Different control strategies proposed for the battery-su-
percapacitor hybrid energy storage are discussed in [9]. It only
examines the different control strategies that could be applied
to a hybrid energy storage system. In [10], an optimal energy
management scheme for battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy
storage is proposed. In order to obtain the optimal solution, the
authors of [10] have formulated the problem as an optimiza-
tion problem for minimization of the fluctuation of the current
flowing in and out of the battery and the energy loss seen by
the supercapacitor. However, optimization is generally applica-
tion-oriented and the optimized parameters for one system may
not be suitable for another. Authors in [11] have presented a
method of improving battery lifetime in a small-scale remote-
area wind-power system by the use of a battery/supercapac-
itor hybrid energy storage system. Transient analysis of inte-
grated diesel-wind-photovialatic system with battery storage is
studied in [12]. However, it does not provide the details re-
garding the control strategies associated with the components
of the system. The dynamic response of a standalone wind en-
ergy system with a battery storage is analyzed in [13]. However,
the authors of this paper have assumed that the battery storage
voltage remains constant during wind gust which is not the case
in practical applications. Application of a supercapacitor for a
doubly-fed induction generator in grid connected mode of oper-
ation is demonstrated in [14]. However, management and con-
trol coordination of a remote area power system consisting of a
PMSG, a hybrid energy storage, a dump load and a synchronous
condenser have received a very little research attention.
In this paper, an entire RAPS system is modeled to eval-
uate the complete system performance as well as the perfor-
mance of the individual components in relation to the voltage/
frequency and power sharing among the system-components.
A coordinated approach for power management is proposed
for the system components in the RAPS system, to operate the
RAPS system during over and under generation scenarios. A
945
power sharing strategy is formulated for battery energy storage
and supercapacitor based on the demand-generation variations
of the RAPS system. The key objective of the proposed control
methodology is to operate the hybrid energy storage in such a
manner that battery storage is used to mitigate low frequency
fluctuation and the supercapacitor is to mitigate high frequency
fluctuation. An energy management strategy is proposed and
implemented while harvesting maximum power from the wind.
Reactive power management has been realised through inte-
grating and operating a synchronous condenser in a coordinated
manner with other energy resources of the RAPS system.
The paper is organized as follows: Section II presents a co-
ordinated control approach for the RAPS system. Section III
discusses the control strategy applied for the PMSG. The de-
tailed information of battery storage and supercapacitor is given
in Section IV. The proposed energy management algorithm es-
tablished among the battery storage and supercapacitor is ex-
plained in Section V. The operations of synchronous condenser
and dump load are illustrated in Section VI and VII respec-
tively. The simulated results of the proposed RAPS system are
presented in Section VIII. Conclusion of the paper is given in
Section IX.
II. COORDINATED CONTROL APPROACH FOR THE RAPS
SYSTEM
In general, to achieve robust voltage and frequency regulation
of any power system it is vital to maintain the active and reactive
balance given by (1) and (2) respectively [15].
(1)
(2)
where P—active power, —kinetic energy of the system,
J—moment of inertia of rotating machine, —angular velocity
of the rotating machine and Q—reactive power.
In relevance to the RAPS system shown in Fig. 1, the active
power flow has to be coordinated among the wind turbine gen-
erator, battery storage, supercapacitor and dump load which is
given by (3).
(3)
where —wind power output, —battery storage output,
—supercapacitor output, —dump load power and
—active power demand.
To ensure the power balance of the RAPS system a coordi-
nated control approach is developed as shown in Fig. 2. During
over generation conditions where the power output from the
wind turbine generator is greater than the load demand ,
the hybrid energy storage (i.e., battery storage and supercapac-
itor) should absorb the excess power , according to
the energy management algorithm discussed in Section V. If
the ESS capacities reach their maximum limits (i.e.,
and where is the maximum state of charge
of the battery and is the maximum operating voltage
of the supercapacitor), the dump load is operated to absorb the
excess power. If the dump load reaches its maximum rating
, the pitch angle control of the wind turbine generator
has to be activated. During the under-generation conditions,
946 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, VOL. 5, NO. 2, MARCH 2014

Fig. 3. Vector control scheme for the LSC [16].

vector control has been employed to develop the control asso-

ciated with the LSC. The voltage balance across the filter of the
LSC shown in Fig. 3 is expressed using (5).

Fig. 2. Proposed control coordination methodology.

(5)
where , it is assumed that the hybrid energy storage
is capable of providing the required power into the system.
The control coordination approach discussed above has been where - voltages at the inverter output, -
realized by developing the control strategies for each system voltages at load side, - current through the filter circuit,
components of the RAPS system. It is assumed that the power and - filter inductance and resistance, respectively. These
outputs of wind system and hybrid energy storage are sufficient quantities are then transformed into a synchronously rotating
to supply the load demand at all time. In other words, emergency d-q (direct and quadrature) coordinates with an angular velocity
situations such as wind turbine generator operation below cut-in as given by (6)–(9).
speed or above cut-out speed , have not been (6)
considered. In practical RAPS systems, a load shedding scheme
can be implemented during an emergency situation where the re- (7)
duced load is then supplied by the hybrid energy storage system. (8)
The reactive power sharing is made between the synchronous
condenser and inverter as given by (4). (9)
(4)
where and -d and q components of the load side AC
where - inverter reactive power, - reactive power voltage, and —d and q components of inverter current
from synchronous condenser and - reactive power demand and and —d and q components of the inverter output
of mains loads. voltage, respectively.
A virtual phase lock loop is used to define the orientation
III. CONTROL ASSOCIATED WITH PMSG angle, for the inverter and to achieve a constant frequency
As mentioned earlier, in the RAPS system shown in Fig. 1, of the RAPS system. As depicted in Fig. 3, the reference
the PMSG performs as the main source of energy and is inter- d–component of the voltage is maintained at 1 pu ( pu)
faced with an uncontrolled rectifier-inverter arrangement before whereas the reference q–component of the load voltage is set
connecting to the mains load. In this regard, control is developed to zero . The PI controllers associated with LSC are
for the Line Side Converter (LSC) and DC/DC converter which tuned using the internal model control principle as discussed in
is presented in the proceeding sub-sections. [17].

A. Line Side Converter Control B. Control Strategy for DC/DC Converter

The LSC is modeled as a voltage controlled voltage source in- The DC link voltage of the RAPS system is regulated using
verter. The control objective of the LSC is to regulate the mag- a DC/DC converter (i.e., boost converter). The rectified voltage
nitude and frequency of the load side voltage. In this regard, output, presents at the full converter diode bridge is
MENDIS et al.: MANAGEMENT OF BATTERY-SUPERCAPACITOR HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE AND SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER 947

Fig. 6. Equivalent circuits of supercapacitor (a) high frequency model and (b)
low frequency model.
Fig. 4. Boost converter operation to regulate the DC bus voltage.

It is assumed that battery storage is used to supply 40 percent

of the rated load current (i.e., ) for the time-duration of
30 min (i.e., ).
To demonstrate how the size of the battery can be estimated,
Fig. 5. Control strategy of the boost converter of the PMSG based wind energy
system. assume that the rated power of PMSG, is 100
kW and the rated AC voltage, is 400 V. The rated current
a function (i.e., linearly proportional) of the generator speed, of the PMSG can be calculated as follows:
and can be explained using Fig. 4.
The proposed control scheme for the DC/DC converter is (13)
shown in Fig. 5. The outer control loop measures the DC
link voltage , which is compared with the reference DC For this condition, the Amphere-hour (Ah) rating of the bat-
link voltage , and the error is compensated using a PI tery storage system can be estimated using (12) as below:
controller to generate the reference current through the inductor
of the boost converter, as in (10). This current is then (14)
compared with the actual current , and the corresponding
error is compensated through the second PI controller to gen-
Considering the operating frequency range as the criterion, two
erate the switching signal for the DC-DC converter. Further, the
different models of a supercapacitor can be depicted as in Fig. 6.
highest boosting factor , of the boost converter is recorded at
The first model indicated in Fig. 6(a)1 is known as detailed
the lowest generator speed and can be given as in (11).
model which includes the non-linear Faraday capacitance. The
Equation
low frequency domain model which can be used under power
system operating frequency range2 presented in Fig. 6(b) is em-
(10) ployed in the current work.
In real life applications, the operation of a supercapacitor
(11) needs to satisfy certain conditions as given in (15), (16) and (17).
The first condition given by (15) emphasizes the safe operating
where is the reference current through the inductor voltage of a supercapacitor which is usually indicated in the
of the boost converter, is the regulated DC bus voltage, manufacturer data sheet. The second condition given by (16)3
are proportional and integral components of the PI con- indicates the maximum possible peak current of a supercapac-
troller and is lowest unregulated voltage present at itor. The third condition presented in (17) defines the maximum
the output of diode bridge rectifier. allowable power from the supercapacitor during its operation.

(15)
IV. BATTERY STORAGE AND SUPERCAPACITOR
Nickel-Cadmium battery model given in [18] is employed in (16)
this paper. The capacity of the battery storage system reduces
dramatically under high DODs. Therefore, in real life situations, (17)
it is vital to regulate the State Of Charge (SOC) of the battery
within the safe limits . where is capacitance value of the supercapacitor,
In this paper, the battery storage capacity is estimated using and are maximum and minimum operating
(12) which is able to provide a fraction (or ) of rated current voltages of supercapacitor respectively, is equivalent
of the load demand. series resistor of the supercapacitor, is the capacitance
value of the supercapacitor, is maximum power rating
(12)
1 represents the equivalent series resistance, is the anode dielectric
capacitance, is equivalent parallel resistance of dielectric materials, is
where - fraction of the rated current of the load demand, Cathode Faraday capacitance and is the Faraday impedance which includes
—rated current of the load demand, t—time duration that the resistance of charge movement which is not a pure resistance.
battery provides power into the system and k—a fraction that 2In this case, the power system operating frequency is 50 Hz.
defines the average discharge/charge current of the battery. 3http:www.maxwell.com/products
948 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, VOL. 5, NO. 2, MARCH 2014

of the capacitor and is the maximum rate of

change of voltage across the supercapacitor.
The size of the supercapacitor can be estimated using
(18)–(20).

(18)

(19)

(20)

where - energy rating of the supercapacitor and 4

and - maximum and minimum operating voltages of Fig. 7. Proposed topology for hybrid energy storage system in a PMSG based
supercapacitor respectively. RAPS system.
To demonstrate how the size of the supercapacitor can be cal-
culated, let us assume that the safe voltage operating limits of using (24)–(27). This optimum wind power is used to
the supercapacitor is derive the input signals for the battery storage and supercapac-
itor.
(21)

The size of the supercapacitor is estimated in the absence of (24)

wind power where the supercapacitor provides the rated power
of PMSG, (i.e., 100 kW) to mains load for a time-du-
ration, say . For this condition, the capacitance value of
the supercapacitor will be as below:
(22)
(23)
V. ENERGY MANAGEMENT ALGORITHM (EMA) FOR HYBRID
ENERGY STORAGE
In this paper an energy management algorithm is developed
and implemented between the battery storage and supercapac-
itor with a view to achieve the following objectives:
1) to help maintain the power balance of the RAPS system,
2) to operate wind turbine generator at variable-speed based
on the maximum power point tracking algorithm, and
3) to improve the performance of the battery storage system
by avoiding its operation with high frequency ripple cur-
rents and high rate of DODs. This will relieve the battery
stress and increase the battery life.
Among several options of connection topologies, bi-direc-
tional buck-boost converters (or choppers), C1 and C2 in Fig. 7,
have been used to interface both the supercapacitor and bat-
tery storage respectively. The energy management algorithm
applied for both storage options have been developed to satisfy
the above-stated objectives. The energy management algorithm
for the battery storage and supercapacitor is depicted in Fig. 8.
The input signal to the energy management algorithm is se-
lected as the demand-generation mismatch, , with a
view to achieve the first objective listed above. To realize the
second objective, the demand-generation mismatch is estimated
using the optimal wind power, , which can be derived
4In real life situations, it is not advisable to operate supercapacitor above its
rated voltage, i.e., . the filter in this paper
(25)
(26)
(27)
where - aero dynamic power, - power output of the tur-
bine, - power coefficient of the turbine, A—area swept by the
rotor blades, v—wind speed, —air density, R—radius of blade,
—tip-speed ratio, —pitch angle, —optimal mechan-
ical power output from the wind turbine.
By controlling the power flow into the battery storage and
supercapacitor using the maximum power tracking algorithm,
it is possible to impose an appropriate torque, on the
PMSG shaft given by (28) to extract the maximum power from
the wind. Also, the corresponding optimum generator speed is
given by (29).
(28)
(29)
where - equivalent linkage flux of the PMSG and
—current through the inductor of the boost converter.
The third objective is achieved by splitting the demand-gen-
eration mismatch into two frequency components by means of
a high-pass filter as shown in Fig. 8. The high frequency power
component5 is used to estimate the reference capacitor current,
, which is compared with the actual capacitor current,
, to generate the switching signal for the converter C1. Con-
trarily, the low frequency power component is used to generate
the reference battery current, , which is compared with
the actual battery current, , to generate the switching signal
for the converter C2.
5Typically which is above 0.5 Hz and this is used as the corner frequency of
MENDIS et al.: MANAGEMENT OF BATTERY-SUPERCAPACITOR HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE AND SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER
Fig. 8. Energy management algorithm for hybrid energy storage system.
Fig. 9. The V curve of synchronous condenser.
VI. SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER
In the RAPS system shown in Fig. 1, the PMSG inverter con-
trol may not be able to provide robust voltage control especially
when it needs to serve reactive power loads. This is mainly due
to the capacity limitation6 associated with the inverters. More-
over, the PMSG is fully decoupled from the power electronic
arrangement (i.e., through rectifier and inverter arrangement).
Therefore, the PMSG has no inertia contribution towards the in-
ertial requirement of the entire RAPS system. In this regard, to
provide enhanced reactive power together with inertial support,
a synchronous condenser can be incorporated into the RAPS
system. The operational characteristics of a synchronous con-
denser is shown in Fig. 9. In this paper, the synchronous con-
denser is used to operate at leading power factor region to supply
reactive power into the RAPS system. For the simulation pur-
poses a synchronous machine with an exciter is used, where the
active power input to the synchronous machine is set to zero.
An IEEE type 1 voltage regulator and exciter system are used
to control the field voltage of the synchronous condenser [20].
VII. DUMP LOAD
The dump load is coordinated with the hybrid energy storage
system to maintain the active power balance of the system. In
practical RAPS systems, a dump load can be a space-heating
or water-heating system. In this paper, the dump load is rep-
resented by a series of resistors which are connected across
switches. The resistors operate at zero crossings of the load
side voltage to ensure minimum impact on the system voltage
quality. The necessary and sufficient condition under which it
operates is given by (30).
(30)
otherwise
The operation of the dump load is limited to the case where
excess power is available in the system. Also, the dump load will
start absorbing the additional power only after battery storage
reaches its rated capacity (i.e., ). The maximum power
6(i.e., , where is the apparent power,
is the real power, and is the reactive power of the inverter)
949
Fig. 10. Dump load controller.
that can be dissipated through a dump load can be expressed
as in (31). A simplified control schematic diagram of the dump
load controller is shown in Fig. 10.
(31)
where is the number of three phase resistive elements, and
is power that can be absorbed per resistor step.
To demonstrate how the rating of the dump load is estimated,
assume that and (i.e., number of
three phase resistive elements present in the dump load). For
this condition, the size of the dump load will be as below:
(32)
VIII. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The proposed strategy was implemented with the detailed
model of the MATLAB Simulink SimPower and also with the
highly accurate models of the system components. The simula-
tion time step used was 5 micro-seconds to capture the true be-
havior of the system componets. To prove the robustness of the
proposed method, wind gusts and load step changes in wind pro-
file and load profile respectively are used to synthesize the worst
system conditions in a RAPS system. Such worst-case scenarios
are used to show how well the proposed control strategy behaves
in relation to the voltage and frequency regulation.
The performance of the proposed RAPS system shown in
Fig. 1 is investigated under (a) variable load and (b) fluctuating
wind speed conditions. In this regard, the simulated behavior of
the voltage and frequency at load side, DC link stability, per-
formance of the hybrid energy storage and maximum power ex-
traction capability from wind were examined. The parameters
of the RAPS system and PMSG based wind turbine generator
are listed in Appendices A and B respectively.
The responses of RAPS system components have been tested
under variable wind and load condition. Fig. 11 shows the
voltage and frequency behavior of the RAPS system, whereas
Fig. 12 shows the power sharing among different system
components. The wind condition under which the system has
been simulated is shown in Fig. 11(a). It can be seen that the
wind velocity is set initially at 12 m/s. After , the wind
velocity drops to 9 m/s, then it is increased to 10 m/s at .
The load demand is initially set at 0.5 pu which is having a
power factor of 0.8. (i.e., real power demand is 0.4 pu). At time
, the load is increased to a value of 0.86 pu with a power
factor of 0.8. The same additional load (i.e., 0.36 pu having a
power factor of 0.8) is now disconnected from the system at
as shown in Fig. 12(e). The AC voltage at point of
common coupling is shown in Fig. 11(b). It can be seen that
950
Fig. 11. Response of the RAPS system under variable wind and load condi-
tions. (a) Wind Speed , (b) Voltage at load side , (c) Frequency at
load side , and (d) DC link Voltage . tions. (a) Wind Power
the load side voltage shows slight fluctuations at and
which correspond to load step changes. The highest
voltage variation is seen to occur due to load step down at
and is limited within of its rated value. Also, it
can be seen that wind changes have no or minimal influence on
the load side voltage variations. The operating frequency of the
system is regulated within rated value, i.e., pu with
some minor fluctuations due to load step changes as shown in
Fig. 11(c). The DC bus voltage is shown in Fig. 11(d) which is
regulated well at its rated value.
The wind power variation of the system is shown in
Fig. 12(a). According to the wind turbine characteristics, the
corresponding maximum power output of the wind generator is
0.83 pu at rated wind speed of 12 m/s. Until , the power
output of the PMSG stays at 0.83 pu and during this time period,
the load active power demand is set to 0.4 pu as depicted in
Fig. 12(e). This simulates an over generation condition where
the excess power from the wind given by is shared
between the hybrid energy storage and dump load. However,
the power sharing between hybrid energy storage units occurs
according to the energy management algorithm discussed in
Section V. The battery storage power is shown in Fig. 12(b)
and it is seen that until , the battery reaches its full ca-
pacity whereas the supercapacitor absorbs the high fluctuating
power component of demand-generation mismatch as shown in
Fig. 12(c). When the battery storage reaches to its full capacity,
the excess low frequency power component is absorbed by the
dump load as shown in Fig. 12(d). After , the wind speed
reduces to 9 m/s thus lowering wind power output to nearly
0.375 pu as depicted in Fig. 12(a). During this time, the RAPS
system experiences an under-generation scenario, where the
deficit power, ( – ) is supplied through the battery storage.
The dump load operation is disabled as shown in Fig. 12(d).
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, VOL. 5, NO. 2, MARCH 2014
Fig. 12. Power sharing of the RAPS system at variable wind and load condi-
, (b) Battery power , (c) Supercapacitor
power (d) Dump load power and (e) Load demand .
Also, the sudden wind speed changes cause rapid variations
of the wind power output which is seen to be absorbed by
the supercapacitor as shown in Fig. 12(c). After , the
real power demand is increased by 0.3 pu for which RAPS
system further experiences an under generation condition. In
this scenario, the battery storage increases its discharge rate.
After , the wind speed is increased to 10 m/s thus
increasing the power output from the wind generator. However,
the RAPS system still experiences an under-generation con-
dition where the power deficit is supplied through the battery
storage. With this load step down which occurs at , the
system experiences an over-generation condition causing the
battery storage to move from discharging to charging mode of
operation to maintain the power balance of the RAPS system.
Throughout the operation, the supercapacitor absorbs the high
frequency power component of demand-generation mismatch
during transient conditions which occur due to wind and load
step changes as evident from Fig. 12(c).
To examine the effectiveness of integrating an hybrid energy
storage into a PMSG based RAPS system, a comparative study
has been carried out in relation to the battery storage current.
The behavior of the battery current without having a superca-
pacitor is shown in Fig. 13. It can be seen that the battery current
consists of high frequency component which will shorten the
lifespan of the battery storage system. In addition, high depth
of discharge rates which occur during transient conditions in-
cluding wind and load step changes will further cause damage
to the battery storage system. The battery storage current with
integration of the hybrid energy storage is shown in Fig. 14.
It is clearly visible that the high frequency component (i.e.,
above 0.5 Hz) is absorbed by the supercapacitor and provides a
smoother transition from one operational mode to another with
MENDIS et al.: MANAGEMENT OF BATTERY-SUPERCAPACITOR HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE AND SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER
Fig. 13. Battery storage current without supercapacitor.
Fig. 14. Currents of battery storage and supercapacitor.
Fig. 15. Maximum power extraction from wind.
lower depth of discharge for the battery storage. The maximum
power extracted from wind is shown in Fig. 15. It can be seen in
Fig. 15 that the PMSG runs on its maximum power extraction
mode of operation throughout its entire operation.
The reactive power sharing of synchronous condenser and in-
verter is shown in Fig. 16. Initially, the load reactive power is
951
Fig. 16. Reactive power sharing.
Fig. 17. Reactive power supply through inverter without integrating the syn-
chronous condenser.
set to 0.3 pu. The highest reactive power support is provided
through LSC where the rest is supplied by the synchronous con-
denser. During the load step change at , the reactive
power demand is increased to 0.5 pu where the highest pro-
portion of reactive power is now supplied through synchronous
condenser while the rest is provided through LSC inverter.
The reactive power supply through LSC alone is shown in
Fig. 17. It can be seen that the LSC inverter is not capable of pro-
viding the required reactive power into the system thus causing
a reduction of load side voltage as shown in Fig. 18. This is
mainly due to the capacity, limitations associated with the
inverter.
IX. CONCLUSION
This paper has investigated the standalone operation of a
PMSG with a hybrid energy storage system consisting of a
battery storage and a supercapacitor, a synchronous condenser
and a dump load. The entire RAPS system is simulated under
over-generation and under-generation conditions covering the
extreme operating conditions such as load step changes and
wind gusts. The suitability of the adopted control strategy for
952 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SMART GRID, VOL. 5, NO. 2, MARCH 2014

APPENDIX B
PARAMETERS OF THE PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS
GENERATOR USED IN DETAILED MODEL SIMULATION
Trapezoidal model of the permanent magnet machine avail-
able in SimpowerSystems blockset in MATLAB is employed in
this paper. The model parameters of the PMSG are as follows:

TABLE II
PARAMETERS OF PMSG.

Fig. 18. Voltage at load side without employing the synchronous condenser.

each system component is assessed in terms of their contribu-

tions towards regulating the load side voltage and frequency.
Investigations have been carried out in relation to the voltage
and frequency regulation at load side, DC bus stability, max-
imum power extraction capability of wind turbine generator
and the performance of the hybrid energy storage system. From
the simulated behavior, it is seen that the proposed approach is
capable of regulating both voltage and frequency within tight
limits for all conditions including the worst-case scenarios,
such as wind gusts and load variations. Also, the performance
of the battery storage is improved with the implementation of
the proposed energy management algorithm, as supercapacitor
absorbs the ripple or high frequency power component of
demand generation mismatch while leaving the steady com-
ponent for the battery storage. Moreover, the supercapacitor
helps in avoiding battery operation in high rate of depth of
discharge regions. The proposed control algorithm is able to
manage power balance in the RAPS system while extracting
the maximum power output from the wind throughout its entire
operation. With the integration of the synchronous condenser,
it has been proven that the RAPS system is able to maintain
the load voltage within acceptable limits for all conditions
including the situation when reactive power demand becomes
very high.
APPENDIX A
PARAMETERS OF RAPS SYSTEM- BASE 100 KVA
TABLE I
[10] M. Choi, S. Kim, and S. Seo, “Energy management optimization in
PARAMETERS OF RAPS SYSTEM
[11] A. M. Gee, F. V. P. Robinson, and R. W. Dunn, “Analysis of battery
[12] F. Bonanno, A. Consoli, A. Raciti, A. Leotta, and U. Nocera, “Transient
[13] B. S. Borowy and Z. M. Salameh, “Dynamic response of stand-alone
[14] C. Abbey and G. Joos, “Supercapacitor energy storage for wind energy
REFERENCES
[1] F. Liu, J. Liu, and L. Zhou, “A novel control strategy for hybrid energy
storage system to relieve battery stress,” in Proc. Int. Symp. Power
Electron. Distrib. Gener. Syst. (PEDG), Hefei, China, Jun. 16–18,
2010, pp. 929–934.
[2] A. Ter-Gazarian, Energy Storage for Power Systems. London, U.K.:
Peter Peregrinus, 1994, pp. 36–36.
[3] C. Abbey and G. Joos, “Short-term energy storage for wind energy
applications,” in Proc. Ind. Appl. Soc. Annu. Meet., Hong Kong, China,
Oct. 2–6, 2005, vol. 3, pp. 2035–2042.
[4] L. Wei and G. Joos, “A power electronic interface for a battery super-
capacitor hybrid energy storage system for wind applications,” in Proc.
Power Electron. Specialists Conf., Rhodes, Greece, Jun. 15–19, 2008,
pp. 1762–1768.
[5] L. Wei, G. Joos, and J. Bélanger, “Real-time simulation of a wind tur-
bine generator coupled with a battery supercapacitor energy storage
system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 1137–1145,
Apr. 2010.
[6] M. E. Haque, M. Negnevitsky, and K. M. Muttaqi, “A novel control
strategy for a variable-speed wind turbine with a permanent-magnet
synchronous generator,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 46, pp. 331–339,
Nov. 2009.
[7] M. Singh and A. Chandra, “Control of PMSG based variable-speed
wind-battery hybrid system in an isolated network,” in Proc. Power
Energy Soc. Gen. Meet. (PESGM), Calgary, AB, Canada, Jul. 26–30,
2009, pp. 1–6.
[8] H. Jia, Y. Fu, Y. Zhang, and W. He, “A design of hybrid energy
storage control system for wind farms based on flow battery and
electric double-layer capacitor,” in Proc. Asia-Pacific Power Energy
Eng. Conf. (APPEEC), Chengdu, China, Mar. 28–31, 2010, pp. 1–6.
[9] Y. Zhang, Z. Jiang, and X. Yu, “Control strategies for battery/superca-
pacitor hybrid energy source systems,” in Proc. IEEE on Global Sus-
tain. Energy Infrastructure, Atlanta, GA, USA, Nov. 17–18, 2008, pp.
1–6.
a battery/supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system,” IEEE Trans.
Smart Grid, vol. 3, pp. 463–472, Feb. 2012.
lifetime extension in a small-scale wind-energy system using superca-
pacitors,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 3, pp. 24–33, Feb. 2013.
analysis of integrated Diese1-wind-photovoltaic generation systems,”
IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 14, pp. 232–238, Jun. 1999.
wind energy conversion sytem with battery energy storage to a wind
gust,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 12, pp. 73–78, Mar. 1997.
applications,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 769–776, May-
Jun. 2007.
MENDIS et al.: MANAGEMENT OF BATTERY-SUPERCAPACITOR HYBRID ENERGY STORAGE AND SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER
[15] N. Mendis, K. M. Muttaqi, S. Sayeef, and S. Perera, “A control ap-
proach for voltage and frequency regulation of a wind-diesel-battery
based hybrid remote area power supply systems,” in Proc. 36th Annu.
Conf. IEEE Ind. Electron. Soc., Glendale, AZ, USA, Nov. 10, 2010,
pp. 3054–3060.
[16] N. Mendis, K. Muttaqi, S. Perera, and M. N. Uddin, “A novel control
strategy for stand-alone operation of a wind dominated RAPS system,”
in Proc. IEEE Ind. Appl. Soc. (IAS) Annu. Meet., Orlando, FL, USA,
Oct. 9–13, 2011.
[17] L. Harnefors and H. P. Nee, “Model-based current control of AC ma-
chines using the internal model control method,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Appl., vol. 34, pp. 133–141, Jan./Feb. 1998.
[18] “Implement generic battery model” [Online]. Available: http://www.
mathworks.com.au/help/physmod/powersys/ref/battery.html
[19] A. M. v. Voorden, L. M. R. Elizondo, G. C. Paap, J. Verboomen, and
L. v. d. Sluis, “The application of super capacitors to relieve battery-
storage systems in autonomous renewable energy systems,” in Proc.
Power Tec, Lausanne, Switzerland, Jul. 1–5, 2007, pp. 479–484.
[20] S. Sayeef, N. Mendis, and K. Muttaqi, “Enhanced reactive power sup-
port of a PMSG based wind turbine for a remote area power system,” in
Proc. 20th Australian Power Eng. Conf. (AUPEC2010), Christchurch,
New Zealand, Dec. 5–8, 2010, pp. 1–5.
N. Mendis received his B.Sc.(Eng) (Hons.) degree in
electrical power engineering from the University of
Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, and Ph.D. degree from the Uni-
versity of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia. Cur-
rently he is working with Alstom Grid, Sydney, Aus-
tralia. His research interests are in renewable energy
technologies and electrical machine modeling.
953
K. M. Muttaqi (M’01–SM’05) received the Ph.D.
degree from Multimedia University, Malaysia, in
2001. Currently, he is an Associate Professor at the
School of Electrical, Computer, and Telecommu-
nications Engineering, University of Wollongong,
Wollongong, Australia. He was associated with the
University of Tasmania, Australia, as a Research
Fellow/Lecturer/Senior Lecturer from 2002 to 2007,
and with the Queensland University of Technology,
Australia, as a Research Fellow from 2000 to 2002.
Previously, he also worked for Multimedia Univer-
sity as a Lecturer for three years. His research interests include distributed
generation, renewable energy, power system planning and control.
S. Perera (M’95) received the B.Eng. degree in
electrical power engineering from the University
of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, the M.Eng. degree from
the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Aus-
tralia, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of
Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia. He had been
a lecturer at the University of Moratuwa. Currently
he is an Associate Professor with the University of
Wollongong, where he is also the Technical Director
of the Integral Energy Power Quality and Reliability
Centre.