Reg.

No 8 1 4 7
SRM TRP Engineering College, Irungalur, Trichy – 621 105 8 Define framed structures CO2 L2UN

Regulation: 2017 Batch : 2017 - 2021 9 Write the Disadvantages of Masonry Structures CO2 L3AP
Branch: Civil Engineering Continuous Internal Assessment I Year / Sem: III/ V
Date: 11.09.2020 (FN) (CIA I) Time: 1Hr 40Mins. 10 List out alternative building technology CO2 L1RE
Subject Code/Name: OEN751- Green Building Design Max. Marks: 50

No. Course
Competency Part – B (2×10=20)
Outcome
Students will be able to CO’s BTL
OEN751.1 able to understand the environmental impact of conventional building
CO1
materials and need for alternative materials 11 a Briefly explain the Factors affecting the Energy use in Buildings CO1 L5EV
CO2
OEN751.2 understand the need for sustainable and inclusive technology
(OR)
CO3 OEN751.3 design cost effective building planning, design and construction. 11 b How Building Construction Affects them Environment. CO1 L6CR
OEN751.4 understand the behavior of structural masonry when subjected to
CO4
various loadings on it. 12 a Explain the Environmental Issues Concerned to Building CO1 L4AN
OEN751.5 Understand human thermal comfort and the means to achieving the
CO5 Materials.
same.
(OR)
OEN751.6 Understand Human thermal response to natural elements and the
CO6
influence of architectural design elements 12 b Discuss the advantages of fly ash bricks that make it an efficient CO1 L3AP
building material in sustainable design.
Answer All the Questions Part – C (1×10=10)
Part – A (10×2=20) CO’s BTL
CO’s BTL
13 a Explain the alternative building materials. CO1 L6CR
1 Write the Green Building Principles. CO1 L1RE
(OR)
2 Define embodied energy? CO1 L1RE
13 b Write the Guidelines for reducing embodied energy. CO1 L4AN
3 Why reduce embodied energy? CO1 L3AP

4 How is embodied energy measured? CO1 L2UN

5 List out few biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials CO1 L2UN

6 Differentiate between energy efficiency and Energy Conservation CO1 L2UN Bloom’s
L1RE- L2UN - L3AP- L4AN - L5EV – L6CR–
Taxonomy
Remember Understand Apply Analyze Evaluate Create
Level (BTL)
7 outline any four ways of ensuring that the embodied energy in CO1 L1RE Marks 8 8 14 20 10 20
materials is low. Percentage
10% 10% 17.5% 25% 12.5% 25%
distribution
 OEN751- Green Building Design account for 20% of the building’s energy use, so reducing embodied
CIA-I Answer key energy can significantly reduce the overall environmental impact of
PART-A the building.
1. Write the Green Building Principles. 4. How is embodied energy measured?
 Minimize natural resource consumption throughout the total It is expressed in megajoules (MJ) or gigajoules (GJ) per unit
building life cycle. weight (kg or tonne) or area (m2 )
5. list out few biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials
 Minimize pollution and environmental releases throughout the total All products made with plant-based molded pulp materials.
building life cycle. All products made with petroleum-based materials like plastic,
 Protect the ecological environment. styrofoam etc

 Create a healthy , comfortable , non-hazardous space. BIODEGRADABLE

 Incorporate quality , function and performance consistent with the it comprises of materials which get broken down by microorganism
in nature and thus does not pollute the environment.
objective of the building
eg: Paper, Clothes, Banana peels, fruit, cardboard, vegetables etc....
 Balance environment performance with cost and economic
performance. NON BIODEGRADABLE:
it contains materials like Glass, plastics etc... which do not get
decomposed by microorganisms. eg: Plastic toys, Glass, Steel, Rubber
2. Define embodied energy?
(Synthetic), Fertilisers (Chemical compounds and stuff) etc...
Embodied energy is one part of a building material’s overall
6. Differentiate between energy efficiency and Energy
environmental impact.
Conservation.
Embodied energy is the total energy required for the extraction,
Energy conservation involves a change in behavior to save energy
processing, manufacture and delivery of building materials to the
(turning off the lights, powering down computers and electronic
building site. Energy consumption produces CO2, which contributes
equipment at night, lowering the thermostat in winter and raising it
to greenhouse gas emissions, so embodied energy is considered an
in summer).
indicator of the overall environmental impact of building materials
Energy efficiency means physical upgrades like replacing worn out
and systems.
weather stripping, repairing leaking ductwork, adding insulation,
3. Why reduce embodied energy?
replacing inefficient lighting and appliances, etc
Energy consumption during manufacture can give an approximate
7. outline any four ways of ensuring that the embodied energy in
indication of the environmental impact of the material, and for most
materials is low.
building materials, the major environmental impacts occur during
When selecting building materials, the embodied energy should be
the initial processes. The total amount of embodied energy may
considered with respect to:
 o the durability of building materials
o how easily materials can be separated
o use of locally sourced materials
o use of recycled materials
o specifying standard sizes of materials
 avoiding waste
 selecting materials that are manufactured using renewable
energy sources.
8. Define framed structures.
Framing means to give shape and support to a structure by
combining components in building. Hence, a framed structure
is a structure having the combination of beam, column and
slab to resist the gravity and other lateral loads. These
structures are generally used to overcome the large forces,
moments developing due to the applied loading.
9. Disadvantages of Masonry Structures
 Extreme weather causes degradation of masonry wall surfaces
due to frost damage. This type of damage is common with
certain types of bricks, though rare with concrete blocks.
 Masonry tends to be heavy and must be built upon a strong
foundation, such as reinforced concrete, to avoid settlement and
cracking.
 Save for concrete, masonry construction does not lend itself
well to mechanization and requires more killed labour than
stick-framing.
10. List out alternative building technology.
 Steel frame
 Structural insulted roof
 K-span
 Container type
 Super adobe
 Sand begs
11. Concept of Recyclable materials
 Raw or processed material that can be recovered from a waste
stream for reuse.
 Recycling is the processing used materials (waste) into new
products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials.
 Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is
the third component of the "Reduce, Reuse and Recycle" waste
hierarchy
12. Advantages Of Using Rat Trap Bond
 Requires approximately 25% less bricks and 40% less mortar than
traditional masonry
 Reduced material requirement results in considerable cost saving
 Strength of wall is not compromised, it remains same as traditional
masonry wall.
 Cavity induced in wall provides better thermal insulation, resulting in
cooler interiors during summer and warmer interiors during winter.
 All vertical and horizontal reinforced bands, lintels (for standard size
openings), electrical conduits are hidden inside wall, resulting in
better aesthetic appearance without plastering (exposed brickwork).
PART-B
1. Briefly explain the Factors affecting the Energy use in Buildings
Building Energy is a very wide field which is affected by a variety
of factors on many scales. The highest impact on energy
consumption is caused by heating and cooling loads, and some of
these factors are :
 Site of the building, and the exposure of the building to the
sun and how much this affects the heating and cooling
loads.
 The regional climate in which the building exists, and its
influence on wind speed and direction, temperature,
humidity levels and so on . and this is important to
calculate the thermal comfort zone for the building which if
exceeded, the users of the building will use more energy to
feel comfort again.
 Light design also affects the use of energy. Design the
building to benefit from natural light or depend on artificial
lights
 Also, the material of the building highly affects the energy
consumption, it is good to use recycled materials and high
performance ones with high capacity which able to isolate
the building interior from the outside in hot and cold
climates.
 Environmental and weather conditions
 Materials used in construction (walls, windows, doors,
roof...),Walls to windows ratio
 Exposure of building, windows...Architecture (overhangs,
Trombe wall, roof shape...)
 Application of the building.
 Building orientation
 How the building is used (laboratory, office, classroom, etc
)
 The age of the building
 The type of construction
 Mechanical system type (and vintage)
 Recent upgrades and maintenance on the mechanical
equipment (especially the building’s control system)
 Outside air temperatures
 The occupancy of the building & The insulation of the
building
 Window type and shading
 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
Schedules
 The sophistication of the temperature control system
 Specialty equipment, e.g. lasers, MRI machines, etc.
2. How Building Construction Affects the Environment.
 It’s not just the methods and materials used to construct a building
that affects the environment. How it’s built to operate has a huge
impact as well.
 For example, using non-sustainable materials in the construction of
the building has a temporary negative effect. The use of a non-
efficient HVAC system will have a negative effect on the
environment that’s long-term. The following are some of the major
ways that building construction can hurt the environment, both in
the short- and long-term:
Energy Use
 Believe it or not, according to the indian Green Building Council
(IGBC), buildings account for an average of 41% of the world’s
energy use. The two other biggest energy consumers don’t even
come close. The industrial sector accounts for 30% while
transportation accounts for 29%. Part of this is due to the huge
amount of electricity that buildings tend to use. In the United States,
buildings are responsible for 73% of the country’s electricity
consumption.
 So what is it that’s taking up so much energy? Well, it’s many
things. A building’s lighting system, heating and cooling system
and outlet use all contribute.
Impact on the Air
 American building construction is responsible for a huge percentage
of the greenhouse gas emissions that have been affecting climate
change. In fact, the buildings are responsible for 38% of all CO2
emissions.
Water Use
 Buildings are responsible for not just a large percentage of the
world’s water use, but a large percentage of wasted water as well.
It’s estimated that buildings use 13.6% of all potable water, which
is roughly 15 trillion gallons of water per year.
Construction Materials
 The materials used in building construction also have a serious
impact on the environment. First of all, many of the materials used
in the construction of buildings are produced in a non-sustainable
way. The factories that make the materials produce damaging CO2
emissions.
 Then there’s the issue of transportation. Materials that are not
produced locally are often shipped from across the country or even
from overseas. The transportation required for shipping these
materials has a considerable impact on air quality.
 There is a huge environmental impact associated with the extraction
and consumption of raw materials for the use of building materials.
Not to mention the actual production of those materials in their final
form. According to the IGBC, 40% of the world’s raw materials are
used in the construction of buildings.
Waste From Building Construction and Demolition
 The destruction and renovation of buildings result in a large amount
of waste. Building waste often includes concrete, metals, glass,
plastics, wood, asphalt, bricks and more. This waste is often
disposed of in either landfills or incinerators. Not only does this
pollute the land and the air, but the transportation required to
remove such waste has a major impact on the environment as well.
  The top soil is often used for brick making especially Indo-
Gangetic plains.  It is well known that the top soil is rich sources
3. Environmental Issues Concerned to Building Materials
of nutrients for trees and crops and this nutrient base is depleted by
The production of building materials often leads to two types of
large scale brick manufacture.
environmental/health related problems. Firstly, particular building
 The landscape is also destroyed by unorganized creation of pits
materials can lead to a local environmental impact either in the form of
which can render the land useless for agriculture and other non
pollution/health hazard (or) in the depletion of natural resources.
agriculture uses.
Secondly, building materials production using fossil fuel energies can
 Careful planning by retaining the top soil while taking out the soil
cause global environmental problems like global warming.
in the lower zone (or) by creating natural water bodies, can largely
Typical problems are discussed below:
mitigate this problem
(i) Stone
 In south India the problem is less acute since there are large
 Stone, especially granite is extensively used in building
numbers of irrigation tanks which contain enormous quantities of
construction particularly, foundations and walls.
silt. A small fraction of this silt can provide all the bricks for
 Crushed stone aggregate is widely used for concrete manufacture 
building construction.
Considerable amount of fine granite dust is generated at the site of
(iii) Timber
stone extraction
 Good quality timber is in short supply in India hence it is
 The stone workers often inhale the fine dust and succumb to
imported from Malaysia and Australia is used in building
silicosis (or) tuberculosis after several years of such work
construction
 The entrepreneurs involved in stone processing seem to have no
 The CPWD have a tendency to ban the use of timber since
concern for the health of the workers involved in such activities.
excessive demand for timbers can lead to massive deforestation
 There is need to educate the workers and employees about the
 Attempts were made to replace the timber by concrete (or)
dangers of stone dust and develop suitable filters (face mask) such
ferrocement. This is perhaps a good short term strategy.
that inhalation of the fine dust avoided.
However, in the long run this approach can be
(ii) Bricks
counterproductive.
  It is necessary to recognize that timber is a material which is  The resources used to manufacture construction materials affect
totally based on solar energy while cement materials depends the environment by depleting natural resources, using energy, and
releasing pollutants to the land, water.
on fossil fuels
 Commercial exploitation of traditional building materials by
 Cement based materials cause depletion of fossil fuels and various industries has aggravated the situation. It has, therefore,
excessive carbon emissions leads to global warming. become necessary to think over this problem seriously and to
provide some sustainable solution to make the alternative materials
(iv)Pollution by Marble Dust
available to solve the housing problem.
Marble has been commonly used as a building material since the ancient Advantages over Conventional Materials :
time. The industry's disposal of the marble powder material, consisting of  Better functional efficiency
very fine powder, today constitutes one of the environment problems  Cost effectiveness
 Better durability
around the world. During the cutting process, about 25% of the original
 Ease of construction
marble mass is lost in the form of dust, and these dusts results in  Better finish
environmental pollution threatens both agriculture and public health.  Minimum waste
The marble dust can be used as a resource in number of ways.  Less maintenance cost
 Minimum defects
a. Additive to cement to make masonry cement
 Less energy intensive
b. Source of calcium carbonate for lime/ cement industry List of Alternate Building Materials :
c. Building products like stabilizes mud blocks, marble dust + resin  Hollow Concrete Block
d. Use of marble sludge in optimized quantity in clay brick making improves the  Fly Ash Bricks
properties of the fired product.  Rice Husk Ash
 Ferrocement
4. Explain the alternative building materials.  Tire Veneer
Alternate building materials are those which can be used economically  Plastic Wood
by replacing the conventional building materials. Alternate building  Synthetic Fiber
materials are made from waste products and thus it even minimizes  Recycled Agg.
environmental pollutions.  Fly Ash
Need of Alternate Building Materials :  Bamboo
 The demand for building materials has been continuously rising Hollow Concrete Block (as brick)
with the increasing need for housing both in rural and urban areas.
Concrete block is primarily used as a building material in the construction
of wall. It is sometimes called a concrete masonry unit (CMU). A concrete
block is one of the several precast concrete products used in the
construction .The term precast refer to the fact that the block are formed
and hardened before they are brought to the job site. In use, concrete
blocks are stacked one at a time and held together with fresh concrete
mortar to form the desired length and height of the wall.
Advantages
 Low Maintenance, Color and brilliance of masonry withstands
outdoor elements.
 Load Bearing, strength can be specified as per the requirement.
 Fire Resistant
 Provide thermal and sound insulation: The air in hollow of the
block, does not allow outside heat or cold in the house. So it keeps
house cool in summer and warm in winter.
 Economical.
 Environment Friendly, fly ash used as one of the raw materials.
Fly Ash Bricks
Fly Ash bricks are made of fly ash, lime, gypsum and sand. These can be
extensively used in all building constructional activities similar to that of
common burnt clay bricks. The fly ash bricks are comparatively lighter in
weight and stronger than common clay bricks.
Advantages
 Saves Construction Cost
 Less Water Seepage and Dampness in wall
 Less Energy Consumption
 Reduction in Air Pollution
Rice Husk Ash / Pozzolanas
Pozzolanas are materials containing reactive silica and/or alumina, which
in their own right have little binding ability. Yet, when mixed with lime
and water it will set and harden like cement. They are important
ingredients in alternative cement compounds. Rice husks are a large by-
product – one ton is produces per five ton of rice paddies, and it is
estimated that 120 million tons of husk could be available annually on a
global basis.
Advantages
 Increased compressive and flexural strengths.
 Reduced permeability.
 Increased resistance to chemical attack.
 Increased durability.
 Reduced effects of alkali-silica reactivity.
 Reduced shrinkage due to particle packing, making concrete
denser.
 Enhanced workability of concrete.
 Reduced heat gain through the walls of buildings.
 Reduced amount of super plasticizer - Reduced potential for
efflorescence due to reduced calcium hydracids.
5. Write the Guidelines for reducing embodied energy.
Concept of Embodied Energy Embodied energy is the
energy consumed by all of the processes associated with the
production of a building, from the mining and processing of
natural resources to manufacturing, transport and product
delivery. Embodied energy does not include the operation
and disposal of the building material, which would be
considered in a life cycle approach.
Guidelines for reducing embodied energy
Each design should select the best combination
for its application based on climate, transport distances,
availability of materials and budget, balanced against known
embodied energy content. The guidelines
 Design for long life and adaptability, using durable low
maintenance materials.
 Ensure materials can be easily separated.
 Avoid building a bigger house than you need — and save
materials.
 Modify or refurbish instead of demolishing or adding.
 Ensure construction wastes and materials from
demolition of existing buildings are reused or recycled.
 Use locally sourced materials (including materials
salvaged on site) to reduce transport.
 Select low embodied energy materials (which may
include materials with a high recycled content),
preferably based on supplier-specific data.
 Avoid wasteful material use. For example, specify
standard sizes wherever possible (windows, door, panels)
to avoid using additional materials as fillers. Some
energy intensive finishes, such as paints, often have high
wastage levels so try to buy only as much as you need.
 Ensure offcuts are recycled and use only sufficient
structural materials to ensure stability and meet
construction standards.
 Select materials that can be reused or recycled easily at
the end of their lives using existing recycling systems.
 Give preference to materials that have been
manufactured using renewable energy sources.
 Use efficient building envelope design and fittings to
minimise materials (e.g. an energy efficient building
envelope can downsize or eliminate the need for heaters
and coolers, water-efficient taps can allow downsizing of
water pipes).
 Ask suppliers for information on their products and share
this information