MANUAL ON SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE TREATMENT (SECOND EDITION) Consututed by; THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA CENTRAL PUBLIC HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ORGANISATION MINISTRY OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT NEW DELHI DECEMBER, 1993PUEE 0-8 Tope 1994 (OSK=TH ‘Price land) Re 21000 (Foreign) £2449 or $75 60 Conc PRINTED BY THE MANAGER, GOVT. OF INDIA, PRESS, NASIK-«2 06 END PUBLISHED hy Tir CONTROLLER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELL I008¢ isa amt free ca BER y minister OF LURGAN DEVELOPMENT = GOVT. OF INOIA FOREWORD Neate Oecmter 19 Sate water supply and hygienic sanitation facilities are the two basic essential amenities the community needs on a top priority tor healthy living, While provision of safe drinking water takes precedence In the order of provision of basic amenities to community, the importance of hygienic sanitation facilities through low cost on-site Sanitation, conventional sewerage and sewage treatment can no longer be allowed to lag behind, as about 60% of water used by the community comes out of houses in the form of waste water which Unless property collected. conveyed, treated and safely disposed of may eventually pollute our precious water resources and cause environmental degradation. ‘As of now about 45% of urban population has been provided with reasonable hygienic sanitation faciities in our country and as such there is still much to accomplish $0 as to reach 100% coverage While it is necessary to adopt conventional sewerage and treatment ‘methods in our metro and mega cities, itis economical to go in for low cost option wherever feasible particularly in small and medium towns. Yet another important area which needs the urgent attention of our Public Health and Environmental Engineers is possibilty of re-use and recycling of waste water after necessary treaiment for various beneficial uses so as to reduce the ever increasing demand for fresh water. Wt is hoped the revised Manual on Sewerage and Sewage ‘Treatment brought out by the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation of this Ministry will meet the professional needs of the practising Engineers dealing with sanitation sector in the country for achieving the goal of “sanitation for all” within a reasonable time frame, LP hans. (SHEILA KAUL)ual has ean in ee wily by tell Engnoos oe ag ‘hasae tho ted of smerage and sewage venment Howeverevera poree eee he bean an advancement nthe technology and a sch he eed I fusing and cadet Se ay ‘anual hs been keen tt fer aut some re. Tha cofevorce on Miocene hee arin Decade ronramme nels n October. 1985 recommended he sting us of Eek eee periaking Bs task. Accordingly he Minty of Urban Development enn ct eke nan Expert Commies n December. 145 wh the flowing compo 1. Stn v.venuapaon chan Ase HEE) ‘Crtal Pubic Heath & EnsionmentalEngnering ranisanon Vinsty of Uta Development Nnman Bhavan, New Dat 2 SKA. Buus, Memb Resear hati 5 weston Member Charan verve, Caleta, 4 Chiot Enger (Uhm, Member Sewerage Board 1D. Bhavan, Sah nga a (Shel EngincriUtban Services Member Tar Nee Weston Spy Drange Bare, THAD Buin, 5 Dress (Ena, Momo Sippy & Sewerage Boa Pumping Staton Rost 7 Chit Eng Momter Local Set! Goa and Urtan Development Dep GGont of Hest Bonga oDr A chal Pf & Dect, Cire for Ensvonmental Suds, ‘anna University, Madras Shui MA. Parthasarathy. Oy. Adis HE) ChHEeO Paint of Uvan Development man Brave, New Dah chet Engines, SGusat Water Supply & Sewerage Beara Near ay Hotel, Sector, {Ganinagar 382016 Dect of is reposentatve anal Ganga Autry nary of envecement 8 Fores Chairman or nis reprosentave ‘Gonivl Board for Preveaon Sint Cont ot Water Poon, br HC. Avra Deputy Advisor (Ta) crneeo. Tarusny of Un Devsopment iran Bhavan New Dob Member ember Member Member Member Socetny 1 Comite ineaing the then Chairman greed “seice some fhe meme of ho Expt Com sing Avis (PHEE) nt of Urban Development EPMEEO New Dom: Sh, $8, Patwadhan Member Seeetry. ba na coon te sand Expert Commit i Marc, 1990 wth the lowing Cotman . eS Pagans, hatte over toca othe ‘Bota Aowser snes November, 190) ember anaashva Water Suply & Sowerage Shi SK New) het Engines Gow oF West Benge Mncipal Engg. Dept Creat Member ow(Chet Engineer ‘Gurl Water Supply and Sewerage Boar GGararnagar, Gujarat Shu Pannmerseham, Deputy Orectr Ganga Project Bacto, Dr Ranganathan, Mersins Secretary, Carat Potion Cerro! Boowd Now Oa Shi. AK Awe, Deputy Deertor Indian Standards ost, OFS Sma, Oy. Ader HE, CPHEEO. Minty of Urvan Development Sh A Soham, Asst Aween Pre). inst of Un Development cPHEES Shi V8, Rama Prasad Dy. Aves (PHE) Hasty of Un Development CPHEEO, Dr 8.0. Bana ‘Asst rector NER Nag 0. Mohan, Director (Projet Haass Bara yteraba De 1.C.Aganwe, Protester o Environmental Engg Motil Enpreering Cage, Alarabad. Dr R.Guuswamy, Protscor, ‘Anna Unie, Member Member Member Secatry Member ember Member 0)8. a v2 “red thes mies Etna! Commitee Si. Deamon, FR. Enginootng Ovecot, Nacins Metro Water Supply & Seworage Boar, Masta. Shri 8 Snankorapp, Chiat Engines, Muncpal Corporation of (Greater Bombay. Bomoay ‘Sh. MR Parthasarathy, Fa, Dy Aducer HE), natty of roan Doveopment CPHEES, Sangalcre sme D2 Fis. Engncerin-Chie, Debs Water Supply & Sewsrane Disposal Undertaking, Oot. Shi, Bunce Geo ders & Co, Put Li ew Oot Shvi, Sa. Arcot, Manag Ore ‘Constants (ta) PO Li Bomtay Oy. AN, Siti. ‘gar ‘Sp, SL Abhyankar, Bombay “The orignaty consttted Exper comites et im nal 18 sacs ad tase te tf anal ting the said dat document 1 4pene Gansu, 2 Be LC Agarwal Member Head of the Opt. of Gl Enaineora. HNFIEC, Aanabad, DBhoctor (Proje) MSS Board, Hydorabad (A) rs and te reconstuted Commitee halt Tr in Octo, 1962 the Vs hat aneiting f te folowing members or edn are“The sad Esitonal commits met tes to complete the tsk assigned onal ee, ee 26 chapars me Marat covenng vanous important aspects such a» Planing, Ll Fant! and ‘uminshatwe aspecin, Design and. Constucton of Seweis, Sewage Tresinen Plas, Suge ‘Toatment ott Dspossl Tertary Treaimont ot Seago or Reuse, EMuacnt ajo adie Usain, (On Sto Santaton” Covosion Prevention ass conte, Opeaton sal Mawtenn ef Sewerage ‘Systom se ull ae Trestment Pane et. I pert to mention tat severl Modscavons have beer Sgested in vastus chapters meroned above, For mstane, since conventional sowerae Is ery fxpensive thas tbe eonined to Clase sbes and apts of StateaiuTa. Ever insur cites, oworage hes to be catined Wo core areas only an th fing axons have fb ced wth ss ‘pont on so sain systems. Silay. king ino sect te bytes god other relevent Tastt, the desig ol sewors has hoe mode ta make secre In so far as heat of owago 5 concerned Anoetie medwat such as USAB Tacnalogy hae ben faded snc toss "nui intensive ard economical operation anmanienanes. Sia, duckwexd ponds have been Suggested tor weatng somagen an cormical way wih pessie caste. Adoquate emphases has boon gwen to reuse nd vecycing of sewage ant att trary tse, beeping nv he for ncteasing demand or esh watt for various Benak wsex. Opetaton ant atone ot Sewerage Sytem and Sowage Teatntt Plat ten rect duet exssequt fds ak at San acl maveaner Thre eae aap hae et on nop nd Heath Engincorng Dap and Water Supply and Sewerage Sarde wth an ore thr vate suggesbors on the same bates faeaon and ping. Final the covtnts oe Real we IMoroughiy discussed m great deta, Topic by Tope ca Space conerenee of Chet Enyoners Inchavge Of Uban Water Supply and Santon Sector hol at Tanuvananapur (Real) om 2th land 25m Septomtar, 1099 orpanksed by he Klny of Ubon Davelopment aid Kea Nate “he sad Conorence was wall ated and valuable sygnestons that emerged dung te ‘fecussions have been ieorporates to the extent parse ta nahe thm Marl uss tor te Pactsing Engnoors pant ot aw. Thete atc no two opin fat he sad Maral wi be asa ta “ho Export Conunitae hanks the Mins of Urban Developmen Gov. of Index previa a tacts. The iniaive taken. and sine sors: made by Shi W Venugopalen, he heh ‘Adwsor,PHEE) in geting tv cepa Expt Common const sgrlaly acknowsoged. The Cnmiter expresses Hs appretatun to Spa 8 Rama Prasad, Oy-scvser (PRE) and Mamber Seerotary for hs ung sos in making posable he complet he maa its tes despite hs vain normal cits. Specilmeten te aaa ho sotacas of Sh Setharsman Dy Acie and Sih Sansaranaayanan, Asst AdserPHE) who anstitngy deve then ne inal phases of ths work. The valable contibuion ef OFS. Sika, Dy Adwser (PHE), Shu 8B Uppal Ass. Aust (PHE} and ‘Sivi Sukania Ka, Scene Oicern CPHEEO ae aly acnowsedged, ‘The conmites thanks OLOM, Mohan, Pesonty Dwecor (Projets), Hyderabad Mauopaitan Water Supe and Sewernge Board tor geting he final da computer Tanks ae also do to tho Gov of Ketaa and Kerala Water Authety for stg ie sores contre Lust ut ot least the commitae deste to record thet oop appreciation one sences ‘ondated by atten Oticers and Sat members of the PHE and Accounts Secon othe Minty nd the Socretvat of OPREEO, PS RAIVANSHY ADVISER (PHER) CPMEEO.132 CONTENTS PLannana Environmental Considerations Cost Considerations General Considerations Final Forweast Per Capita Waste water Flow fect of Industral Waste Basie information Project Surveys Primary Pret Surveys494 sea to aaa 21a 243 223 Pret Reps ontifeation Report Profeaibity Report Pept Aes an Th Hae or he Po Lg Tr Pl for ane Dips Propo Mate Vt Pie Fessiitty Report erin ‘he Proposed Propet MANAGEMENT, ADMINISTRATION, LEGAL AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS ‘Goveenmant of india (04) Level ‘State Government Lavl Local Body Lovet Ceneta Adminitration siprasry Stat oper tt Inventory Control eeee ess ess224 aay 2a 264 2s Financial Control Public Relations Inservice Training Long Tor Planning ‘Municipal Bylaws Prevention of Poiaion Sources for Raising Capt Frnanclal Appraisal ‘Statutory Water and Sanitation Boards DESIGN OF SEWERS Design Period Population Forecast Tributary Area Pereapita Sewage Flow Flow Assumptions ‘Storm Runott {Ground Wate nitrationaaa saz Rational Method zoaty of recanon| ‘ype of Flow Flow - Fetion Formaloe ning Fert ep a Few Velocities acy A Min Flow Sewer Tanstons eres! rps and ter Enea Distraus sae asa asa ase asa asa nea as. ara ara Inverted Syphon pate atone Argento Pees covet Regu Fores Haine Sulphide Ganeraton Introduetion Layout of Systems Design Approach ‘System Deserption Components of System Suitability ofthe System Design cetera Appurtenances Disposal of Etent Limitations ‘system Description [Components ofthe System Appliceity Limitationsaan asa asa ara ar2 473 SEWER APPURTENANCES rainary Manholes “Types of Manolo Sieh Theo aa seeps ee Type Mao Cutter nats Combination Inate Side Flow Weir Leaping Weir Float Actated Gates and Valves524 saa 525 sar soa MATERIALS FOR SEWER CONSTRUCTION Brick Stoneware or Viied Clay Asbestos Cement Iron and Steet ucle Yo Pe asic Pipes Pvc hme "an Deer Peyetnn HOPE ies Glass Fibre Rebtorced Pastis Pipes renee Reco Pate pes eh Fibre Pipes STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF BURIED SEWERS “Types of instatiaton or Constuction Conkitons Loads for Diterent Conditions Enaetnent or ret Cond Coineas 643 654 saa 654 65s maa ‘concentrated Load ‘Conduits Under Railway Track Laboratory Tost Stronath Fiaid Supporting Strength ‘Supporting Strength in Trench Cenditons cae of Sedna ‘Supporting Stenath in Embankment Conditions ‘Condit Under Simultaneous Intomat Pressure and External Loading ‘CONSTRUCTION OF SEWERS Tunnating seo anm4 tar 119 raa0 Laying of Pipe Sewers Joiting of Sewers stnenre Ppee hone Hpdraulie Testing of Pipe Sewers ‘heck for Obstruction Construction of Manholes Sewer Connections Backfiling of the Trenches Removal of Shesting MAINTENANCE OF SEWERAGE SYSTEMSaes ans nee 102 aa03 1108 aaa ana Pertable Pump Set Manta Rope and Cloth Gal Sectional Sewer Reds Dredger (Clam-shel) Roding Machine wth Flexible Sewer Reds Seaper Hydrastically Propelled Devices Velocity Cleaners (Jting Machines) Suction Units (Gully Empat) “ratte Conte! Manhole Satety Intecton Precautions of Pumping Stations Precautions Against Electieal Shocks Breathing Apparat