Chapter 6

The normal distribution and other continuous distributions

6.7 Let X = Credit card balance, given X normal with µ = 3,325 and σ = 1,500.
2,500−3,325
(a) P(X < 2500) = (
P Z<
1,500 )
≈ P ( Z ←0.55 )=0.2912
(b) P(X > 5,000) = P ( Z >1.12 )=1−0.8686=0.1314
(c) P(3,000 < X < 4,000) = P(-0.22 < Z < 0.45) = 0.6736 – 0.4129 =
0.2607
(d) P(X  A)  0.99 so Z  2.33 and X    Z  3325  2.33 1500  6820

6.8 Let X = annual kilometres, 000's kms

Given X normal with m= 100 and s = 20
(a) 68.26% since:
æ 80 - 100 120 - 80 ö
P(80 < X < 120) =P ç <Z < ÷
è 20 20 ø
=P(- 1 < Z < 1)
=P(Z < 1) - P(Z £- 1)
=0.8413 - 0.1587
=0.6826
(b) 4.56% since:
P ( X < 60) + P ( X > 140) = P( Z < - 2) + P( Z > 2)
= P ( Z < - 2) + (1 - P( Z £ 2))
= 0.0228 + (1 - 0.9772)
= 0.0456
(c) P( X ³ A) = 0.80 so P( X < A) = 0.20 so Z » - 0.84 and
X = m+ Z s = 100 + (- 0.84) ´ 20 = 100 - 16.8 = 83.2
80% of trucks will travel at least 83,200 kilometres per year.
(d) Given X normal with m= 100 and s = 10
(a) P(80 < X < 120) = P(- 2 < Z < 2) = 0.9772 - 0.0228 = 0.9544
(b) P( X < 60) + P( X > 140) = P( Z < - 4) + P( Z > 4) = 0.000063342
(c) X = m+ Z s = 100 + (- 0.84) ´ 10 = 100 - 8.4 = 91.6

6.9 Let X = breaking strength, kPa, given X normal with µ = 35 and σ = 10.
20−35
(a)(i) P(X < 20) = (
P Z<
10 )
≈ P ( Z ←1.5 )=0.0668
(ii) P(X ≥30) = P(Z ≥ –0.5) = 1- 0.3085 = 0.6915
(iii) P(25 < X < 45) = P(–1 < Z < 1) = 0.8413 - 0.1587 = 0.6826
(b) P(XL < X < XU) = P(–1.96 < Z < 1.96) = 0.95
XL = 35 + (–1.96) × 10 = 15.4
XU = 35 + 1.96 × 10 = 54.6
6.11 PHStat2 output:
Common Data
Mean 240
Standard
Deviation 40
Probability for a Range
Probability for X <= From X Value 180
X Value 180 To X Value 300
Z Value –1.5 Z Value for 180 –1.5
0.066807
P(X<=180) 2 Z Value for 300 1.5
P(X<=180) 0.0668
Probability for X > P(X<=300) 0.9332
X Value 81 P(180<=X<=300) 0.8664
Z Value –3.975
Find X and Z Given Cum.
P(X>81) 1.0000 Pctage
Cumulative
Percentage 95.00%
Probability for X<180 or 1.64485
X>81 Z Value 4
P(X<180 or 305.794
X>81) 1.0668 X Value 1

(a) P(X < 180) = P(Z < – 1.50) = 0.0668

(b) P(180 < X < 300) = P(– 1.50 < Z < 1.50) = 0.9332 – 0.0668 = 0.8664
(c) PHStat2 output:

Common Data
Mean 240
Standard
Deviation 40
Probability for a Range
Probability for X <= From X Value 110
X Value 180 To X Value 180
Z Value –1.5 Z Value for 110 –3.25
0.066807
P(X<=180) 2 Z Value for 180 –1.5
P(X<=110) 0.0006
Probability for X > P(X<=180) 0.0668
X Value 81 P(110<=X<=180) 0.0662
Z Value –3.975
P(X>81) 1.0000 Find X and Z Given Cum. Pctage
Cumulative
Percentage 1.00%
–
Probability for X<180 or 2.32634
X>81 Z Value 8
P(X<180 or 146.946
X>81) 1.0668 X Value 1

P(110 < X < 180) = P(– 3.25 < Z < – 1.50) = 0.0668 – 0.00058 =
0.06622
(d) P(X < A) = 0.01 P(Z < – 2.33) = 0.01
A = 240 – 2.33(40) = 146.80 seconds
6.13 (a)(i) P(21.9 < X < 22.00) = P(– 20.4 < Z < – 0.4) = 0.3446
(ii) P(21.9 < X < 22.01) = P(– 20.4 < Z < 1.6) = 0.9452
(iii) Partial PHStat2 output:
Find X and Z Given Cum.
Pctage
Cumulative
Percentage 98.00%
Z Value 2.05375
X Value 22.0123
P(X > A) = 0.02 Z = 2.05 A = 22.0123
(b)(i) P(21.9 < X < 22.00) = P(– 25.5 < Z < – 0.5) = 0.3085
(ii) P(21.9 < X < 22.01) = P(– 25.5 < Z < 2) = 0.9772
(iii) P(X > A) = 0.02 Z = 2.05 A = 22.0102

6.45 Let X = juice per orange, ml, given X normal with π = 135, σ = 12
(a) P(135 < X < 140) = P(0 < Z < 0.42) = 0.6628 – 0.5000 = 0.1628
(b) P(140 < X < 155) = P(0.42 < Z < 1.67) = 0.9525 – 0.6628 = 0.2897
(c) P(X ≥ A) = 0.77 so P(X < A) = 0.23 so Z ≈ -0.74 and
X = µ + Zσ = X = 135 + (-0.74) × 12 = 126.12 ml
(d) P(XL < X < XU) = P(–1.28 < Z < 1.28) = 0.80
XL = 135 + (–1.28) × 12 = 119.64 ml
XU = 135 + 1.28 × 12 = 150.36

6.47 Let X = distribution of sales per month, in thousands, is normal with µ = 20 and σ
= 3.
15.5−20
(a)(i) P(X < 15.5) = (
P Z<
3 )
=P ( Z ←1.5 )=0.0668
(ii) P(15.5 < X < 23) = (−1.5< Z <1 )=0.8413−0.0668=0.7745
(iii) P(X > 23) = ( Z>1 ) =1−P ( Z <1 )=1−0.8413=0.1587
(b) Let Y = profit, $‘000, then the probability distribution for profit is
Y 25 8 –20
P(Y) 0.1587 0.7745 0.0668

The monthly expected profit is $8,827.50 since:

E ( Y )=( 25 × 0.1587 ) + ( 8 ×0.7745 )+ (−20× 0.0668 )
¿ 3.9675+6.196−1.336=8.8275